On secret service for the Duce: Umberto Campini in Portuguese East Africa, 1941-1943

English Historical Review

Volumn 122, Issue 499, 2007, Pages 1318-1349

  Harrison, E D R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 51249141694     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/cem347     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. T[he] N[ational] A[rchives], P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice], KV2/341, H.A.R. Philby to D.G. White, 11 Aug. 1942, and White's draft of an unsent letter to A. Duff Cooper, 30 Aug. 1942; HW1/548, 109c and 112c, 1/553 117c, and 1/555 113c.
2. A. Jackson, War and Empire in Mauritius and the Indian Ocean (Houndmills, 2001), 33
3. A. Best, British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge in Asia, 1914-1941 (Houndmills, 2002), 162.
4. K. Komatsu, Origins of the Pacific War and the Importance of 'Magic' (New York, 1999), 111-13.
5. Jackson, War and Empire
6. M. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy. Germany, Japan and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart, 1981), 377
7. P.E. Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch der Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtfuehrungsstab) Band II 1. Januar 1942-31. Dezember 1942 (Herrsching, 1982), 14.
8. M. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, 381-93; Bundesarchiv Militararchiv Freiburg, RM 7/253, 'Niederschrift ueber Besprechung mit jap. Verb. Stab am 22.6.1942 beim Chef des Stabes der Seekriegsleitung'.
9. Schramm, Kriegstagebuch, vol. II, 15
10. B.R. Sullivan, 'Italy' in N. Wylie, ed., European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War (Cambridge, 2002), 128-9
11. Documents on German Foreign Policy Series D (1937-45), vii, 242, Ambassador Mackensen to State Secretary Weizsaecker, 23 Aug. 1939
12. D. Alvarez, 'Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership', I[ntelligence] and N[ational] S[ecurity], xiv (1999), 1-17 at 6, 11-12 and 15.
13. Ibid., 5
14. P. Elphick, Far Eastern File. The Intelligence War in the Far East, 1930-1945 (London, 1997), 256-65
15. S. Hatano and S. Asada, 'The Japanese Decision to Move South (1939-1941)', in R. Boyce and E.M. Robertson, eds., Paths to War. New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War (Houndmills, 1989), 393-94.
16. Best, British Intelligence, 163.
17. M. Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time: 2 The Infernal Grove (London, 1973).
18. Further discussion of The Infernal Grove as an historical source is to be found in E.D.R. Harrison, 'Something Beautiful for 'C': Malcolm Muggeridge in Lourenco Marques', in: K. G. Robertson, ed., War, Resistance and Intelligence. Essays in Honour of M.R.D. Foot (Barnsley, 1999), 185-202.
19. M. Kolinsky, Britain's War in the Middle East. Strategy and Diplomacy, 1936-42 (Houndmills, 1999), 218 and 274
20. W.K. Hancock, ed., History of the Second World War United Kingdom Civil Series. Statistical Digest of the War (London, 1951), 165; TNA, PRO, DO119/1150, The Office of the High Commissioner for the United Kingdom, Cape Town (B.J. Harding) to Lord Harlech, 3 July 1942.
21. TNA, PRO, HW12/269, Japanese Consul Capetown to Foreign Minister Tokyo, 10 Oct. 1941; HW12/270, Japanese Consul-General Capetown to Foreign Minister Tokyo, 19 Nov. 1941, Foreign Minister Tokyo to Consul-General Capetown, 26 Nov. 1941; W.S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. III, The Grand Alliance (London, 1950), 551.
22. M. Middlebrook and P. Mahoney, The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse. The End of the Battleship Era (Barnsley, 2004), 68; TNA, PRO, DO119/1150, E.J. Harding to Harlech, 3 July 1942; A[uswartiges] A[mt] B[onn] P[olitisches] A[rchiv] R101022 Fiche 2629 note of 22 Nov. 1940
23. K. Fedorowich, 'German Espionage and British Counter-Intelligence in South Africa and Mozambique, 1939-44', Historical Journal, xlviii (2005), 209-30 at 221.
