Psychological effects of chemical weapons: A follow-up study of First World War veterans

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1419-1426

  Jones, E ^a   Everitt, B ^a   Ironside, S ^a   Palmer, I ^a   Wessely, S ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemical weapons; First World War; Somatization; Veterans

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSPNEA; FOLLOW UP; HEART MOVEMENT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEURASTHENIA; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; WAR;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHEMICAL WARFARE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS; VETERANS; WEAPONS; WORLD WAR I;

EID: 51049110097     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S003329170800278X     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Abrahams A (1922). The later effects of gas-poisoning. Lancet 2, 933-934.
2. Alexander DA, Klein S (2003). Biochemical terrorism : too awful to contemplate, too serious to ignore. British Journal of Psychiatry 183, 495-496.
3. Anon (1917). Cardiac disorders due to the new poisonous gases. British Medical Journal 2, 527.
4. Anon (1918a). War gas poisoning. British Medical Journal 2, 138-139.
5. Anon (1918b). Poison gas and tuberculosis. Lancet 1, 272.
6. Anon (1918c). The effects of asphyxiating gas. Lancet 1, 852.
7. Anon (1920). Report of the Surgeon General of the Army. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
8. Banfield JD, Raftery AE (1993). Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering. Biometrics 49, 803-821.
9. Barsky AJ, Goodson JD, Lane RS, Cleary PD (1988). The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine 50, 510-519.
10. Brewer NT, Lillie SE, Hallman WK (2006). Why people believe they were exposed to biological or chemical warfare: a survey of Gulf War veterans. Risk Analysis 26, 337-345.
11. Brown M (2006). Toxicological assessments of Gulf War veterans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B, Biological Sciences 361, 649-680.
12. Douglas CG (1917). Effects of gas shell bombardment [The National Archives (hereafter TNA), WO32/5176, 26 July 1917].
13. Douglas CG (1918a). Casualties caused in British forces by gas warfare (TNA, WO142/1090).
14. Douglas CG (1918b). Effects produced in the field by shell containing chlorarsines (TNA, WO142/108, 22 October 1918).
15. Douglas CG (1918c). Memo to Edkins (TNA, WO142/104, 14 April 1918).
16. Douglas CG (1919). Note on total casualties caused in the British forces by gas warfare, (TNA, WO142/100, 17 January 1919).
17. Douglas CG (1923). Development of gas warfare. In History of the Great War based on Official Documents. Medical Services : Diseases of the War, vol. 1 (ed. W. G. Macpherson, W. P. Herringham, T. R. Elliott and A. Balfour), pp. 271-310. HMSO: London.
18. Durodié B (2003). The true cost of precautionary chemicals regulation. Risk Analysis 23, 389-398.
19. Elliott TR, Soltau AB (1923). Invalidism from gas poisoning. In History of the Great War based on Official Documents. Medical Services : Diseases of the War, vol. 1 (ed. W. G. Macpherson, W. P. Herringham, T. R. Elliott and A. Balfour), pp. 517-525. HMSO: London.
20. Everitt BS, Landau S, Leese M (2001). Cluster Analysis. Arnold: London.
21. Forshaw WJ (1918). Some remarks on mustard gas (TNA, WO142/107, p. 2).
22. Fraley G, Raftery AE (1999). MCLUST: software for model-based cluster analysis. Journal of Classification 16, 297-306.
23. Fraley G, Raftery AE (2002). Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis and density estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association 97, 611-631.
24. Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ (1990). Behavioural and psychological responses to chemical and biological warfare. Military Medicine 155, 54-59.
25. Gilchrist HL (1928). A Comparative Study of World War One Casualties from Gas and other Weapons. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
26. Gilchrist HL, Matz PB (1933). The Residual Effects of Warfare Gasses. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
27. Haber LF (1986). The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Clarendon Press : Oxford.
28. Haley RW, Kurt TL (1997). Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War. A cross-sectional epidemiological study. Journal of the American Medical Association 277, 231-237.
29. Hay A, Roberts G (1990). The use of poison gas against the Iraqi Kurds: analysis of bomb fragments, soil and wool. Journal of the American Medical Association 263, 1065-1066.
30. Heaton KJ, Palumbo CL, Proctor SP, Killiany RJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, White RF (2007). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in US Army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War potentially exposed to sarin and cyclosarin. Journal of NeuroToxicology 28, 460-470.
31. Herringham WP (1920). Gas poisoning. Lancet 1, 423-424.
32. Hulbert HS (1920). Gas neurosis syndrome. American Journal of Insanity 77, 213-216.
33. Ireland MW (1926). The Medical Department of the US Army in the World War, Volume XIV, Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
34. Jones E, Palmer I, Wessely S (2007). Enduring beliefs about the effects of gassing in war: qualitative study. British Medical Journal 335, 1313-1315.
35. Lane RS, Barsky AJ, Goodson JD (1988). Discomfort and disability in upper respiratory tract infection. Journal of General Internal Medicine 3, 540-346.
36. Meakins JC, Priestley JG (1918). Report on the length of stay in hospital in the UK and disposal of gas casualties. MRC Chemical Warfare Medical Committee Report No. 16. HMSO: London.
37. Meakins JC, Walker TM (1918). Changes observed in the heart and circulation and the after-effects of irritant gas poisoning. MRC Chemical Warfare Medical Committee Report No. 7. HMSO: London.
38. Mott F (1919). War Neuroses and Shell Shock. Henry Froude and Hodder & Stoughton: London.
39. Palmer I (2004). The psychological dimension of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 150, 3-9.
40. Riddle JR, Brown M, Smith T, Ritchie E, Brix KA, Romano J (2003). Chemical warfare and the Gulf War: a review of the impact on Gulf veterans' health. Military Medicine 168, 606-613.
41. Sandall TE (1922). The later effects of gas poisoning. Lancet 2, 857-859.
42. Southborough (1922). Report of the War Office Committee of Inquiry into 'Shell-Shock'. HMSO: London.
43. Spiers EM (1986). Chemical Warfare. Macmillan : London.
44. Stuart JA, Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Norwood AE, Murray K (2003). Belief in exposure to terrorist agents: reported exposure to nerve or mustard gas by Gulf War veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 191, 431-436.
45. US Department of Defense (2000). Special Oversight Board for Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological Incidents, Final Report. Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans Illnesses : Washington, DC.
46. Vallow H (1922). The later effects of gas poisoning. Lancet 2, 985.
47. Wessely S, Unwin C, Hotopf M, Hull L, Ismail K, Nicolaou V, David A (2003). Stability of recall of military hazards over time. Evidence from the Persian Gulf War of 1991. British Journal of Psychiatry 183, 314-322.