Ecology, distribution, and identity in the world politics of environmental skepticism

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 8-28

  Jacques, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; ENVIRONMENTALISM; IDEOLOGY; MODERNIZATION; SUSTAINABILITY;

EID: 51549084784     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: 15483290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455750802348762     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Aaron McCright and Riley Dunlap, "'Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement's Counter Claims,"' Social Problems, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2000, pp. 499-522
2. Aaron McCright and Riley Dunlap, "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy" Social Problems, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2003, pp. 348-373.
3. Peter Jacques, "The Rearguard of Modernity: Environmental Skepticism as a Struggle of Citizenship," Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2006,pp. 76-101.
4. Peter Jacques, Riley Dunlap, and Mark Freeman, "The Organization of Denial: The Link between Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Skepticism," Environmental Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2008, 349-385.
5. Ibid., p. 91.
6. Peter Jacques, Riley Dunlap, and Mark Freeman, "The Organization of Denial: The Link between Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Skepticism," Environmental Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2008, 349-385.
7. I personally do not consider South Africa part of the global South, but rather a regional African hub for global commerce and power. But I can imagine the argument for including South Africa in the global South.
8. Richard Tren and Roger Bate, Malaria and the DDT Story (London: Institute for Economic Affairs, 2001). Tren and Bate have multiple U.K. and U.S. affiliations to conservative think tanks. Notably, Tren started an organization called "Africa Fighting Malaria," which presents itself as an organically formed group from South Africa that is fighting for free markets and DDT for malaria treatment.
9. See http://core-africa.org/, accessed 2/1/2008, and the discussion below.
10. Timothy Luke, "Alterity or Antimodernism: A Response to Versluis," Teleos, 137, 2006, p. 131.
11. David Schlosberg, "Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Political Theories, Environmental Politics, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2004, pp. 517-540.
12. William Hipwell, "A Deleuzian Critique of Resource-Use Management Politics in Industria," The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, Vol., 48, No. 3, 2004, pp. 356-377.
13. The greatest potential energy and potential uses are in the ecosystem and degrade toward less organized energy as the forest and watershed becomes a tree cut for lumber (first loss is the forest and the aggregate energy of this system, second loss is the energy organized in the tree itself), which then becomes less and less organized when compared to pressed-wood products and toothpicks. The toothpicks contain much less organized energy and potential than the forest. In the end, though, the human economy values toothpicks over forests, because toothpicks have labor and capital invested, and they can be individuated, homogenized, and commodified in a way that can move through the chain in favor of power. Conversely, forest commons serve locals first.
14. Stephen G. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 21.
15. Ibid., pp. 21-22.
16. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1982).
17. Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London/New Delhi: Sage, 1992).
18. Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981)
19. Julian Simon, Hoodwinking the Nation (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers/Cato Institute, 1999)
20. Julian Simon (ed.), The State of Humanity (New York: Blackwell Publishers and Cato Institute, 1995)
21. Julian Simon and Herman Kahn (eds.), The Resourceful Earth: A Response to Global 2000 (New York: Blackwell Press, 1984).
22. Julian Simon, Hoodwinking the Nation, op. cit., pp. 31-32.
23. Peter Huber, Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists, A Conservative Manifesto (New York: Basic Books, 1999)
24. Joseph Bast, Peter Hill, and Richard Rue, Eco-Sanity: A Common-Sense Guide to Environmentalism (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1994), for examples.
25. David Pearce, "Resource Scarcity and Economic Growth in Poor Developing Countries: Missing Links in Simon's Cornucopian Philosophy," Futures October 1985, pp. 440-445.
26. Peter Huber and Mark Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight Of Fuel, The Virtue Of Waste, And Why We Will Never Run Out Of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005).
27. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
28. Ibid., p. 176, Figure 11.2.
29. Huber, 1999, op. cit.
30. A sample of this list includes Ronald Bailey, Eco-Scam: The False Prophets of the Ecological Apocalypse (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993)
31. Ronald Bailey, The True State of the Planet (New York: The Free Press, 1995)
32. Ronald Bailey (ed.) Earth Report 2000 (New York: McGraw Hill, 2000)
33. Bast, Hill, and Rue, 1994, op. cit
34. Roger Bate, What Risk? (Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman/Elsevier, 1997)
35. Wilfred Beckerman, Through Green Colored Glasses: Environmentalism Reconsidered (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1996)
36. Wilfred Beckerman, A Poverty of Reason: Sustainable Development and Economic Growth (Oakland, CA: Independent Institute, 2002)
37. Michael Coffman, Environmentalism! The Dawn of Aquarius or the Twilight of a New Dark Age (Bangor, ME: Environmental Perspectives, Inc., 1992)
