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Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 289-311

Imagining Eurasia: The poetics and ideology of Olzhas Suleimenov's AZ i IA

(1)  Ram, Harsha a  

a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 51649124166     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2697272     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (138)
  • 4
    • 85037310518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Afterword: The Emergence of Eurasianism
    • (1967), in N. S. Trubetskoi, P. N. Savitskii, G. V. Florovskii, and P. P. Suvchinskii, trans. Ilya Vinkovetsky Idyllwild, Calif.
    • For a genealogy of the term Eurasia and related questions in Russian intellectual or political history, see Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, "Afterword: The Emergence of Eurasianism" (1967), in N. S. Trubetskoi, P. N. Savitskii, G. V. Florovskii, and P. P. Suvchinskii, Exodus to the East: Forebodings and Events. An Affirmation of the Eurasians, trans. Ilya Vinkovetsky (Idyllwild, Calif., 1996), 115-42;
    • (1996) Exodus to the East: Forebodings and Events. An Affirmation of the Eurasians , pp. 115-142
    • Riasanovsky, N.V.1
  • 5
    • 79954747115 scopus 로고
    • Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space
    • Spring
    • Mark Bassin, "Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space," Slavic Review 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 1-17;
    • (1991) Slavic Review , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-17
    • Bassin, M.1
  • 7
    • 52849089160 scopus 로고
    • Panmongolismo di V. Solov'ev, I venienti Unni di V. Briusov e Gli Sciti di A. Blok
    • Morris Halle et al., comps., The Hague
    • For a genealogy of the literary antecedents to the Eurasianist movement, see Ettore Lo Gatto, "Panmongolismo di V. Solov'ev, I venienti Unni di V. Briusov e Gli Sciti di A. Blok," in Morris Halle et al., comps., For Roman Jakobson (The Hague, 1956),
    • (1956) For Roman Jakobson
    • Gatto, E.L.1
  • 8
    • 52849101996 scopus 로고
    • Du 'panmongolisme' au 'mouvement eurasien': Histoire d'un thème littéraire
    • and for the remainder of the evolution, see Georges Nivat, "Du 'panmongolisme' au 'mouvement eurasien': Histoire d'un thème littéraire," Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 3 (1966) : 460-78.
    • (1966) Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique , vol.3 , pp. 460-478
    • Nivat, G.1
  • 10
    • 0038906702 scopus 로고
    • Sophia
    • N. S. Trubetskoi's volume Evropa i chelovechestvo (Sophia, 1920) could be considered another starting point for the movement. Suleimenov's work shows strong affinities with Trubetskoi also, something it is beyond the scope of this article to show.
    • (1920) Evropa i Chelovechestvo
    • Trubetskoi, N.S.1
  • 12
    • 0011016778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geopolitcheskaia model' klassicheskogo evraziistva i ee sovremennye mifologicheskie interpretatsii
    • A. P. Logunov and T. V Evgen'eva, eds., Moscow
    • "During the Soviet era the term Eurasia was freely used by geographers to describe climatic and physical features of the dual continent but was frowned upon with regard to geopolitical theories. This changed radically under Gorbachev." The term Eurasia has in fact been invoked by many perestroika-era and post-Soviet politicians, from Mikhail Gorbachev, Vladimir Zhirinovskii, and Gennadii Ziuganov to Nursultan Nazarbaev. A. B. Shatilov, "Geopolitcheskaia model' klassicheskogo evraziistva i ee sovremennye mifologicheskie interpretatsii," in A. P. Logunov and T. V Evgen'eva, eds., Sovremennaia politicheskaia mifologiia (Moscow, 1996), 78-90.
    • (1996) Sovremennaia Politicheskaia Mifologiia , pp. 78-90
    • Shatilov, A.B.1
  • 13
    • 0040951854 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • The intellectual figure who has mediated the relationship between classical Eurasianism and the present day is of course L. N. Gumilev: see his Drevniaia Rus' i velikaia step' (Moscow, 1989)
    • (1989) Drevniaia Rus' i Velikaia Step'
  • 15
    • 52849090086 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • N. Gumilev and O. Suleimenov can be seen as the two principal if radically different representatives of Brezhnev-era Eurasianism. The main political "theoretician" of Eurasia in the 1990s is Aleksandr Dugin, ideologue of the New Right, author of Konspirologiia: Nauka o zagovorakh, tainykh obshchestvakh i okkul'tnoi voine (Moscow, 1993),
    • (1993) Konspirologiia: Nauka o Zagovorakh, Tainykh Obshchestvakh i Okkul'tnoi Voine
  • 17
    • 85037313166 scopus 로고
    • Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm
    • (1927), in V. M. Zhivov, ed., Moscow
    • N. S. Trubetskoi, "Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm" (1927), in V. M. Zhivov, ed., Istoriia. Kul'tura. Iazyk (Moscow, 1995), 426: "Here is an untapped mother lode of work for philosophers, journalists, poets, novelists, artists, musicians, scientists, and scholars of the most varied specializations. It is necessary to re-examine a number of scientific disciplines from the point of view of the unity of the multiethnic Eurasian nation and to construct new scientific systems to replace old and antiquated ones. In particular, this perspective necessitates an entirely new construction of the history of the peoples of Eurasia, including the Russian people."