24. H.R. Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler's War Directives 1939 - 1945 (London, 1964), 40-42; F. Rosas, 'Portuguese Neutrality in the Second World War', in Wylie, ed., European Neutrals, 268 and 274-5;
25. G. Stone. The Oldest Ally. Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941 (Woodbridge, 1994), 158-62.
26. A. Charisius and J. Mader, Nicht langer geheim. Entwicklung, System und Arbeitsweise des imperialistischen deutschen Geheimdienstes (3rd edn, Berlin, 1978), 669; TNA, PRO, KV10. For the Nazi Party's positive appraisal of Werz see U[nited] S[tates] N[ational] A[rchives] at College Park (henceforth USNA2) Berlin Document Center Microfilm Partei-Korrespondence [sic] A3340-PKTO45 Frame 1350 Gauleitung Mun chen-Oberbayern der NSDAP, 23 June 1937.
27. Charisius and Mader, Nicht langer geheim
28. F.H. Hinsley and C.A.G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, IV Security and Counter-Intelligence (London, 1990), 207
29. Fedorowich, 'German Espionage' 224; TNA, PRO, KV2/757, GERMAN ESPIONAGE IN THE UNION AND PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA [by H. Trevor-Roper]; HS3/24, Intelligence Report [from SIS Lourenco Marques], 9 Aug. 1943, D/107 DZ1 to AD4, 20 Sept. 1943, D/107 DZ1 to AD4, 20 Sept. 1943, W/AE/5224 to DZ1, 15 Oct. 1943.
30. A[rchivio] S[torico] D[iplomatic] R[oma] P[ortogallo]-P[ossedimenti] B[usta] 4 Fasc.1, R. Consolato L[ourenco] M[arques], 14 Sept. 1939, M[inistero] d[egli] A[ffari] E[steri] to ITALCONSUL LOURENCO MARQUES, 17 Sept. 1939.
31. ASDR PPB4 Fasc.2, Consolato LM 15 June and 15 Nov. 1940; Fasc.3, MdAE to R. Legazione Lisbona 29 Jan. 1941, R. Legazione Lisbona to MdAE 12 Feb. 1941, MDAE to R. LEGAZIONE D'ITALIA LISBONA, 18 Apr. 1941.
32. USNA2 RG226 E92 B603 F25 Campini, Umberto; TNA, PRO, KV2/1107, Camp 020 Report of 14 Sept. 1943 and statement handed in by Manna of the same date; DO119/1151, Harding to Harlech, 31 Dec. 1942; letter to the author from the Archivio Centrale dello Stato, 23 Jan. 1998; ASDR PPB4 Fasc.4, R. Consolato LM, 5 Jan. 1942; Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 149.
33. TNA, PRO, KV2/341, List of Agents Employed by Campini in Lourenco Marques; KV2/1107, Summary of Interrogation of Manna at Camp 020 by Colonel Stephens; Camp 020 Report dated 11 Sept. 1943; ASDR PPB4 Fasc.2, MdAE telespresso a R. Legazione Lisbona, 17 Oct. 1940.
34. TNA, PRO, KV2/341, List of Agents employed by Campini in Lourenco Marques; KV2/1107, Summary of Interrogation of Manna at Camp 020 by Colonel Stephens; ASDR PPB 4 Fasc.4, Telegramma R. Legazione Lisbona 3894, 'Agente Consolare in Beira', 31 Jan. 1942.
35. TNA, PRO, HW12/274, Foreign Ministry Rome to Italian Embassy in Buenos Aires, 9 Mar. 1942; KV3/10; A.G. Denniston, 'The Government Code and Cypher School between the Wars', INS, i (1986), 48-70 at 56
36. P.W. Filby, 'Floradora and a Unique Break into One-Time Pad Ciphers', INS, x (1995), 408-22 at 413
37. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, IV, 207
38. R. Denniston, Thirty Secret Years. A.G. Denniston's Work in Signals Intelligence 1914-1944 (Clifton-upon-Teme, 2007), 61, 66 and 122.
