Examining power-sharing in persistent conflicts: De Facto Pseudo-statehood versus de Jure Quasi-federalism

Global Society

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 199-217

  Berg, Eiki ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; FEDERAL SYSTEM; INTERNATIONAL LAW; POLITICAL POWER; SOVEREIGNTY; TERRITORIALITY;

ASIA; BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; CYPRUS; EASTERN EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; MIDDLE EAST; MOLDOVA; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 51249141797     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: 1469798X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600820701201806     Document Type: Article

References (104)

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6. On territoriality, see Robert Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
7. On sovereignty, see Biersteker and Weber (eds.), op. cit.
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14. Power-sharing agreements are based on a political restructuring of existing entities and an attempt to change the zero-sum nature of the conflict. This zero-sum nature is especially critical in democracies where ethnic minorities are marginalised by the majority's electoral power and, consequently, are alienated from the state and endanger its legitimacy. For more about power-sharing arrangements, see Timothy Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: USIP, 1996).
15. For more about partition, see Stanley Waterman, "Partitioned States", Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1987), pp. 151-170
16. Chaim Kaufmann, "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars", International Security, Vol. 20 (1996), pp. 136-175.
17. A comprehensive overview of de facto states is presented by Scott Pegg, International Society and the De Facto State (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998)
18. and Tozun Bahcheli et al. (eds.), De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty (London: Routledge, 2004).
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20. A more detailed discussion about sovereignty issues and recognition of states is presented by Thomas D. Grant, The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution (London: Praeger, 1999)
21. and Ersun N. Kurtulus, State Sovereignty: Concept, Phenomenon, and Ramifications (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
22. David Storey, Territory: The Claiming of Space (Harlow: Pearson and Prentice Hall, 2001), p. 14.
23. Duffy Toft, op. cit., p. 2.
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25. Ibid., p. 19.
26. Storey, op. cit., p. 15.
27. Kurtulus, op. cit., p. 88.
28. "The unqualified right of self-determination is a privilege to separate colonial peoples, those societies seeking liberation from metropolitan centres in a blue-water relationship, and not to those hapless people whose colonization had no oceans to cross", Barry Bartmann, "Political Realities and Legal Anomalies: Revisiting the Politics of International Recognition", in Bahcheli et al. (eds.), op. cit., p. 20.
29. For more about the national self-determination and international recognition issues, see Allen Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec (Oxford: Westview Press, 1991).
30. Pegg, op. cit., p. 125.
31. Ibid., pp. 128-132.
32. Kurtulus, op. cit., p. 2.
33. Robert Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
34. Kurtulus, op. cit., p. 186.
35. Duffy Toft, op. cit., p. 16.
36. Nathalie Tocci, EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution. Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 14.
37. Ibid., p. 170.
38. Rada Ivekovic, "Partition as a Form of Transition", in S. Bianchini, S. Chaturvedi, R. Ivekovic and R. Samaddar, Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds (Oxford: Frank Cass, 2005), pp. 13-46.
39. Ranabir Samaddar, "Introduction: The Infamous Event", in Bianchini et al., op. cit., pp. 1-12.
40. Keane, op. cit.
41. Sumantra Bose, Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (London: Hurst, 2002), p. 173.
42. See Ranabir Samaddar, "The Undefined Acts of Partition and Dialogue", in Bianchini et al., op. cit., pp. 92-124.
43. Chaim Kaufmann, "When All Else Fails: Evaluating Population Transfers and Partition as Solutions to Ethnic Conflict", in J. Snyder and B. Walter (eds.), Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 221.
44. Kaufmann, "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars", op. cit., pp. 136-175.
45. Bose, op. cit., p. 185.
46. Stefano Bianchini, "Conclusion", in Bianchini et al., op. cit., p. 163.
47. Bose, op. cit., p. 279.
48. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
49. Bose, op. cit., p. 247.
50. Pegg, op. cit., p. 196.
51. Stefano Bianchini, "Partitions: Categories and Destinies", in Bianchini et al., op. cit., p. 49.
52. See Kurtulus, op. cit.
53. See Buchanan, op. cit.
54. See Pegg, op. cit.
55. Bahcheli et al., op. cit.
56. Kurtulus, op. cit., p. 105.