38. Michael Coffman, Saviors of the Earth? The Politics and Religion of the Environmental Movement (Chicago: Northfield Press, 1994)
39. Paul Driessen, Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death (Bellevue, WA: Free Enterprise Press/Merril Press, 2003)
40. Greg Easterbrook, A Moment on Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism (New York: Viking Press, 1995)
41. Robert Balling, Heated Debate: Greenhouse Predictions versus Climate Reality (San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1992)
42. Aaron Wildavsky, But is it True? A Citizen's Guide to Environmental Health and Safety (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), among many others.
43. Bjørn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 328.
44. James Dunn and John Kinney, Conservative Environmentalism: Reassessing the Means, Redefining the Ends (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1996), p. 191.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 194.
47. Ibid.
48. Driessen, 2003, op. cit
49. Paul Driessen, "CSR and the Third World," 2004, available online at: http://eco-imperialism.com/content/article.php3?id-153, accessed 3/14/06.
50. Ibid.
51. Robert Paehlke, Democracy's Dilemma: Environment, Social Equity, and the Global Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), p. viii.
52. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 4.
53. e.g., Andrew Mushita and Carol Thompson, "Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa," Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2001, pp. 65-82.
54. Bjørn Lomborg (ed.), Global Crises, Global Solutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
55. Huber, 1999, op. cit., p. 80.
56. Ibid., p. 81, emphasis added. The visions he refers to in the beginning of the quote seem to refer to the visions of environmental hell proposed by environmentalists through either Malthusian demise or "Faustian" hubris.
57. Thomas Hall and James Fenelon, "The Futures of Indigenous Peoples: 9-11 and the Trajectory of Indigenous Survival and Resistance," Journal of World Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 153-197.
58. R.E. Dunlap, George Gallup, & Alec Gallup, "Global Environmental Concern: Results from an International Public Opinion Survey," Environment, 35, 1994, pp. 7-15 and 33-39.
59. See for example, Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (New York: Routledge 2000).
60. Schlosberg, 2004, op. cit.
61. Ibid., p. 519.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 525.
64. Huber, 1999, op. cit.
65. Coffman, 1994, op. cit.
66. Peter Jacques, Sharon Ridgeway, and Richard Witmer, "Federal Indian Law and Environmental Policy: A Social Continuity of Violence," Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2003
67. Sharon Ridgeway and Peter Jacques, "Population-Conflict Models: Blaming the Poor for Poverty," Social Science Journal, Vol. 4, December 2002
68. Enloe, 1990, op. cit.
69. Frank Waters, with drawings and source material recorded by Oswald White Bear Fredericks, The Book of the Hopi (New York: The Viking Press, 1963), p. 9, emphasis added.
70. Coffman, 1994, op. cit., p. 73.
71. Ibid., p. 79.
72. Ibid., p. 91.
73. Ibid.
74. The actual citation given though is William Stevens, "An Eden in Ancient America? Not Really," The New York Times, March 30, 1993, pp. C1, C9.
75. Ibid.
76. Antonio Gramsci, The Antonio Gramsci Reader, edited by D. Forgacs (New York: New York University Press, 2000), p. 336.
77. Ibid., pp. 336-337.
78. C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 3.
79. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
80. Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen and Maria Mies, The Subsistence Perspective (New York: Zed Books, 1999), p. 6.
81. Ibid., 7, emphasis added.
82. Robyn Eckerseley, The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004)
83. Andrew Dobson, Citizenship and the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
84. See Timothy Luke, Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology: Departing from Marx (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
85. Peter Jacques, Globalization and the World Ocean (Lanham, MD: Altamira Press/Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).
86. Fred Smith, "Dedication, Julian Simon - An Appreciation," in Ronald Bailey (ed), Earth Report 2000: Revisiting the True State of the Planet (New York: McGraw Hill, 2000), pp. xiii-xvi.
87. "Exist" here refers to the ontological relevance of non-human ecology. Ecology does not exist as an actor or agent or important limit on the will of the possessive individualist.
88. Bruno Latour, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 235.
89. Jacques, 2006, op. cit.
90. Bruno Latour, 2004 op. cit., p. 235.
91. See Joseph Carins, Democracy and Possessive Individualism: The Intellectual Legacy of C.B. Macpherson (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
92. Some skeptics, like Ronald Bailey and Gregg Easterbrook have changed their minds about the reality of human-induced climate change, but the counter-movement writ-large remains on course.
93. The gendered referent is purposeful, as the notion of modernism being defended is clearly misogynistic and erases the politics of women where possible. See again Enloe, 2001. One should ask in a related vein, where are the women environmental skeptics? They are indeed a rarity.
94. Riley Dunlap and Kent Van Liere, "Commitment to the Dominant Social Paradigm and Concern for Environmental Quality," Social Science Quarterly, 65, 1984, pp. 1013-1028.
95. Ecofeminists also, rightly, scorn Malthus. See Jael Silliman and Ynestra King (eds.), Dangerous Intersections: Feminist Perspectives on Population, Environment, and Development (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999) for a classic articulation.
96. Latour, 2004, op. cit.