39. TNA, PRO, HW12/273, Foreign Minister Tokyo to Japanese Minister Madrid etc., 31 Jan. 1942; Fransoni Lisbon to Foreign Ministry Rome, 14 Feb. 1942.
40. TNA, PRO, HW12/276, Campini to Foreign Ministry Rome, 1 and 2 May 1942; Japanese Minister Lisbon to Foreign Minister Tokyo, 4 May 1942.
41. AABPA Buero des Staatssekretaers 240708 Trompke to Berlin, 1 May 1942 and 240710, 2 May 1942; these messages were not decrypted at the time, but after the breaking of Trompke's cipher Denniston's team worked back and the message of 2 May 1942 was decoded and circulated on 6 April 1943: TNA, PRO, HW12/287; C. Eade, ed., The War Speeches of Winston S. Churchill (n.y.), ii, 266.
42. TNA, PRO, HW12/276, Japanese Minister Lisbon to Japanese Ambassador Rome, 6 May 1942; Indelli Tokyo to Foreign Ministry Rome, 12 May 1942; Foreign Minister Rome to Italian Legation Lisbon, 14 May 1942; L.C.F. Turner, War in the Southern Oceans, 1939-45 (Cape Town, 1961), 136-7.
43. TNA, PRO, HS3/20, Progress Report No.3; B[uswell] M[emorial] L[ibrary], W[heaton] C[ollege] I[llinois], SC-4 I.B.1:39. For the genesis of SOE's East African Mission see E.D.R. Harrison, 'British Subversion in French East Africa, 1941-42: SOE's Todd Mission', ante, cxiv, (1999), 339-69.
44. TNA, PRO, HS3/16, Report on a Visit by W/S to P.E.A., 11 May 1943
45. Filby, 'Floradora', ibid.
46. USNA2, R59 123 P922/404, 421 and 427, RG226 E92 B603 F25 Preston
47. B.F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors. OSS and the Origins of the CIA (London, 1983), 202.
48. USNA2 RG59 862.20253Q/2, Preston to Secretary of State, 7 Aug. 1942, Q/3 Preston to Secretary of State, 17 Mar. 1943.
49. J. Curry, The Security Service 1908-1945. The Official History (Kew, 1999), 323 and 400
50. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, IV, 154-55.
51. M. Muggeridge, Infernal Grove 170-4,
52. and Like It Was. A Selection from the Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (London, 1981), 186
53. R. Ingrams, Muggeridge. The Biography (London, 1996), 122-4
54. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, IV, 155
55. BML WCI SC-4 IV: 1 and I.B.1:39.
56. BML WC1 SC-4 I.B.1:39; Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 152-4
57. Harrison, 'Something Beautiful', 189; TNA, PRO, WO208/4436.
58. D. Stafford, Britain and European Resistance. A Survey of the Special Operations Executive with Documents(London, 1983), 76-7
59. B. Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London, 185), 307
60. D. Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938-1945 (London, 1971), 313; TNA, PRO, HS3/14, Peter Loxley, Foreign Offi ce to CD, 14 June 1942.
61. USNA2 RG226 E314 B292 F1674 OSS to Ebert, 22 June 1943; RG59 862.20253Q/ 4 Preston to Secretary of State, 18 Mar. 1943 Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 174.
62. Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 151; TNA, PRO, KV2/341, HELEN'S STORY.
63. Ibid.
64. Infernal Grove, 162-6. Muggeridge's later recollection of this complicated operation was not surprisingly somewhat muddled, and I have given more weight to the contemporary documents.
65. Ibid., 165
66. TNA, PRO, KV2/341, H.A.R. Philby to D.G. White, 11 Aug. 1942; R.D. Gibbs of B.I.B. to D.B. (Guy Liddell) 17 Aug. 1942 draft letter to Rt. Hon. A. Duff Cooper; J.R. Stopford to Major F. Cowgill, 16 Oct. 1942.