    • (1995) Istoriia. Kul'tura. Iazyk , pp. 426
    • Trubetskoi, N.S.1
  • 18
    • 85037296261 scopus 로고
    • 12 October
    • In Suleimenov's words, "I have no reason to confess my love for Russian culture, to which I belong, perhaps, through the greater part of my upbringing and education." From "AZ i IA," an interview with Suleimenov conducted by G. Dil'diaev in Pravda, 12 October 1989.
    • (1989) Pravda
    • Dil'diaev, G.1
  • 19
    • 0003514765 scopus 로고
    • Emerging Political Elites
    • Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds., Bloomington
    • Martha Brill Olcott, in "Emerging Political Elites," in Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds., The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands (Bloomington, 1994), 47, claims that Suleimenov "speaks only pidgin Kazakh."
    • (1994) The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands , pp. 47
    • Olcott, M.B.1
  • 20
    • 52849115932 scopus 로고
    • Suleimenov's reputation was quickly established with a series of books: Argamaki (1961),
    • (1961) Argamaki
  • 28
    • 35349029723 scopus 로고
    • Partii Kazakhstana i osobennosti razvitiia politicheskogo protsessa v respublike
    • Moscow
    • and A. A. Kurtov, "Partii Kazakhstana i osobennosti razvitiia politicheskogo protsessa v respublike," Kazakhstan: Realii i perspeklivy nezavisimogo razvitiia (Moscow, 1995), 188-92.
    • (1995) Kazakhstan: Realii i Perspeklivy Nezavisimogo Razvitiia , pp. 188-192
    • Kurtov, A.A.1
  • 29
    • 85037302440 scopus 로고
    • Kvzaimozavisimosti
    • (1977-78), Alma-Ata
    • Olzhas Suleimenov, "Kvzaimozavisimosti" (1977-78),Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy (Alma-Ata, 1989), 55-56. These words were spoken at a symposium of the Association of the Writers of African and Asian Nations held in Tashkent in 1977.
    • (1989) Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy , pp. 55-56
    • Suleimenov, O.1
  • 30
    • 85008993741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ty - Moi geroi (V nashem gorode nachalas' bor'ba s formalizmom)
    • Suleimenov, "Ty - moi geroi (V nashem gorode nachalas' bor'ba s formalizmom)," Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy, 12-13 (emphasis added).
    • Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy , pp. 12-13
    • Suleimenov1
  • 31
    • 85008987275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is interesting that this combination of moderate nationalism and cultural internationalism has remained Suleimenov's ideology even after the collapse of the USSR: Suleimenov's party, the NKK, has opposed Kazakh exclusivism and anti-Russian sentiment in the republic: see A. A. Kurtov, "Partii Kazakhstana i osobennosti razvitiia politicheskogo protsessa v respublike."
    • Partii Kazakhstana i Osobennosti Razvitiia Politicheskogo Protsessa v Respublike
    • Kurtov, A.A.1
  • 34
    • 85037319636 scopus 로고
    • Sun Is Also Fire
    • Istanbul
    • and "Sun Is Also Fire," in Hasan B. Paksoy, Central Asian Monuments (Istanbul, 1992), 1-13.
    • (1992) Central Asian Monuments , pp. 1-13
    • Paksoy, H.B.1
  • 35
    • 33646429386 scopus 로고
    • Alma-Ata
    • Interestingly, Suleimenov has clearly expressed his feelings about attempts by Soviet writers to revive the prerevolutionary history of various nationalities. He condemns the Georgian writer K. Gamsakhurdia for the xenophobic patriotism of his historical novel King David the Builder and praises the Russian writer Sergei Markov for his generous attention to Central Asian history: see Olzhas Suleimenov, AZ i IA: Kniga blagonamerennogo chitatelia (Alma-Ata, 1975), 165-72.
