Erratum: Updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic varices (Hepatology International 10.1007/s12072-008-9074-1);Updates in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic varices

Hepatology International

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 322-334

  Helmy, Ahmed ^a,b   Al Kahtani, Khalid ^b   Al Fadda, Mohamed ^b  

^a Assiut University Faculty of Medicine   (Egypt)

^b KING FAISAL SPECIALIST HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Ano rectal varices; Biliary varices; Colonic varices; Duodenal varices; Intra abdominal varices; Isolated gastric varices type 2; Stomal varices

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

ANEMIA; ANORECTAL VARICES; ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; BALLOON OCCLUDED RETROGRADE TRANSVENOUS OBLITERATION; BALLOON OCCLUSION; BAND LIGATION; BILIARY TRACT VARICES; CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; COIL EMBOLIZATION; COLON VARIX; DEVASCULARIZATION; DOUBLE BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY; DUODENUM VARICOSIS; ECTOPIC ISOLATED GASTRIC VARICES TYPE 1; ECTOPIC ISOLATED GASTRIC VARICES TYPE 2; ECTOPIC VARICOSIS; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; GALLBLADDER VARICES; HEMATEMESIS; HEMATOCHEZIA; HUMAN; INTESTINE VARICES; INTRAABDOMINAL VARICES; LIGATION; MELENA; OCCULT BLOOD TEST; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCLEROTHERAPY; SHOCK; STOMAL VARICES; TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT; VARICOSIS; VEIN DISEASE;

EID: 51049109410     PISSN: 19360533     EISSN: 19360541     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12072-008-9089-7     Document Type: Erratum

References (131)

