Food security: Achieving the potential

Environment

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 48-61

  Pinstrup Andersen, Per ^a,b,c   Herforth, Anna ^b  

^a Nutrition and Public Policy ^*

^b Department of Entrepreneurship ^*

^c AAAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 51349101737     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.50.5.48-61     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. "Declaration of the High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy," Rome, 5 June 2008, at Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), http://www.fao.org/ fileadmin/user_upload/foodclimate/HLCdocs/declaration-E.pdf (accessed 1 August 2008).
2. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
3. FAOSTAT, http://faostat.fao.org (accessed May 2008). FAO statistics on global food insecurity were estimated as an annual average for each three-year period.
4. WCED, note 2, page 118.
5. WCED, note 2, page 118.
6. WCED, note 2, page 129.
7. "Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition," Rome, 16 November 1974, at Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/69.htm (accessed 1 August 2008).
8. L. Smith, H. Alderman, and D. Aduayom, Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Estimates from Household Expenditure Surveys (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institue (IFPRI), 2006).
9. See, for example, S. Reutlinger et al., eds., Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Security in the Developing Countries (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1986).
10. D. L. Pelletier, C. M. Olson, and E. A. Frongillo, "Food Insecurity, Hunger and Undernutrition," in B. Bowman and R. Russell, eds., Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Ninth Edition (Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute Press, 2006), 906-22.
11. For early arguments that the reduction of malnutrition (that is, an increase in food security) would make a major contribution to economic growth and poverty alleviation, contributions that might be captured only by explicitly considering the potential nutrition effects of alternative development efforts, see A. Berg, The Nutrition Factor: Its Role in National Development (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973);
12. S. Reutlinger and M. Selowsky, Malnutrition and Poverty: Magnitude and Policy Options (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1976):
13. and A. Berg. Malnourished People: A Policy View (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981). For early work on how agricultural research priorities could be modified to enhance the nutrition impact,
14. see P. Pinstrup-Andersen, N. R. de Londono, and E. Hoover, "The Impact of Increasing Food Supply on Human Nutrition: Implications for Commodity Priorities in Agricultural Research and Policy," American Journal of Agricultural Economic 58, no. 2 (1976): 131-42.
15. An approach to incorporate nutritional goals into the design and implementation of agricultural projects and policies with a focus on household food security appears in P. Pinstrup-Andersen, Nutritional Consequences of Agricultural Projects: Conceptual Relationships and Assessment Approaches, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 456 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981);
16. and P. Pinstrup-Andersen, "Estimating the Nutritional Impact of Food Policies: A Note on the Analytical Approach," Food and Nutrition Bulletin 5, no. 4 (1983): 16-21.
17. For a groundbreaking critique of the then-dominant view of food security as the ratio of food to population, see A. Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), which argues that the inability to acquire food ("exchange entitlement") is the cause of hunger.
18. Reutlinger et al., note 9. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) still uses this definition; see USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), Guide to Measuring Household Food Security (Washington, DC, 2008). The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) adopted a slightly modified definition: "All people at all times have both physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet their dietary needs for a productive and healthy life";
19. see USAID, Policy Determination, Definition of Food Security (Washington, DC, 13 April 1992).
20. FAO, Declaration on World Food Security, World Food Summit (Rome: FAO, 1996).
21. Ibid.; J. Coates, P. Webb, and R. Houser, Measuring Food Insecurity: Going Beyond Indicators of Income and Anthropometry 2003, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 2003);
22. and FAO, "Chapter 2: Food Security, Concepts and Measurement," in FAO, Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages (Rome: FAO, 2003).