    • (1975) AZ i IA: Kniga Blagonamerennogo Chitatelia , pp. 165-172
    • Suleimenov, O.1
  • 36
    • 52849130348 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • Suleimenov has acknowledged the two-volume book Pamiat' by Vladimir Chivilikhin (Moscow, 1988), a self-styled "novel-essay" (roman-esse), as being closely related, in terms of generic form and thematic content, to his own work.
    • (1988) Pamiat'
    • Chivilikhin, V.1
  • 38
    • 52849111352 scopus 로고
    • Slovo o literaturnoi kritike
    • Olzhas Suleimenov, "Slovo o literaturnoi kritike," Prostor, 1972, no. 5:96. Suleimenov opens the most comprehensive collection of his work, the perestroika edition Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy, with a series of essays, stating: "This is a time for journalistic polemic [publitsistiki]" (6).
    • (1972) Prostor , Issue.5 , pp. 96
    • Suleimenov, O.1
  • 40
    • 52849086680 scopus 로고
    • Poiski opory: Improvizatsiia ili znanie? O knige Olzhasa Suleimenova 'AZ i IA,'
    • Vladislav Vladimirov, "Poiski opory: Improvizatsiia ili znanie? O knige Olzhasa Suleimenova 'AZ i IA,'" Prostor, 1975, no. 10:96. The book was also warmly hailed by Konstantin Simonov in a private letter to Suleimenov.
    • (1975) Prostor , Issue.10 , pp. 96
    • Vladimirov, V.1
  • 41
    • 52849134296 scopus 로고
    • Tochka v kruge, iz kotoroi vyrastaet repei
    • December
    • The first negative review was by A. Kuz'min, "Tochka v kruge, iz kotoroi vyrastaet repei," Molodaia guardiia, no. 12 (December 1975): 270-80.
    • (1975) Molodaia Guardiia , Issue.12 , pp. 270-280
    • Kuz'min, A.1
  • 42
    • 52849119787 scopus 로고
    • 'Slovo o polku Igoreve' v interpretatsii O. Suleimenova
    • Asteady stream of more or less virulent criticism followed: L. A. Dmitriev and O. V. Tvorogov, "'Slovo o polku Igoreve' v interpretatsii O. Suleimenova," Russkaia literature, 1976, no. 1:251-58,
    • (1976) Russkaia Literature , Issue.1 , pp. 251-258
    • Dmitriev, L.A.1    Tvorogov, O.V.2
  • 43
    • 52849086681 scopus 로고
    • Mify i istiny
    • Iu. Seleznev, "Mify i istiny," Moskva, 1976, no. 3:201-8.
    • (1976) Moskva , Issue.3 , pp. 201-208
    • Seleznev, Iu.1
  • 44
    • 85008980609 scopus 로고
    • St. Petersburg
    • An account and bibliography of the more serious interventions concerning AZ i IA can be found in the article on Suleimenov in the Entsiklopediia "Slova o polku Igoreve" (St. Petersburg, 1995), 5:83-85.
    • (1995) Entsiklopediia "Slova o Polku Igoreve" , vol.5 , pp. 83-85
    • Suleimenov1
  • 45
    • 85037313739 scopus 로고
    • AZ i IA
    • 12 October
    • Suleimenov himself describes the controversy surrounding the book in the following interviews: "AZ i IA" (with G. Dil'diaev), in Pravda, 12 October 1989;
    • (1989) Pravda
    • Dil'diaev, G.1
  • 46
    • 85008991519 scopus 로고
    • Olzhas Suleimenov: Posleslovie k opal'noi knige"
    • 18 July
    • "Olzhas Suleimenov: Posleslovie k opal'noi knige" (with Aleksandr Pelekhatskii), in Literaturnaia gazeta, no. 29 (18 July 1990);
    • (1990) Literaturnaia Gazeta , Issue.29
    • Pelekhatskii, A.1
  • 47
    • 52849118599 scopus 로고
    • Vozvrashchennaia kniga Olzhasa Suleimenova
    • "Vozvrashchennaia kniga Olzhasa Suleimenova" (with Aleksandr Tkachenko), Iunost', 1991, no. 11:80-81;
    • (1991) Iunost' , Issue.11 , pp. 80-81
    • Tkachenko, A.1
  • 49
    • 52849103198 scopus 로고
    • The Consequences of Seeking Roots
    • Edward Allworth, ed., New York
    • The latter book also contains a justificatory letter, never before published, written by Suleimenov in 1976 to the First Secretary of the Kazakhstan Communist Party D. A. Kunaev. Very little interesting critical commentary exists on the book AZ i IA, in Russian or other languages, but see Jack V. Haney, "The Consequences of Seeking Roots," in Edward Allworth, ed., Ethnic Russia in the USSR: The Dilemma of Dominance (New York, 1980), 69-76;
    • (1980) Ethnic Russia in the USSR: The Dilemma of Dominance , pp. 69-76
    • Haney, J.V.1
  • 50
    • 84918098672 scopus 로고
    • Olzhas Suleimenov: 'Az I Ja,'
    • Frederique Diat, "Olzhas Suleimenov: 'Az I Ja,'" Central Asian Survey 3, no. 1 (1984): 101-21,
    • (1984) Central Asian Survey , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 101-121
    • Diat, F.1
  • 51
    • 52849089159 scopus 로고
    • Kriticheskie zametki o nekotorykh rebusakh AZ i IA
    • and V. Geier, "Kriticheskie zametki o nekotorykh rebusakh AZ i IA," Zaria 1, no. 7 (1991): 31-34. Geier's article, which attacks the book's scientific basis, shows how little the debate has advanced in the 1990s.