67. Ibid., H.A.R. Philby to D.G. White, 11 Aug. 1942
68. D.G. White to D.G.S.S., 29 Aug. 1942. A 'Black Jumbo' was a translated decrypt of an intercepted diplomatic signal.
69. Ibid., draft letter to Rt. Hon. A. Duff Cooper, approved by D.P. (Petrie) on 30 Aug. 1942.
70. Ibid., Col. Webster Pretoria to B.I.b, 9 Sept. 1942, Webster to the Director General, 9 Sept. 1942, NARRATIVE OF INTERROGATION OF HOMER SERAFIMIDES... AT JAGERSFONTEIN INTERNMENT CAMP ON 8TH SEPTEMBER, 1942.
71. D. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service (London, 1997), 248; TNA, PRO, FO371/34646.
72. TNA, PRO, HS3/14, From Foreign Office to Lisbon, 25 Dec. 1942
73. TNA, PRO, FO371/34646, R.H. Campbell to Antonio Salazar, 28 Dec. 1942, Umberto Campini.
74. F. Rosas, 'Portuguese Neutrality', 268-82; TNA, PRO, FO371/34646, R. Campbell 21 and 22 to Foreign Office, 5 Jan.1943.
75. TNA, PRO, KV2/341, Camp 020 Reports on Homer Serafimides to A.D.B.1 (Dick White), 21 Jan. and 22 Mar. 1943; for Colonel Stephens' recollection of the Serafi mides' case, see O. Hoare, ed., Camp 020 MI5 and the Nazi Spies. The Official History of MIS's Wartime Interrogation Centre (Richmond, 2000), 233-6.
76. TNA, PRO, KV2/341, Camp 020 Reports on Homer Serafi mides to A.D.B.1, 21 Jan. and 22 Mar. 1943; H.A.R. Philby to MI5, 27 Jan. 1943 and 22 Feb. 1943 B.I.B. to Colonel W.H.A. Webster, Capetown, 3 Apr. 1943.
77. TNA, PRO, KV2/757, German Espionage in the Union and Portuguese East Africa Note on the Trompke Intelligence Network as Revealed by B.J. Sources by B.1.B [Courtenay Young], 4 Mar. 1943.
78. Ibid.
79. Peer Groves R.N.V.R. to Courtenay Young M.I.g, 10 Mar. 1943; Courtenay Young to A.D.B.I, 29 Mar. 1943; KV3/10.
80. TNA, PRO, ADM199/2493, Brigadier A.D. Court-Treatt to Governor General of Mocambique, 1 Mar. 1943.
81. Ibid., R.H. Campbell to Eden, 21 May 1943, D.O. to South Africa (H.C.), 25 Mar. 1943.
82. TNA, PRO, HS3/17.
83. TNA, PRO, HS3/16, Report on Visit by W/S to PEA, 11 May 1943, HS3/17, AD4/961 to C.D., 16 June 1943. For the positive attitude of Smuts and Harlech towards SOE, See Harrison, 'British Subversion', 349-50.
84. TNA, PRO, KV2/1107, From Colonel Webster, Most secret and personal for Captain G. Liddell, 20 Apr. 1943, and MOST SECRET AND PERSONAL FOR MAJOR RYDE of same date, Register No. PF.65881. Manna, Alfredo Minute Sheet No.3; ADM199/2493, C2318 to Sir Alexander Cadogan, 18 Feb. 1943; USNA2 RG226 E134 B286 F1635, Office of Strategic Services to Ebert [Huntington Harris], 23 Apr. 1943; Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 157.
85. TNA, PRO, KV2/1107, ALFREDO MANNA ["a report ... from our representative in Lourenco Marques," CX 7 June 1943], Report relating to the Disappearance from Lourenco Marques of Alfredo Manna [by Abel Ferreira], 3 Aug. 1943; HS3/17, Operation for kidnapping "MANNA", 14 June 1943; Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 156.
