Aerosol optical properties in a rural environment near the mega-city Guangzhou, China: Implications for regional air pollution, radiative forcing and remote sensing

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 8, Issue 17, 2008, Pages 5161-5186

  Garland, R M ^a   Yang, H ^a   Schmid, O ^b   Rose, D ^a   Nowak, A ^c   Achtert, P ^c   Wiedensohler, A ^c   Takegawa, N ^d   Kita, K ^d   Miyazaki, Y ^d   Kondo, Y ^d   Hu, M ^e   Shao, M ^e   Zeng, L M ^e   Zhang, Y H ^e   Andreae, M O ^a   Poschl U ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^e PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL PROPERTY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ENERGY BALANCE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PARTICLE SIZE; RADIATIVE FORCING; REMOTE SENSING; RURAL ATMOSPHERE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SOLAR RADIATION; URBAN AREA;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; GUANGDONG; GUANGZHOU;

EID: 51149123928     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-5161-2008     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Adam, M., Pahlow, M., Kovalev, V. A., Ondov, J. M., Parlange, M. B., and Nair, N.: Aerosol optical characterization by nephelometer and lidar: the Baltimore Supersite experiment during the Canadian forest fire smoke intrusion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D16S02, doi:10.1029/2003JD004047,2004.
2. Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., Marshall, S. F., Laucks, M. L., Charlson, R. J., Waggoner, A. P., Ogren, J. A., Caldow, R., Holm, R. L., Quant, F. R., Sem, Q. J., Wiedensohler, A., Ahlquist, N. A., and Bates, T. S.: Performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, three-wavelength, total scatter/backscatter nephelometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 13, 967-986, 1996.
3. Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., Wheeler, J. D., Harris, J. M., Perry, K. D., Trost, B. E., Jaffe, D. J., and Ogren, J. A.: Aerosol backscatter fraction and single scattering albedo: measured values and uncertainties at a coastal station in the Pacific Northwest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 26793-26807, 1999.
4. Anderson, T. L., Masonis, S. J., Covert. D. S., Ahlquist, N. C., Howell, S. G., Clarke, A. D., and McNaughton, C. S.: Variability of aerosol optical properties derived from in situ aircraft measurements during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8647, doi:10.1029/2002JD003247. 2003.
5. Anderson, T. L. and Ogren, J. A.: Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 29, 57-69, 1998.
6. Andreae, M. O. and Gelencser. A.: Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131-3148, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3131/2006/.
7. Andreae, M. O., Schmid, O., Yang, H., Yu, J.-Z. and Zhang, Y.-H.: Optical properties and chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol in urban Guangzhou. China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6335-6350, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008. 01.030, 2008.
8. Andreae, T. W., Andreae, M. O., Ichoku, C., Maenhaut, W., Cafmeyer, J., Karnieli. A. and Orlovsky, L.: Light scattering by dust and anthropogenic aerosol at a remote site in the Negev desert, Israel, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4008, doi:10.1029/2001JD900252, 2002.
9. Ångström, A.: On the atmospheric transmission of sun radiation and on dust in the air. Geogr. Ann., 11, 156-166, 1929.
10. Arnott, W. P., Moosmuller, H., Rogers, C. E. Jin. T. F., and Bruch, R.: Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: instrument description. Atmos. Environ., 33, 2845-2852, 1999.
11. Arnott. W. P., Moosmuller. H., and Walker, J. W.: Nitrogen dioxide and kerosene-flame soot calibration of photoacoustic instruments for measurement of light absorption by aerosols, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71, 4545-4552, 2000.
12. Ayers, G. P.: Comment on regression analysis of air quality data, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2423-2425, 2001.
13. Baumgardner, D.: Diagnosing black carbon trends in large urban areas using carbon monoxide measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D21), 8342, doi:10.1029/2001JD000626. 2002.
14. Baumgardner, D.: On the diurnal variability of particle properties related to light absorbing carbon in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2517-2526.2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2517/2007/.