    • (1991) Zaria , vol.1 , Issue.7 , pp. 31-34
    • Geier, V.1
  • 52
    • 52849109398 scopus 로고
    • Literaturnyi pamiatnik i ego prochtenie: Obsuzhdenie knigi Olzhasa Suleimenova 'AZ i IA,'
    • The meeting of historians and philologists from the Academy of Sciences took place on 13 February 1976. Several summaries of the ensuing discussion exist: S. Zaika, "Literaturnyi pamiatnik i ego prochtenie: Obsuzhdenie knigi Olzhasa Suleimenova 'AZ i IA,'" Izvestiia Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriia literatury i iazyka 35, no. 4 (1976): 376-83;
    • (1976) Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriia Literatury i Iazyka , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 376-383
    • Zaika, S.1
  • 53
    • 52849112579 scopus 로고
    • Obsuzhdenie knigi Olzhasa Suleimenova
    • "Obsuzhdenie knigi Olzhasa Suleimenova," Voprosy istorii, 1976, no. 9:147-54;
    • (1976) Voprosy Istorii , Issue.9 , pp. 147-154
  • 54
    • 52849114065 scopus 로고
    • Kritika: Spory zametki otkliki
    • and the related article by U. Gural'nik, "Kritika: Spory zametki otkliki," Voprosy literatury, 1976, no. 9:221-24.
    • (1976) Voprosy Literatury , Issue.9 , pp. 221-224
    • Gural'nik, U.1
  • 55
    • 85008980992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posleslovie k 2-mu izdaniiu
    • Judging by accounts given by Suleimenov himself as well as by his close associate Gennadii Tolmachev, the decision to spare Suleimenov was taken at the highest level: Leonid Brezhnev is said not to have found anything excessively compromising in his book, and Suleimenov was provided crucial protection by the Kazakh party leadership for whom an attack on Suleimenov from Moscow was a threat to Kazakh national pride: Brezhnev and the Kazakh leader Kunaev thus acted jointly to circumvent the more drastic repression that was being planned by Mikhail Suslov. Nonetheless, a sustained journalistic campaign against the book was launched, and the book was effectively withdrawn from circulation until its republication in 1989. See the interviews "Vozvrashchennaia kniga Olzhasa Suleimenova," and "Olzhas Suleimenov: Posleslovie k opal'noi knige," and the published accounts by Suleimenov in the "Posleslovie k 2-mu izdaniiu," Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy, 586,
    • Esse, Publitsistika, Stikhi, Poemy , pp. 586
    • Suleimenov1
  • 58
    • 52849105841 scopus 로고
    • Gipotezy ili fantazii v istolkovanii temnykh mest 'Slova o polku Igoreve,'
    • June
    • D. S. Likhachev, "Gipotezy ili fantazii v istolkovanii temnykh mest 'Slova o polku Igoreve,'" Zvezda, no. 6 (June 1976): 210.
    • (1976) Zvezda , Issue.6 , pp. 210
    • Likhachev, D.S.1
  • 59
    • 85008980989 scopus 로고
    • Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, Vienna
    • More recently, but without the same judgmental pathos, Boris Gasparov, Poetika "Slova o polku Igoreve," Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, special issue no. 12 (Vienna, 1984), 324, has called Suleimenov's book "scholarly belles lettres" that nonetheless contains a "series of interesting concrete observations."
