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Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1989, Pages 215-238

Construction doublebreasted operations and pre-hire agreements: Assessing the issues

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EID: 51249176291     PISSN: 01953613     EISSN: 19364768     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02685266     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (49)
  • 2
    • 84935057847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data from “Construction Outlook for 1988,”Construction Review 33 (November–December 1987): Table 2, 3; and Employment and Earnings 34 (April 1987): 83, Table B-1.
  • 4
  • 5
    • 84935047316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northrup in Open Shop Construction Revisited, p. 575, stated: “In mid-1984, all the evidence indicates that open shop construction accounts for about 70 percent of construction volume in the United States.”
  • 6
    • 84935058328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These figures are reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and are published annually in Employment and Earnings in the January or February issue.
  • 7
    • 84935133613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.R. 281, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (1986); H.R. 281, 100th Cong. 1st sess. (1987); and S. 492, 100th Cong., 1st sess. (1987).
  • 8
    • 84935146512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, pp. 348–49.
  • 9
    • 84935134045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For details on homebuilding and commercial constructions, see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapters III and IV.
  • 10
    • 84935100429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the use of violence by construction unions, see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, pp. 351–71. For violence as a general union tactic and the legal response, see Armand J. Thieblot, Jr., and Thomas R. Haggard, Union Violence: The Record and the Response by the Courts, Legislatures, and the NLRB, Labor Relations and Public Policy Series No. 25 (Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1984).
  • 11
    • 84935093223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter IV.
  • 12
    • 84935075000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richard Koenig, “Toyota Learns to Live with the U.S. Unions,”Wall Street Journal, February 25, 1987, p. 12.
  • 13
    • 84935088648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this point, see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter V.
  • 14
    • 84935097959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 209–11, Figures V-1 and V-2, and Table V-9.
  • 16
    • 84935144059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The highway and heavy construction sector is discussed in Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter VI.
  • 17
    • 84935142484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variations between the open and union shop construction segments are discussed in Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter VII.
  • 18
    • 84935103478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boilermakers-Blacksmiths Reporter, July–August 1986, p. 3.
  • 19
    • 84935089742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, p. 106, Figure IV-4.
  • 20
    • 84935129412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside Electrical Construction Survey, an annual compilation prepared by the National Electrical Contractors Association.
  • 21
    • 84935100008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For data on these two unions and others, see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, pp. 124–36. More recent data compiled by the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association confirm the continued loss of market share by unionized firms.
  • 23
    • 84935061059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “1988 Construction Labor Rate Trends and Outlook,” Construction Labor Research Council, February 1988.
  • 24
    • 84935054485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data from these surveys are found in Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter XI.
  • 25
    • 84935086532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This 1988 survey was summarized in Cockshaw’s Labor News + Opinion 18 (June 1988): 6A.
  • 26
    • 84935089913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For details on these labor market issues, see Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter IX.
  • 28
    • 84935094961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “William A. Canavan, chairman of the [New York] city’s Building Trades Employees Association, indicated that there are current shortages of union tradesmen, citing a figure of ‘120% employment.’ City construction workers are fully employed, and another 20% of their number come from outside the city, he said.” In “Unsnarling New York City Jobs,”Business Week, December 11, 1986, p. 12.
  • 29
    • 84935085829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robert Jones, Deputy Assistant Secretary, U.S. Department of Labor, noted that the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey had found unemployment in that region to be the lowest ever, construction starts high, and general economic condition very good. Yet, a “significant portion of the population” was unemployed. “Need to Train More Building Tradesmen Aired Before Management, Labor Panels,”The Regional Economy Review, 1986, Outlook 1987 (New York: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, 1987).
  • 30
    • 84935548241 scopus 로고
    • Declining Unionization in Construction: The Facts and the Reasons