15. Bergin. M. H., Cass, G. R., Xu. J., Fang, C., Zeng. L. M., Yu, T., Salmon, L. G., Kiang, C. S., Tang. X. Y., Zhang, Y. H., and Chameides, W. L.: Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 17969-17980, 2001.
16. Bergstrom, R. W. Pilewskie, P., Russell, P. B., Redemann, J., Bond. T. C. Quinn, P. K., and Sierau, B.: Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5937-5943, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/7/5937/2007/.
17. Bergstrom, R. W., Russell. P. B., and Hignett, P.: Wavelength dependence of the absorption of black carbon particles: Predictions and results from the TARFOX experiment and implications for the aerosol single scattering albedo, J. Atmos. Sci., 59. 567-577, 2002.
18. Bond. T. C.: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: an investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 40. 27-67, 2006.
19. Bradsher, K.: Trucks power China's economy, at a suffocating cost. The New York Times, NY, USA, 8 December 2007.
20. Cao, J. J., Lee. S. C., Ho, K. F., Zhang. X. Y. Zou, S. C. Fung, K., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G., Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region. China during 2001 winter period, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1451-1460, 2003.
21. Cao, J. J., Lee. S. C. Ho, K. F., Zou, S. C., Fung. K., Li, Y., Watson, J. G., and Chow. J. C.: Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region. China. Atmos. Environ., 38, 4447-4456. 2004.
22. Carrico, C. M., Bergin, M. H., Xu, J., Baumann, K., and Maring, H.: Urban aerosol radiative properties: Measurements during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D7). 8422, doi: 10.1029/200 UD001222, 2003.
23. Chan, C. K. and Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1-42, 2008.
24. 10 contribution to the host city of 2008 Olympic summer games - Beijing. China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1237-1250, 2007.
25. Chen. L. W. A., Doddridge, B. G., Dickerson, R. R., Chow. J. C., Mueller, P. K., Quinn, J., and Butler, W. A.: Seasonal variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide: Implications for sources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1711-1714, 2001.
26. Cheng, Y., Lee, S. C. Ho, K. F., Wang, Y Q., Cao, J. J., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Black carbon measurement in a coastal area of south China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12310, doi:10.1029/2005JD006663, 2006a.
27. Cheng, Y. F., Eichler, H., Wiedensohler, A., Heintzenberg, J., Zhang, Y. H., Hu, M., Herrmann, H., Zeng, L. M., Liu, S., Gnauk, T., Bruggemann, E., and He, L. Y.: Mixing state of elemental carbon and non-light-absorbing aerosol components derived from in situ particle optical properties at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D20204, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006929, 2006b.
28. Cheng, Y. F., Wiedensohler. A., Eichler, H., Heintzenberg. J., Tesche, M., Ansmann, A., Wendisch, M., Su, H., Althausen, D., Herrmann, H., Gnauk, T., Brüggemann, E., Hu, M., and Zhang, Y. H.: Relative humidity dependence of aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing in the surface boundary layer at Xinken in the Pearl River Delta of China: An observation based numerical study, Atmos. Environ., 42(25), 6373-6397, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2008.04.009, 2008a.
29. Cheng, Y. F., Wiedensohler, A., Eichler, H., Su. H., Gnauk, T., Brüggemann, E., Herrmann, H., Heintzenberg. J., Slanina, S., Tuch, T., Hu, M., and Zhang. Y. H.: Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China. Atmos. Environ., 42(25), 6351-6372, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.034. 2008b.
30. Derimian, Y., Karnieli, A., Kaufman. Y. J., Andreae, M. O., Andreae, T. W., Dubovik, O., Maenhut, W., and Koren, I.: The role of iron and clack carbon in aerosol light absoiption, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3623-3637. 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3623/2008/.
31. Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Partilce Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory), available at: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/ hysplit4.html, last access June 2008, 2008.
32. Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T. Slutsker, I., and Kinne, S.: Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 31333-31349, 1999.