    • (1984) Poetika "Slova o Polku Igoreve," , Issue.12 SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 324
    • Gasparov, B.1
  • 60
    • 85008995835 scopus 로고
    • O zadachakh sblizheniia slavistichcskoi i tiurkologicheskoi traditsii v izuchenii 'Slova o polku Igoreve,'
    • Moscow
    • The serious scholarly objections to Suleimenov's book - in themselves largely valid - amount to this: First, Suleimenov shows only a patchy awareness of the scholarly tradition in the fields of medieval philology and linguistics: hence his polemics are generally against straw men of his own creation. Second, most of his hypotheses are, in the words of A. N. Robinson, "historically unfounded and textologically arbitrary," although Robinson does acknowledge the potential validity of a handful of insights. See his article "O zadachakh sblizheniia slavistichcskoi i tiurkologicheskoi traditsii v izuchenii 'Slova o polku Igoreve,'" "Slovo o polku Igoreve,"Pamiatniki literatury i iskusstva XI-XVII vekov (Moscow, 1978), 198, 201-2.
    • (1978) "Slovo o Polku Igoreve,"Pamiatniki Literatury i Iskusstva XI-XVII Vekov , pp. 198
  • 62
    • 52849098446 scopus 로고
    • Kochevniki i Rus': O tolkovanii nekotorykh tiurkizmov v 'Slove o polku Igoreve,'
    • See Olzhas Suleimenov, "Kochevniki i Rus': O tolkovanii nekotorykh tiurkizmov v 'Slove o polku Igoreve,'" Prostor, 1962, no. 10:107-9.
    • (1962) Prostor , Issue.10 , pp. 107-109
    • Suleimenov, O.1
  • 63
    • 85008996335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suleimenov repeats the thought in AZ i IA, 208: "This territorial principle, the desire to resolve questions of ethnogenesis without venturing beyond state borders that were established in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is nothing less than an attempt to examine the history of a people in a way that is disconnected from greater humanity."
    • AZ i IA , pp. 208
  • 64
    • 52849134295 scopus 로고
    • Bosyi volk i napevy gotskikh dev
    • Olzhas Suleimenov, "Bosyi volk i napevy gotskikh dev," Prostor, 1962, no. 11:111.
    • (1962) Prostor , Issue.11 , pp. 111
    • Suleimenov, O.1
  • 65
    • 52849139450 scopus 로고
    • Nevidimye slova
    • 6 June
    • Suleimenov's other articles in the periodical press include "Nevidimye slova," Komsomol'skaia pravda, 6 June 1968,
    • (1968) Komsomol'skaia Pravda
  • 66
    • 85037293247 scopus 로고
    • Gde reka Kaialy?
    • 20 September
    • and "Gde reka Kaialy?" Literaturnaia Rossiia, no. 38 (298) (20 September 1968).
    • (1968) Literaturnaia Rossiia , Issue.38-298
  • 68
    • 85008987273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suleimenov marvels at the Igor Tale's "figurative quality," its "innovativeness," and "extraordinary lack of lexical constraint" ("Kochevniki i Rus'," 107,
    • Kochevniki i Rus' , pp. 107
  • 70
    • 85008987273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in this sense we can say that he follows in the wake of Vladimir Maiakovskii who, in Suleimenov's own words, "learned from the unknown poet the colloquial intonations and the compositional devices of the oratorial poem." Suleimenov, "Kochevniki i Rus'," 107.
    • Kochevniki i Rus' , pp. 107
    • Suleimenov1
  • 72
    • 85037317452 scopus 로고
    • V. P. Adrianova-Peretts, ed., Moscow/Leningrad
    • At the commencement of the Igor Tale, the anonymous author claims rhetorically to have gone against the poetic fancy of the ancient bard Boian (ne po zamyshleniiu Boianiu) in order to write a song "in keeping with the actual happenings of these times [po bylinam sego vremeni]," but then finally incorporates both stylistic options into his discourse; see V. P. Adrianova-Peretts, ed., Slovo o polku Igoreve (Moscow/Leningrad, 1950), 9.
    • (1950) Slovo O Polku Igoreve , pp. 9
  • 73
    • 85008985084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "I would be committing a sin," Suleimenov confesses, "if I were to declare that the Igor Tale would have fascinated me no less if it had not swirled in the eddies of innumerable interpretations." Suleimenov, AZ i IA, 17.
