Secularization, the growth of militancy and the spiritual revolution: religious change and gender power in Britain, 1901-2001

Historical Research

Volumn 80, Issue 209, 2007, Pages 393-418

  Brown, Callum G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 51249142418     PISSN: 09503471     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00417.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. Note the absence of any chapter on religion, or indeed any meaningful reference to religion or churches, among the 30 chapters in A Companion to Contemporary Britain 1939-2000, ed. P. Addison and H. Jones (Oxford, 2005).
2. Christian Research
3. P. Brierley. Turning the Tide: the Challenge Ahead (2003).
4. E. Royle. Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866-1915 (Manchester, 1980)
5. D. S. Nash, Blasphemy in Modem Britain 1789 to the Present (Aldershot, 1999).
6. H. McLeod, Religion and the People of Western Europe, 1789-1989 (2nd edn., Oxford, 1997), pp. 85-6. 113-16;
7. "I". Asad. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford, Calif,. 2003).
8. K. Armstrong, The Spiral Staircase (2005), p. 192.
9. Mass-Observation. The Pub and the People: a Worktown Study (1943); Mass-Observation, Puzzled People: a Study in Popular Attitudes to Religion, Ethics, Progress and Politics in a London Borough, Prepared for the Ethical Union (1947); T, Harrison, Britain Revisited (1961), pp. 46-84. 216-25.
10. See the summary of the data in C. G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800-2000 (2001), pp. 3-7. 145-69.
11. C. Davies, Clean Clothes on Sunday (Lavenham, 1974), p. 25.
12. R. A. Crampsey, The Young Civilian: a Glasgow Wartime Boyhood (1988), p. 175.
13. C. G. Brown, Religion and Society in 20th-Century Britain (Harlow. 2006), pp. 178-217.
14. L. Purves, Holy Smoke. Religion and Roots: a. Personal Memoir (1998), pp. 132-4.
15. Reports to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (1970), pp. 399-410.
16. B. R. Wilson, Religion in Secular Society: a Sociological Comment (Harmondsworth, 1966).
17. P. Laslett. The World we have Lost (1965);
18. see also A. Gilbert. The Making of Post-Christian Britain: a History of the Secularization of Modern Society (London and New York. 1980).
19. Wilson, p. 138.
20. The Times, 2 June 1966.
21. H. McLeod, 'The religious crisis of the 1960s', Jour. Mod. European Hist., iii (2005), 205-30;
22. G. Parsons. 'How the times they were a-chariging: exploring the context of religious transformation in Britain in the 1960s', in Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence, ed. J. Wolffe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 161-89;
23. D. Nash, 'Reconnecting religion with social and cultural history: secularization's failure as a master narrative", Cultural and Social Hist., i (2004), 302-25;
24. J. Morris. 'The strange death of Christian Britain: another look at the secularization debate', Historical Jour., xlvi (2003), 963-76.
25. See also C. D. Field, '"The Haemorrhage of Faith"? Opinion polls as sources for religious practices, beliefs and attitudes in Scotland since the 1970s', Jour. Contemporary Religion, xvi (2001), 157-75.
26. In relation to Scotland, see C. G. Brown. 'Religion', in Gender in Scottish History since 1700, ed. L. Abrams and others (Edinburgh, 2006). pp. 84-110. at pp. 85-92.
27. C. D. Field, 'Adam and Eve: gender in the English Free Church constituency', Jour, Ecdes. Hist., xliv (1993), 63-79.
28. Brown, Death of Christian Britain, pp. 156-61.
29. Calculated from data in Brierley, p. 53, Table 4.4.
30. E.g., L. Leneman and R. Mitchison, 'Scottish illegitimacy ratios in the early modern period', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser., xl (1987), 41-63.
31. Data are from or calculated from figures at General Register Office for Scotland
32. and Annual Abstract of Statistics for Northern Ireland (1980-91).
33. Data from or calculated from figures in Church of England Yearbook (1984-2000); Anglican Church Statistics 2002, Table 17