33. Eck, T. F., Holben. B. N., Ward, D. E., Dubovik. O., Reid, J. S., Smirnov, A., Mukelabai, M. M., Hsu, N. C., O'Neill. N. T. and Slutsker, I.: Characterization of the optical properties of biomass burning aerosols in Zambia during the 1997 ZIBBEE field campaign. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3425-3448, 2001.
34. Fialho, P., Hansen, A. D. A., and Honrath, R. E.: Absorption coefficients by aerosols in remote areas: a new approach to decouple dust and black carbon absoiption coefficients using seven-wavelength Aethalometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 267-282, 2005.
35. Finlayson-Pitts. B. and Pitts Jr., J.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Academic Press. New York, USA, 1999.
36. Fujitani, Y., Murao. N., Ohta, S., Endoch, T., and Yamagata, S.: Optical and chemical properties of marine aerosols over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 2003 R/V Mirai cruise, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11213, doi:10.1029/2006JD008354.2007.
37. Garland, R. M., Ravishankara, A. R., Lovejoy, E. R., Tolbert, M. A., and Baynard, T.: Parameterization for the relative humidity dependence of light extinction: Organicammonium sulfate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D19303. doi:10.1029/2006JD008179, 2007.
38. Gobbi, G. P., Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., and Eck, T. F.: Classification of aerosol properties derived from AERONET direct sun data. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 453-458. 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/453/2007/.
39. Hagler, G. S., Bergin, M. H., Salmon, L. G., Yu, J. Z., Wan. E. C. H., Zheng, M., Zeng, L. M., Kiang, C. S., Zhang, Y. H., Lau, A. K. H., and Schauer, J. J.: Source areas and chemical composition of fine particulate matter in the Pearl River Delta region of China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3802-3815, 2006.
40. Hammer. O., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D.: PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 4, 1-9, 2001.
41. Haywood. J. M. and Shine. K. P.: The Effect of Anthropogenic Sulfate and Soot Aerosol on the Clear-Sky Planetary Radiation Budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 603-606. 1995.
42. Hua, W., Chan, Z. M., Jie, C. Y., Kondo, Y., Hofzumahaus, A., Takegawa, N., Lu, K. D., Miyazaki, Y., Kita, K., Zhang, Y. H. and Hu. M.: Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide and organiy hydroperoxides during PRIDE-PRD2006, China: their concentration, formation mechanism and contribution to secondary aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8. 10481-10530, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss. net/8/10481/2008/.
43. IPCC, (2001): "Climate change 2001: the scientific basis", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/ wgl/index.htm., last access August 2008.
44. Jennings, S. G., Spain, T. G., Doddridge, B. G., Maring, H., Kelly, B. P. and Hansen, A. D. A.: Concurrent measurements of black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide at Mace Head, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 19447-19454, 1996.
45. Jiang, M., Marr. L. C., Dunlea, E. J., Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T. Kolb, C. E., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Vehicle fleet emissions of black carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other pollutants measured by a mobile laboratory in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5. 3377-3387, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/ 3377/2005/.
46. Kaiser, D. P. and Qian, Y.: Decreasing trends in sunshine duration over China for 1954-1998: Indication of increased haze pollution?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(21), 2042. doi:10.1029/2002GL016057. 2002.
47. 2 concentration. Nature. 381, 218-221, 1996.
48. Kim, K. W., He. Z. S., and Kim, Y J.: Physicochemical characteristics and radiative properties of Asian dust particles observed at Kwangju. Korea, during the 2001 ACE-Asia intensive observation period. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D19S02, doi:10.1029/2003JD003693, 2004.
49. King, M. D. and Byrne. D. M.: Method for inferring total ozone content from spectral variation of total optical depth obtained with a solar radiometer, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2242-2251, 1976.
50. Kondo, Y., Komazaki, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Kodam,. D., Deguchi, S., Nogami, M., Fukuda, M., Miyakawa. T., Morino, Y., Koike. M., Sakurai, H., and Ehara, K.: Temporal variations of elemental carbon in Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12205, doi:10.1029/2005JD006257, 2006.