    • AZ i IA , pp. 17
    • Suleimenov1
  • 77
    • 52849120530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evraziiskii soiuz: Novye nibezhi, problemy, perspektivy
    • Almaty
    • President Nazarbaev is said to have shifted to a Eurasianist position on citizenship in 1995, and a Central Asian "Eurasianism" has been officially constituted to reconcile ideologically and integrate economically the Russian and Kazakh sectors of Kazakhstan's population. Cf. President Nursultan Nazarbaev, "Evraziiskii soiuz: Novye nibezhi, problemy, perspektivy," Piat' let nezavisimosti: Iz dokladov, vystuplenii i statei Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan (Almaty, 1996), 442.
    • (1996) Piat' Let Nezavisimosti: Iz Dokladov, Vystuplenii i Statei Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan , pp. 442
    • Nazarbaev, N.1
  • 85
    • 52849093323 scopus 로고
    • Vavilonskaia bashnia i smeshenie iazykov
    • The term linguistic alliance was coined by Nikolai Trubetskoi in 1923. N. S. Trubetskoi, "Vavilonskaia bashnia i smeshenie iazykov," Evraziiskii vremennik, 1923, no. 3:107-24.
    • (1923) Evraziiskii Vremennik , Issue.3 , pp. 107-124
    • Trubetskoi, N.S.1
  • 86
    • 0042890807 scopus 로고
    • K kharakteristike evraziiskogo iazykovogo soiuza
    • (1931), The Hague/Paris
    • This term was further developed by Roman Jakobson in "K kharakteristike evraziiskogo iazykovogo soiuza" (1931), Selected Writings (The Hague/Paris, 1971), 1:144-201 .
    • (1971) Selected Writings , vol.1 , pp. 144-201
    • Jakobson, R.1
  • 87
    • 33746641229 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • The idea of areal linguistic alliances is quite alien to Nikolai Marr himself, who is in fact Suleimenov's main source of ideas on linguistics. The Turkish Historical Thesis, officially proclaimed in 1932, insisted on projecting Turkish civilization back into remote antiquity, while a complementary linguistic theory called the Sun Theory of Language, which held sway for several years in the 1930s, asserted that "all general ideas emanate from the sun, which is the first human totem." Speros Vryonis, Jr., The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf (New York, 1991), 63, 70.
    • (1991) The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf , pp. 63
    • Vryonis Jr., S.1
  • 88
    • 85009005097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This closely resembles Suleimenov's belief that the symbolic language of primitive man derived ultimately from the first religion, which was a solar cult (cf. Iazyk pis'ma, 273). Unlike these Turkish doctrines, Suleimenov's theses are not racially colored, that is, they do not insist on a genetic link between the ancient Turks and earlier civilizations.
    • Iazyk Pis'ma , pp. 273
  • 90
  • 91
    • 0004279243 scopus 로고
    • trans. Lilian A. Clare Princeton
    • Suleimenov rarely provides a clear account of the origin of his ideas, but they are, philosophically speaking, seldom original. Suleimenov seems unaware of the debates on the various forms of the sign in modern semiotics (e.g., Charles Sander Peirce), but his ideas seem comparable to Lucien Lévy-Bruhl's How Natives Think, trans. Lilian A. Clare (Princeton, 1985), originally published in 1910 as Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés primitives.
    • (1985) How Natives Think
    • Lévy-Bruhl, L.1
  • 92
    • 52849083825 scopus 로고
    • Moscow
    • Lévy-Bruhl was translated into Russian in the 1930s: Pervobytnoe myshlenie (Moscow, 1930)
    • (1930) Pervobytnoe Myshlenie
  • 94
    • 0003395830 scopus 로고
    • trans. Catherine Porter Ithaca
    • For a history of theorizations of the symbol, see Tzvetan Todorov, Theories of the Symbol, trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca, 1982).