34. From 470, 842 to 305, 912 (using Northern Ireland figure for 1971). Data calculated from figures on Scotland. Northern Ireland and England and Wales websites of the General Register Office
35. Figures calculated from the datasets graphed in Brown, Religion and Society, p. 35, Fig. 1.3.
36. J. Lewis and R. Kieman. 'The boundaries between marriage, nonmarriage, and parenthood: changes in behaviour in postwar Britain", Jour. Family Hist., xxi (1996), 372-87, at pp. 373-4.
37. Calculated from data in Brierley, p. 53, Table 4.4.
38. S.P.U.C. has a Muslim division to its work (see Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child
39. S. Bates. A Church at War: Anglicans and Homosexuality (2004), pp. 56-7.
40. British Weekly, 4 Jan. 1900.
41. The Revd. J. Llewelyn Davies, quoted in The Times, 27 Sept, 1900.
42. A. H, Charteris, quoted in British Weckly, 26 Apr. 1900;
43. see also J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland 1843-1945 (1994). p. 233.
44. British Weekly. 28 Dec. 1899.
45. Malise Ruthven. in The Guardian, 10 Oct. 2001.
46. Brown. Religion ami Society, pp. 59-69.
47. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, ed. P. L. Berger (Washington. D.C., 1999).
48. C. G. Brown. '"Best not to take it too far": how the British cut religion down to size', opendemocracy.net (8 March 2006)
49. The Guardian, 20 March 2006.
50. Education Guardian, 10 Jan. 2006.
51. The Observer. 11 Sept. 2005.
52. Dominic Lawson, The Independent, 11 Apr, 2006.
53. Quoted in Brown. '"Best not to take it too far"'.
54. Advisers also reputedly prevented Blair from ending his television broadcast to the nation before the second Iraq War with the words 'God bless you'; Daily Telegraph, 4 May 2003
55. See R. Williams, Keywords: a Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976). pp. 198-9.
56. P. Heelas and L. Woodhead, The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality (Oxford, 2005).
57. S. Bruce, Religion in the Modern World: from Cathedrals to Cults (Oxford, 1996), pp. 196-225.
58. J. R. Carrette and R. King, Selling Spirituality: the Silent Takeover of Religion (2005), pp. 125, 170.
59. Steve Bruce, the most ardent academic critic of the sociological significance of the New Age, tries to count its adherents, quantify its influence and subject it to a purist social-science scrutiny, and not surprisingly finds it lacks the numbers to make it important in British society. Ultimately he dismisses it on the grounds that it is not like conventional religions, lacking the cohesion and discipline of even the religious sect, and consequently incapable of having the same impact as. he suggests. Methodism in the past (Bruce, Religion in the Modem World, p. 225).
60. Heelas and Woodhead, Spiritual Revolution, pp. 94-5.
61. Daily Mail. 20 Sept. 2005.
62. Mass-Observation, Puzzled People, pp. 85, 89.
63. For one example of a study that seems largely disconnected from the refinements and challenges of British historians on secularization, see P. Norris and R. Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge, 2004).
64. C. G. Brown, 'The secularisation decade: what the 1960s have done to the study of religious history', in The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1730-2000;
65. H, McLeod and W. Ustorf (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 29-46.
66. Polly Toynbee. The Guardian, 14 Apr. 2006.
67. S. Bruce, Politics and Religion: an Introduction (Oxford, 2003), pp. 142-60, at pp. 155, 160.
68. K. Armstrong, Holy War: the Crusades and their Impact on Today's World (1988);
69. K. Armstrong, The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2000; 2nd edn., 2001).
70. Data from Census 2001 (National Statistics
71. S. Bruce, 'Praying alone? Church-going in Britain and the Putnam thesis', Jour. Contemporary Religion, xvii (2002). 329-34, at p. 327;
72. Norris and Inglehard, p. 90.
73. G. Davie, Religion in Britain since 1145: Believing without Belonging (Oxford, 1994).
74. Heelas and Woodhead. Spiritual Revolution; The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology, ed. K. J, Vanhoozer (Cambridge, 2003).