    • (1988) ILR Review , vol.41 , pp. 343-59
    • Allen1
  • 31
    • 84935123024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-first Annual Report of the NLRB (1956), pp. 14–15.
  • 32
    • 84935048475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radio & Television Broadcast Technicians Loca! Union 1264 v. Broadcast Service of Mobile, 330 U.S. 255 (1965).
  • 33
    • 84935068608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For typical cases applied to non-construction, see Midwestern Mining and Reclamation, Inc., 277 NLRB No. 1 (1985) (mining industry); Las Villas Produce, Inc., 279 NLRB No. 120 (1986) (produce company); Strawsine Mfg. Co., Inc., 280 NLRB 63 (1986) (industrial manufacturing). See also Pulitzer Publishing Co. v. NLRB 618 F.2d 1275 (8th Cir. 1980).
  • 34
    • 84935055290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lead case was Gerace Construction, Inc., 193 NLRB 645 (1971). See also J.J. Cook Construction, Inc., 3 NLRB 41 (1973).
  • 35
    • 84935102386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Neighborhood Roofing, 276 NLRB 81 (1985) (employer ordered to bargain with union, abide by contract, and make employees whole with back pay); Las Villas 279 NLRB No. 120 (1986) (company and individual found to be its alter ego ordered to pay $746,877.44 in net back pay, and health and pension fund payments); Strawsine 280 NLRB 63 (1986) (employer ordered to reinstate employees to substantially equivalent positions, pay traveling and moving expenses and back pay, and provide union with access to employee lists and company bulletin boards).
  • 36
    • 84935081133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lead case on this aspect is Peter Kiewit Sons & Co., 206 NLRB 562 (1973); reversed, sub nom., Local 627, International Union of Operating Engineers v. NLRB, 518 F.2d 1040 (D.C. Cir. 1975); partially affirmed and partially reversed and remanded, South Prairie Construction Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineers 425 U.S. 806 (1976).
  • 37
    • 84935064875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northrup, Williams, and McDowell, Doublebreasted Operations and Pre-Hire Agreements in Construction, pp. 44–45.
  • 38
    • 84935098685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Labor Relations Board v. Leonard B. Hebert, Jr. & Co. 696 F.2d 1120 (5th Cir. 1983); 703 F.2d 557 (5th Cir. 1983); cert. denied, 464 U.S. 817 (1983).
  • 41
    • 84935125500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union v. NLRB, 366 U.S. 731 (1961): Where an employer “granted exclusive bargaining status to an agency selected by a minority of its employees, thereby impressing that agent upon the nonconsenting majority, there could be no clearer abridgment of Sec. 7 of the Act, assuring employees the right ‘to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing’ or ‘to refrain from’ such activity.”
  • 42
    • 84935052352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Deklewa & Sons, 282 NLRB No. 184, 129 LRRM 1190 (1987); affirmed sub nom., International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, Local 3 v. NLRB, 843 F.2d 770 (3d Cir. April 12, 1988); cert. den., — U.S. — (October 12, 1988).
  • 43
    • 84935136640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For detailed analysis of court rulings affecting sections 8 (e) and 8(f), see Dereshinsky, Berkowitz, and Miscimarra, The NLRB and Secondary Boycotts, Chapter V; and Northrup, Williams, and McDowell, Doublebreasted Operations and Pre-Hire Agreements in Construction, Chapters VI and VII.
  • 45
    • 84935076152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See note 43.
  • 46
    • 84935093206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the interview with Allen in Warren T. Brookes, “Construction Unions on Self-Destructive Campaign,”San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 1987.
  • 47
    • 84935097356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Teamsters, Laborers, Hotel and Restaurant Workers, and International Longshoremen’s Association have repeatedly been so charged by the U.S. Department of Justice and various congressional investigating committees. Most recently, the President’s Commission on Organized Crime has reported on the criminal infiltration of these four unions, including several local unions of the Teamsters in New York City and has declared that “organized crime’s influence” in the Laborers’ union ‘is most extensive at the local level. This control is particularly concentrated in large cities, such as Chicago, Cleveland, St. Louis, and New York as well as smaller cities such as in New Jersey.” The President’s Commission on Organized Crime, “The Edge: Organized Crime, Business and Labor Unions,”Report to the President and the Attorney General (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), sections 5 and 6. The quotation is from Section 6, p. 149. For additional information on racketeering control of construction unions, see Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry, Interim Report of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (New York, June 1987).
  • 48
    • 84935110657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the historic background on this issue, see Herbert R. Northrup, Organized Labor and the Negro (1944; reprinted Kraus Reprint Co., 1971), Chapter II. Also Northrup, Open Shop Construction Revisited, Chapter XII.
  • 49
    • 84935097550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testimony of Howard Jenkins before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Labor on S. 492, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, June 4, 1987 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987), pp. 150–51.


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