    • (1982) Theories of the Symbol
    • Todorov, T.1
  • 98
    • 85037320249 scopus 로고
    • 'Proidia skvoz' debri...' Olzhas Suleimenov i ego 'Glinianaia kniga'
    • (written in 1970), Moscow
    • The Clay Book is a hybrid text in which a long, mock-epic poetic text set in the remote past is preceded by a prose introduction situated in the present. Together they constitute a deliberately incongruous juxtaposition of epos, allegory, and parody. The Clay Book has invited a lot more critical attention than AZ i IA: cf. L. Anninskii, "'Proidia skvoz' debri . . .' Olzhas Suleimenov i ego 'Glinianaia kniga'" (written in 1970), Kontakty: Literaturno-kriticheskie stat'i (Moscow, 1982), 121-30, who has noted Suleimenov's repeated recourse to "philological mystification";
    • (1982) Kontakty: Literaturno-kriticheskie Stat'i , pp. 121-130
    • Anninskii, L.1
  • 100
    • 52849088163 scopus 로고
    • Eshche raz o 'Glinianoi knige,'
    • and Vladislav Vladimirov, "Eshche raz o 'Glinianoi knige,'" both in Voprosy literatury, 1970, no. 9:23-41
    • (1970) Voprosy Literatury , Issue.9 , pp. 23-41
    • Vladimirov, V.1
  • 102
    • 52849121253 scopus 로고
    • Poema o solntse
    • G. Shashkina, "Poema o solntse," Prostor, 1985, no. 4/5:121-24,
    • (1985) Prostor , Issue.4-5 , pp. 121-124
    • Shashkina, G.1
  • 103
    • 52849138228 scopus 로고
    • Na mirovom kochev'e: O poezii Olzhasa Suleimenova
    • and Evgenii Sidorov, "Na mirovom kochev'e: O poezii Olzhasa Suleimenova,"Prostor, 1986, no. 3:195-98.
    • (1986) Prostor , Issue.3 , pp. 195-198
    • Sidorov, E.1
  • 104
    • 85008985060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Iazyk pis'ma has also been serialized in the journal Prostor, starting with 1998, no. 2. It appears as if the basic premise of the book, if not the actual content, was conceived much earlier, in the 1970s, and is closely linked to the thematics of the second part of AZ i IA. Its purpose is to debunk the Saussurean notion of the arbitrary sign, by rediscovering the "causality of the word" in the most archaic form of writing, the hieroglyph or "image-sign," which constituted a shared repertory of religious meanings for ancient humanity.
  • 109
    • 0012875104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Ia. Marr and thé National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics
    • Winter
    • Yuri Slezkine, "N. Ia. Marr and thé National Origins of Soviet Ethnogenetics," Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 826-62.
    • (1996) Slavic Review , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 826-862
    • Slezkine, Y.1
  • 111
    • 52849134894 scopus 로고
    • Iafeticheskii Kavkaz i tretii etnicheskii element
    • Moscow
    • Marr, "Iafeticheskii Kavkaz i tretii etnicheskii element," Izbrannye raboty (Moscow, 1933), 1:89-90.
    • (1933) Izbrannye Raboty , vol.1 , pp. 89-90
    • Marr1
  • 113
    • 4143119049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Thomas, Linguistic Theories of N. Ja. Marr, 10: "[Marr] was preoccupied with the registration of alleged correspondences between languages and did not pause to establish the internal linguistic changes which would justify the form the correspondences took . . . . The result is a complicated system of arbitrary sound changes with absolutely no time perspective."
    • Linguistic Theories of N. Ja. Marr , pp. 10
    • Thomas1
  • 114
    • 85009002772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rasselenie iazykov i narodov i vopros o prarodine turetskikh iazykov
    • N. Ia. Marr, "Rasselenie iazykov i narodov i vopros o prarodine turetskikh iazykov," Izbrannye raboty, 1:137.
    • Izbrannye Raboty , vol.1 , pp. 137
    • Marr, N.Ia.1
  • 116
    • 0040341522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both see neogrammarianism as the main manifestation of Indo-European linguistics: cf. Alpatov, Istoriia odnogo mifa, 49,
    • Istoriia Odnogo Mifa , pp. 49
    • Alpatov1
  • 118
    • 85008994138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fact several of Marr's articles proposing specific etymologies, genealogies, and linguistic derivations strikingly resemble Suleimenov's procedures and could have served as models: "Predvaritel'noe soobshchenie o rodstve gruzinskogo iazyka s semiticheskimi," "Shumerskie slova s osnovoi en v osveshchenii odnogo iz polozhenii iafetichcskoi semantiki," and "Perezhitki eshche semanticheskikh grupp 'nebo+voda' iz shumerskogo iazyka," all in Izbrannye raboty, 1:23-38,
    • Izbrannye Raboty , vol.1 , pp. 23-38
  • 119
  • 120
    • 85008988041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Izbrannye raboty, 2:153-54.