23. FAO Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information Mapping Systems (FlVlMS), Proceedings, Measurement and Assessment of Food Deprivation and Undernutrition: International Scientific Symposium, Rome, 26-28 June 2002 (Rome: FAO, 2003).
24. Smith, Alderman, and Aduayom, note 8.
25. S. Maxwell, "Food Security: A Post-Modern Perspective," Food Policy 21, no. 2 (1996): 155-70;
26. and J. Coates, et al., "Commonalities in the Experience of Household Food Insecurity Across Cultures: What Are Measures Missing?" Journal of Nutrition 136 (2006): S1438-48.
27. Pelletier, Olson, and Frongillo, note 10, page 913.
28. E. A. Frongillo, "Validation of Measures of Food Insecurity and Hunger," Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 129, suppl., (1999): 506S-9S;
29. Coates, Webb, and Houser, note 14;
30. P. Webb et al., "Measuring Household Food Insecurity: Why It's So Important and Yet So Difficult to Do," Journal of Nutrition 136 (2006): 1404S-8S;
31. and E. Kennedy, "Qualitative Measures of Food Insecurity and Hunger," in FAO FIVIMS, note 15. Interest in measuring subjective perception of food accessibility paralleled a bifurcation in the poverty measurement literature, between the objective headcount measure of poverty (those who fall below a predetermined poverty line), and the perception of relative deprivation.
32. See R. Chambers, Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Discussion Paper No. 241 (Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. 1995).
33. G. S. Wunderlich and J. L. Norwoord, Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure Panel to Review U.S. Department of Agriculture's Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger, National Research Council (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006).
34. M. Nord, M. Andrews, and S. Carlson, Household Food Security in the United States, 2003, USDA ERS Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 42 (Washington, DC: USDA, 2004).
35. H. Melgar-Quinonez et al., "Household Food Insecurity and Food Expenditure in Bolivia, Burkina Faso and the Philippines," Journal of Nutrition, 136 (2006): S1431-7;
36. and R. Perez-Escamilla et al., "An Adapted Version of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Insecurity Module is a Valid Tool for Assessing Household Food Insecurity in Campinas, Brazil," Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004): 1923-8.
37. J. Coates et al., Development and Validation of an Experience-Based Tool to Directly Measure Household Food Insecurity Within and Across Seasons in Northern Burkina Faso, Food and Nutrition Assistance Project (Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 2004);
38. and W. S. Wolfe and E. A. Frongillo, Building Household Food Security Measurement Tools from the Ground Up, Food and Nutrition Assistance Project (Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 2000).
39. J. Coates, A. Swindale, and P. Bilinsky, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide Version 3 (Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA), 2007).
40. P. Bilinsky and A. Swindale, Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide (Washington, DC: FANTA, 2007).
41. J. Hoddinott and Y. Yohannes, Diet Diversity as a Food Security Indicator. FCND Discussion Paper No. 136 (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 2002);
42. and Smith, Alderman, and Aduayom, note 8.
43. A. Swindale and P. Bilinsky, Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide Version 2 (Washington. DC: FANTA, 2006).
44. Webb et al., note 19.
45. K. L. Radimer, C. M. Olson, J. C. Greene, C. C. Campbell, and J. P. Habicht, "Understanding Hunger and Developing Indicators to Assess It in Women and Children," Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 24(1992):S36-44.
46. C. M. Doak, L. S. Adair, M. Bentley, C. Monteiro, and B. M. Popkin, "The Dual Burden Household and the Nutrition Transition Paradox," International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): 129-36;
47. and J. L. Garrett and M. T. Ruel, "Stunted Child-Overweight Mother Pairs: Prevalence and Association with Economic Development and Urbanization," Food and Nutrition Bulletin 6, no. 2 (2005): 209-21.
48. P. Sanchez, "Soil Fertility and Hunger in Africa," Science 295 (2002): 2019-20.
49. R. Lal, "Erosion-Crop Productivity Relationships for Soils of Africa," Soil Science Society of America Journal 59 (1995): 661-67.
50. World Bank, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007).
51. World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2008: MDGs and the Environment, Agenda for Inclusive Sustainable Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008).
52. World Bank, note 33.
53. World Bank, note 34.
54. C. Delgado, M. Rosengrant, H. Steinfeld, S. Ehui, and C. Courbois, Livestock to 2020: the Next Food Revolution (Washington, DC: IFPRI, 1999).
55. H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan, Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: FAO, 2006).
56. Sanchez, note 31.