51. Lawrence, M. G., Butler, T. M., Steinkamp, J., Gurjar, B. R., and Lelieveld, J.: Regional pollution potentials of megacities and other major population centers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3969-3987, 2007, http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/7/3969/2007/.
52. Li, C., Marufu. L. T., Dickerson, R. R., Li. Z. Q., Wen, T. X., Wang, Y. S., Wang, P. C., Chen, H. B., and Stehr, J. W.: In situ measurements of trace gases and aerosol optical properties at a rural site in northern China during East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols: an international regional experiment 2005, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112. D22S04, doi:10.1029/2006JD007592, 2007.
53. Li. Y., Demetriadesshah. T. H., Kanemasu, E. T., Shultis, J. K., and Kirkham, M. B.: Use of 2nd Derivatives of Canopy Reflectance for Monitoring Prairie Vegetation over Different Soil Backgrounds, Remote Sens. Environ., 44, 81-87, 1993.
54. Lim, H. J.: Origins of primary and secondary organic aerosol in Atlanta: Results' of time-resolved measurements during the Atlanta supersite experiment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4489-4496, 2002.
55. Liu, X. G., Cheng, Y. F., Zhang, Y. H., Jung, J. S., Sugimoto, N., Chang, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Fan, S. J., and Zeng, L. M.: Influenees of relative humidity and particle chemical composition on aerosol scattering properties during the 2006 PRD campaign, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1525-1536, 2008.
56. Malm, W. C., Day, D. E., Carrico, C., Kreidenweis, S. M., Collett, J. L., McMeeking, G., Lee, T., Carrillo, J., and Schichtel, B.: Intercomparison and closure calculations using measurements of aerosol species and optical properties during the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D10302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005494, 2005.
57. Man, C. K. and Shih, M. Y.: Light scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles in Hong Kong, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 795-804, 2001.
58. Mikhailov. E. F., Vlasenko, S. S., Podgorny. I. A., Ramanathan, V., and Corrigan, C. E.: Optical properties of soot-water drop agglomerates: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., Ill, D07209, doi: 10.1029/2005Jd006389, 2006.
59. Nakajima, T. and Higurashi, A.: A use of two-channel radiances for an aerosol characterization from space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3815-3818, 1998.
60. NBS: National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China, available at: www.stats.gov.cn, last access August 2008.
61. Nessler, R., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Effect of humidity on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo illustrated for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 958-972, 2005.
62. O'Neill, N. T., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Smirnov, A., Dubovik. O., and Royer. A.: Bimodal size distribution influences on the variation of Angstrom derivatives in spectral and optical depth space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 9787-9806, 2001.
63. Ouyang, T. P., Zhu, Z. Y. and Kuang. Y. Q.: Assessing impact of urbanization on river water quality in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China. Environ. Monit. Assess., 120, 313-325, 2006.
64. Park, S. S.: Highly time-resolved organic and elemental carbon measurements at the Baltimore Supersite in 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110. D07S06, doi:10.1029/2004JD004610, 2005.
65. Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed., 44, 7520-7540, 2005.
66. Quinn, P. K. and Bates. T. S.: Regional aerosol properties: Comparisons of boundary layer measurements from ACE 1, ACE 2, aerosols99, INDOEX, ACE asia, TARFOX, and NEAQS. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D14202. doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004755. 2005.
67. Quinn, P. K., Coffman. D. J., Bates, T. S., Welton, E. J., Covert, D. S., Miller, T. L., Johnson, J. E., Maria, S., Russell, L., Arimoto, R., Carrico, C. M., Rood. M. J., and Anderson, J.: Aerosol optical properties measured on board the Ronald H. Brown during ACE-Asia as a function of aerosol chemical composition and source region. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D19S01. doi: 10.1029/2003JD004010, 2004.