    • Izbrannye Raboty , vol.2 , pp. 153-154
  • 121
    • 0003508892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between Suleimenov and Marr can of course be noted: for example, Suleimenov, unlike Marr, makes no attempt at a rapprochement with Marxism and is thus free to privilege symbolic language and the written sign without reference to socioeconomic factors or material culture. It is also worth noting that other attempts to revive Marr have been made, predictably in post-Soviet Georgia: sec Smith, Law, Wilson, Bohr, and Allworth, Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands, 177-79.
    • Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands , pp. 177-179
    • Smith1    Law2    Wilson3    Bohr4    Allworth5
  • 123
    • 52849109838 scopus 로고
    • Nowe doswiadczenie i stare tradycje
    • "This mischievous philologism has its own poetic halo in the Russian cultural tradition and goes back through [Semen] Kirsanov to [Velimir] Khlebnikov." Other critics who have pointed in passing to the Sulcimenov-Khlebnikov nexus are Andrzej Drawicz, "Nowe doswiadczenie i stare tradycje," Nowe ksiazki, 1970, no. 22;
    • (1970) Nowe Ksiazki , Issue.22
    • Drawicz, A.1
  • 125
    • 52849138228 scopus 로고
    • Na mirovom kochev'e: O poezii Olzhasa Suleimenova
    • See also Evgenii Sidorov's statement in "Na mirovom kochev'e: O poezii Olzhasa Suleimenova," Prostor, 1986, no. 3:195, which could apply equally to both poets: "Russian poetic language inhales the breath of the east in his work and is adorned by a sensitive attention to the very root of words, their etymological essence and semantic variants." Suleimenov mentions Khlebnikov once in AZ i IA, 206.
    • (1986) Prostor , Issue.3 , pp. 195
    • Sidorov, E.1
  • 126
    • 85037294762 scopus 로고
    • Pust' na mogil'noi plite prochtut
    • N. Kharszhiev and T. Grits, eds., Moscow
    • Velimir Khlebnikov, "Pust' na mogil'noi plite prochtut," in N. Kharszhiev and T. Grits, eds., Neizdannye proizvedeniia (Moscow, 1940), 318.
    • (1940) Neizdannye Proizvedeniia , pp. 318
    • Khlebnikov, V.1
  • 129
    • 52849086679 scopus 로고
    • Tema vostoka v tvorchestve V. Khlebnikova
    • on his relationship to Asia or the Russian "south," see Iu. M. Loshchits and V. N. Turbin, "Tema vostoka v tvorchestve V. Khlebnikova," Narody Azii i Afriki, 1966, no. 4;
    • (1966) Narody Azii i Afriki , Issue.4
    • Loshchits, Iu.M.1    Turbin, V.N.2
  • 132
    • 52849119216 scopus 로고
    • ed. V. P. Grigor'ev and A. E. Parnis Moscow
    • Veclimir Khlebnikov, Tvoreniia, ed. V. P. Grigor'ev and A. E. Parnis (Moscow, 1986), 142-43;
    • (1986) Tvoreniia , pp. 142-143
    • Khlebnikov, V.1
  • 133
    • 52849103810 scopus 로고
    • V. Khlebnikov v revoliutsionnom Giliane (novye materialy)
    • the definitive redaction of the poem is found only in this edition. The circumstantial and textual history of "S utroboi mednoiu," as well as some of its symbolic detail, have been carefully unpacked by A. E. Parnis in "V. Khlebnikov v revoliutsionnom Giliane (novye materialy)," Narody Azii i Afriki, 1967, no. 5:157-64. Suleimenov could have read earlier redactions of this poem, which do not differ in essential details.
    • (1967) Narody Azii i Afriki , Issue.5 , pp. 157-164
    • Parnis, A.E.1
  • 135
    • 85008980996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Razlozhenie slova
    • Empirical evidence for this postulate is found by enumerating the words in which kh occurs as the initial and determining letter. This search for examples was an ongoing preoccupation: some years before Khlebnikov had observed that khleb is a "plant that artificially guards and defends man," while man "hides in the khizha, khiba, khata from the forces of disease and death." Khlebnikov, "Razlozhenie slova," Sobranie proizvedenii, 5:201.
    • Sobranie Proizvedenii , vol.5 , pp. 201
    • Khlebnikov1
  • 137
    • 85008996338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Svoiasi" and "Khudozhniki mira!"
    • and Khlebnikov, "Svoiasi" and "Khudozhniki mira!" both in Sobranie proizvedenii, 2:9
    • Sobranie Proizvedenii , vol.2 , pp. 9
    • Khlebnikov1


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