86. TNA, PRO, HS3/14, AD4/876 to CD, 25 May 1943, CD to SO, 19 June 1943, AD4/1071 to CD, 20. July 1943.
87. TNA, PRO, KV2/1107, Report relating to the disappearance from LOURENCO MARQUES of Alfredo Manna, 3 Aug. 1943; HS3/18, DZ1 to AD4, 23 July 1943; HW12/289, Campini to Foreign Ministry Rome, 1 June 1943; Muggeridge, Infernal Grove, 158.
88. AABPA R29535 Lourenco Marques 252 vom 30 Apr. 1943.
89. G. Wolfe, Malcolm Muggeridge: A Biography (London, 1995), 200; BML WCI SC-4 I.B.1:39.
90. Ibid.
91. Ingrams, Muggeridge, 133. The German telegrams in question were strictly speaking not Ultra, decrypts of messages encoded by the enigma machine, but rather decrypts of a complex diplomatic code: Filby, 'Floradora', 411.
92. TNA, PRO, HS3/15, CT 425 from Cape Town, 28 June 1943, AD4/1003 to CD 29 June1943, CD [Urgent Action Today] to PSO1, 29 June 1943, PSO/OR/5550 to AD4, 1 July 1943, CT 2220 to New York 1 July 1943, CT 529 from New York, 6 July 1943.
93. TNA, PRO, HW12/289; 12/292, Campini to Foreign Ministry Rome, 9 Sept. 1943; D. Mack Smith, Mussolini (London, 1982), 298.
94. TNA, PRO, HW12/292, German Consulate LM to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Berlin, 9 and 13 Sept. 1943.
95. TNA, PRO, HW12/292, Felix, South Africa to Minister for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, 10 Sept. 1943, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Berlin to German Consulate LM, 15 Sept. 1943, German Consulate LM to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Berlin, 17 Sept. 1943.
96. F.W. Deakin, The Brutal Friendship. Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of Italian Fascism (London, 1962), 542-7; TNA, PRO, HW12/292, German Consulate LM to Ministry of Foreign Affairs Berlin, 18 and 22 Sept. 1943.
97. TNA, PRO, HW12/292, Foreign Ministry Rome to Italian Consulate LM, 12 Sept. 1943, Campini to Italian Legation LISBON, 18 Sept. 1943.
98. TNA, PRO, HW12/292, Campini to Italian Legation Lisbon, 25 Sept. 1943; HS3/24, Progress Report Number 3 [1st Sept. to 1st Oct. 1943] B. Arabistan [Italian] Consulate; Mack Smith, Mussolini, 301.
99. TNA, PRO, HW12/292, German Consulate LM to Ministry of Foreign Affairs Berlin, 29 Sept. 1943; HS3/24 D108 DZ1 to AD4 Arabistan Consulate in Kalgan [LM] 21 Sept.1943, Progress Report Number 4 [1-30 Oct. 1943] Stoploss [Campini] and the Arabistan Consulate.
100. TNA, PRO, HS3/24, W [to SIS], 26 Oct. 1943, Minute no. 15 to Major Benham, 31 Oct. 1943; Interrogation of Umberto Campini held on board the Portuguese vessel S.S. "Angola" at Cape Town on the 4 Nov. 1943, D/130 D1 to AD4, 5 Nov. 1943.
101. TNA, PRO, HW12/304, Royal Italian Legation Lisbon to Ministry of Foreign Affairs Rome, 21 Sept. 1944, German Consulate Funchal to German Consulate LM, 14 Sept. 1944, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Berlin to German Consulate LM, 19 Sept. 1944; HW36/4 GERDI 2050 German Consulate LM to Ministry of Foreign Affairs BERLIN, 5 Apr. 1945; J. Rohwer, Axis Submarine Successes 1939-45 (Cambridge, 1983), 277.
102. R. J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War against Japan. Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge, 2000), 380-1; Federowich, 'German Espionage', 221 and 229. Interestingly, Federowich also points to 'endless friction and jealousy' between the British Intelligence agencies and their South African colleagues.
103. Rohwer, Axis Submarine Successes, 266-72.