57. Ibid., p. 190.
58. John MacGarry, "Foreword: De Facto States and the International Order", in Bahcheli et al. (eds.), op. cit., p. xi.
59. Bartmann, op. cit., p. 12.
60. See Thomas Diez (ed.), The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
61. Vaclav Havel, "Kosovo and the End of the Nation State", New York Review of Books (10 June 1999).
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63. Diez, op. cit., p. 8.
64. See Tocci, op. cit.
65. Keane, op. cit., p. 3.
66. Ibid., pp. 27-28.
67. Martin Dent, Identity Politics: Filling the Gap between Federalism and Independence (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 2.
68. Ibid., p. 3.
69. For more about Bosnia, see Florian Bieber, Post-war Bosnia: Ethnicity, Inequality and Public Sector Governance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
70. Bose, op. cit., p. 25.
71. Marie-Joelle Zahar, "Republika Srpska", in Bahcheli et al. (eds.), op. cit., p. 45.
72. Bose, op. cit., p. 62.
73. Keane, op. cit., pp. 84-88.
74. Kurtulus, op. cit., pp. 93-95.
75. Zahar, op. cit., p. 32.
76. Ibid., p. 44.
77. Bose, op. cit., pp. 66-68.
78. Michael Kerr argues in his book that "consociational government is not a model for long-term ethnic conflict resolution but should be viewed as a tool for conflict regulation, provided that a stable external environment exists to guarantee the political structures". Perhaps, this argument holds in certain cases, such as Northern Ireland and Lebanon, but it has serious limitations in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. See Michael Kerr, Imposing Power-sharing: Conflict and Coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2005), p. 2.
79. Susan Woodward, "Transitional Elections and the Dilemmas of International Assistance to Bosnia and Herzegovina", in S. Riskin (ed.), Three Dimensions of Peacebuilding in Bosnia: Findings from USIP-sponsored Research and Field Projects (Washington, DC: USIP, 1999), p. 9.
80. Diez, op. cit., p. 10.
81. Waterman, op. cit., p. 151.
82. See Gregory Henderson, Richard Ned Lebow and John George Stoessinger (eds.), Divided Nations in a Divided World (New York: David McKay, 1974).
83. Costas Constantinou and Yannis Papadakis, "The Cypriot State(s) in Situ: Cross-ethnic Contact and the Discourse of Recognition", Global Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2001). pp. 125-148.
84. A.J.R. Groom, "The Process of Negotiation 1974-1993", in C.H. Dodd (ed.), The Political, Social, and Economic Development of Northern Cyprus (Huntingdon: Eothen Press, 1993), pp. 15-45.
85. Stefan Troebst, ""We Are Transnistrians!" Post Soviet Identity Management in the Dniester Valley", Ab Imperio. Theory and History of Nationalism and Empire in the Post Soviet Space, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2003), pp. 437-466.
86. Behrooz Morvaridi, "Demographic Change, Resettlement and Resource Use", in Dodd (ed.), op. cit., p. 234.
87. John O'Loughlin, Vladimir Kolossov and Andrei Tchepalyga, "National Construction, Territorial Separatism, and Post-Soviet Geopolitics in the Transdniester Moldovan Republic", Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, Vol. 39 (1998), available: .
88. Troebst, op. cit.
89. Groom, op. cit.
90. Bindebir et al., op. cit.
91. See Groom, op. cit.
92. Keith Kyle, "Cyprus: In Search of Peace", Minority Rights Group International, No. 3 (1997).
93. See Roper, "Federalization and Constitution-making as an Instrument of Conflict Resolution", op. cit.
94. Claus Neukirch, "Coming Closer to a Solution in Moldova?", Helsinki Monitor, No. 4 (2003), pp. 333-342.
95. See Steven Roper, "From Frozen Conflict to Frozen Agreement: The Unrecognized State of Transnistria", in Bahcheli et al. (eds.), op. cit., pp. 102-117.
96. More about this is available in European Stand on the Cyprus Problem Resolutions adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly and the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe and the European Council and the European Parliament of the EU (Nicosia, 2001).
97. See Diez, op. cit.
98. Tocci, op. cit.
99. Roper, "From Frozen Conflict to Frozen Agreement", op. cit.
100. Alvaro DeSoto, Presentation at the Joint Meeting of the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Delegation of the European Parliament to the Joint Parliamentary Committee with the Republic of Cyprus, Brussels, 14 April 2004.
101. The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem (as of 31 March 2004), available: .
102. Russian Draft Memorandum on the Basic Principles of the State Structure of a United State in Moldova, available: .
103. Gagauzia or Gagauz Yeri is an ethnic homeland of the Turkish-speaking Orthodox population in the Republic of Moldova. Since 1995 it has enjoyed considerable autonomy over its internal affairs and therefore has been considered a close ally to the Transnistrian separatist regime.
104. See ADEPT Political Commentaries. Memorandumon Principles of Establishing a Unified State (25 November 2003), available: .