68. Quinn, P. K., Coffman. D. J., Kapustin, V. N., Bates, T. S., and Covert. D. S.: Aerosol optical properties in the marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) and the underlying chemical and physical aerosol properties. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16547-16563, 1998.
69. Reid, J. S.: Physical and optical properties of young smoke from individual biomass fires in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 32013-32030. 1998.
70. Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F. and Eleuterio. D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799-825, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/5/799/2005/.
71. 4 particles by ozonolysis products of alpha-pinene, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1297-1321, 2003.
72. Schmid, O., Artaxo, P., Arnott, W. P., Chand, D., Gatti, L. V., Frank, G. P., Hoffer, A., Schnaiter, M., and Andreae. M. O.: Spectral light absorption by ambient aerosols influenced by biomass burning in the Amazon Basin - 1: Comparison and field calibration of absorption measurement techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3443-3462, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3 443/2006/.
73. Schnaiter, M.: Measurement of wavelength-resolved light absorption by aerosols utilizing a UV-VIS extinction cell, Aerosol Sei. Tech., 39, 249-260, 2005.
74. Schuster. G. L., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B. N.: Angstrom exponent and bimodal aerosol size distributions, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos., 111, D07207. doi: 10.1029/2005JD006328, 2006.
75. Seinfeld, J. and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 1998.
76. Sheridan. P. J. and Ogren, J. A.: Observations of the vertical and regional variability of aerosol optical properties over central and eastern North America, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 16793-16 805, 1999.
77. Streets, D. G., Bond. T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J. H., and Yarber. K. F: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D21), 8809, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD003093, 2003.
78. Stunder, B.: FNL Readme File, available at: http://www.arl.noaa. gov/ready-bin/fnl.pl. last access August 2008. 1997.
79. Takegawa, N., Miyakawa, T., Kondo, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Fukuda, M.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of submicron organic aerosol in Tokyo observed using the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, Dl 1206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006515, 2006.
80. United Nations Organization: World Urbanization Prospects: the 2005 Revision, available at: http://www.un.org/esa/population/ publications/WUP2005/ 2005WUPHighlights.Final_Report.pdf, last access August 2008.
81. Waggoner, A. P., Weiss, R. E., Ahlquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Will, S., and Charlson, R. J.: Optical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 15, 1891-1909. 1981.
82. WangW., Rood, M., Carrico, C., Covert, D., Quinn, P., and Bates, T.: Aerosol optical properties along the northeast coast of North America during the New England Air Quality Study-Intercontinental Transport and Chamiecal Transformation 2004 campaign and the influence of aerosol composition, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S23, doi:10.1029/2006JD007579, 2007.
83. Wehner, B., Birmili, W., Ditas, F., Wu. Z., Hu, M., Liu, X., Mao, J., Sugimoto, N., and Wiedensohler, A.: Relationships between submicrometer particulate air pollution and air mass history in Beijing, China, 2004-2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 11321-11362, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys- discuss.net/8/11321/2008/.
84. 2.5 in four Chinese cities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4188-4193, 1999.
85. Wiscombe, W. J. and Grams. G. W.: Backscattered Fraction in 2-Stream Approximations, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2440-2451, 1976.
86. Wu, D., Tie, X. X., Li. C. C., Ying, Z. M., Lau, A. K. H., Huang. J., Deng, X. J., and Bi, X. Y.: An extremely low visibility event over the Guangzhou region: a case study, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6568-6577, 2005.
87. Xu, J., Bergin, M. H., Yu, X., Liu, G., Zhao, J., Carrico, C. M., and Baumann, K.: Measurement of aerosol chemical, physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China, Atmos. Environ., 36, 161-173, 2002.
88. Zhang, Y. H., Hu, M., Zhong, L. J., Wiedensohler, A., Liu, S. C., Andreae, M. O., Wang, W., and Fan, S. J.: Regional integrated experiemnts on air quality over Pearl River Delta 2004 (PRIDE-PRD2004), Atmos. Environ., 42, 6157-6173, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.0235, 2008.