1. Kinkhabwala M, Mousavi A, Iyer S, Adamsons R. Bleeding ileal varicosity demonstrated by transhepatic portography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:514-6.
2. Khouqeer F, Morrow C, Jordan P. Duodenal varices as a cause of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Surgery. 1987;102:548-52.
3. De Palma GD, Rega M, Masone S, Persico F, Siciliano S, Patrone F, et al. Mucosal abnormalities of the small bowel in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: A capsule endoscopy study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:529-34.
4. Norton ID, Andrews JC, Kamath PS. Management of EcV. Hepatology. 1998;28:1154-8.
5. Matsui M, Kojima A, Kakizaki S, Nagasaka K, Sohara N, Sato K, et al. Ectopic varices in a right diaphragm that ruptured into the pleural cavity. Acta Med Okayama. 2006;60:229-32.
6. Mitchell AW, Jackson JE. Trans-anastomotic porto-portal varices in patients with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:207-11.
7. Stephan G, Miething R. Rontgendiagnostik varicoser Duodenal veranderungen bei portaler Hypertension. Der Radiol. 1968;3:90-5.
8. Hosking SW, Smart HL, Johnson AG, Triger DR. Anorectal varices, hemorrhoids and portal hypertension. Lancet. 1989;1:349-52.
9. Naveau S, Poynard T, Pauphilet C, Aubert A, Chaput JC. Rectal and colonic varices in cirrhosis. Lancet. 1989;1:624.
10. McCormack TT, Bailey HR, Simms JM, Johnson AG. Rectal varices are not piles. Br J Surg. 1984;71:163.
11. Lebrec D, Benhamou JP. Ectopic varices in portal hypertension. Clin Gastroenterol. 1985;14:105-21.
12. Salam AA, Goldman M, Smith D, Hill HL. Gastric, intestinal, and gallbladder varices: Hemodynamic and therapeutic considerations. South Med J. 1979;72:402-8.
13. Wilson SE, Stone RT, Christie JP, Passaro E. Jr. Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding from intestinal varices. Arch Surg. 1979;114:1158-61.
14. Itzchak Y, Glickman MG. Splenic vein thrombosis in patients with a normal size spleen. Invest Radiol. 1977;12:158-63.
15. Sorrentino D, Labombarda A, Debiase F, Trevisi A, Giagu P. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein associated to multiorgan developmental abnormalities. Liver Int. 2004;24:80-3.
16. Tanaka T, Kato K, Taniguchi T, Takagi D, Takeyama N, Kitazawa Y. A case of ruptured duodenal varices and review of the literature. Jpn J Surg. 1988;18:595-600.
17. Tripathi D, Helmy A, Macbeth K, Balata S, Lui HF, Stanley AJ, et al. Ten years' follow-up of 472 patients following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt insertion at a single centre. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16:9-18.
18. Watanabe K, Kimura K, Matsutani S, Ohto M, Okuda K. Portal hemodynamics in patients with gastric varices. A study in 230 patients with esophageal and/or gastric varices using portal vein catheterization. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:434-40.
19. Machida T, Sato K, Kojima A, Takezawa J, Sohara N, Kakizaki S, et al. Ruptured duodenal varices after endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices: An autopsy case. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:352-4.
20. Francois F, Tadros C, Diehl D. Pan-colonic varices and idiopathic portal hypertension. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:325-8.
21. Zaman L, Bebb JR, Dunlop SP, Jobling JC, Teahon K. Familial colonic varices: A cause of "polyposis" on barium enema. Br J Radiol. 2008;81:17-9.
22. Wu WC, Wang LY, Yu FJ, Wang WM, Chen SC, Chuang WL, et al. Bleeding duodenal varices after gastroesophageal varices ligation: A case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002;18:578-81.
23. Katakura K, Irisaw A, Obara K, Saito A, Shishido H, Shibukawa G, et al. Appearance of rectal varices in extrahepatic portal obstruction after treatment for esophago-gastric varices: A case report. Fukushima J Med Sci. 2002;48:51-6.
24. Weisner RH, LaRusso NF, Dozois RR. Peristomal varices after proctocolectomy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:316-22.
25. Sakai M, Nakao A, Kaneko T, Takeda S, Inoue S, Yagi Y, et al. Transhepatic portal venous angioplasty with stenting for bleeding jejunal varices. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:749-52.
26. Feldman M, Smith VM, Warner CG. Varices of the colon: Report of 3 cases. JAMA. 1962;179:729-30.
27. Iredale JP, Ridings P, McGinn FP, Arthur MJ. Familial and idiopathic colonic varices: An unusual cause of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1992;33:1285-8.
28. Wheeler HB, Warren R. Duodenal varices due to portal hypertension due to arteriovenous aneurysm. Ann Surg. 1957;146:229-38.
29. Ryu SH, Chang HS, Myung SJ, Yang SK. Rectal varices caused by thrombosis of intra-abdominal vessels. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:409.
30. Groszmann RJ. Reassessing portal venous pressure measurements. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:1611-4.
31. Shudo R, Yazaki Y, Sakurai S, Uenishi H, Yamada H, Sugawara K. Clinical study comparing bleeding and nonbleeding rectal varices. Endoscopy. 2002;34:189-94.
32. Khan MQ, Al-Momen S, Alghssab A. Duodenal varices causing massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ann Saudi Med. 1999;19:440-3.
33. Khan AA, Sarwar S, Alam A, Butt AK, Shafqat F, Tarique S, et al. Ectopic intestinal varices as a rare cause of lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003;13:526-7.
34. Bykov S, Becker A, Koltun L, Yudko E, Garty I. Massive bleeding from jejunal varices in a patient with thalassemia major detected by TC-99m red blood cell scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 2005;30:457-9.
35. Kakizaki S, Ishikawa T, Koyama Y, Yamada H, Kobayashi R, Sohara N, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis complicated with sigmoid colonic varices: the usefulness of computed tomographic angiography. Abdom Imaging. 2003;28:831-4.
36. Weishaupt D, Pfammatter T, Hilfiker PR, Wolfensberger U, Marincek B. Detecting bleeding Duodenal varices with multislice helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:399-401.
37. Jain TP, Gulati MS, Makharia GK, Paul SB. Case of the season: Detection of duodenal varices by CT enteroclysis. Semin Roentgenol. 2005;40:204-6.
38. Handschin AE, Weber M, Weishaupt D, Fried M, Clavien PA. Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography for visualization of ectopic varices. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1541-4.
39. Palazzo L, Hochain P, Helmer C, Cuillerier E, Landi B, Roseau G, et al. Biliary varices on endoscopic ultrasonography: Clinical presentation and outcome. Endoscopy. 2000;32:520-4.
40. Gulati G, Pawa S, Chowdhary V, Kumar N, Mittal SK. Colour Doppler flow imaging findings in portal biliopathy. Trop Gastroenterol. 2003;24:116-9.
41. Hashiguchi M, Tsuji H, Shimono J, Azuma K, Fujishima M. Ruptured duodenal varices: An autopsy case report. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46:1751-4.
42. Olusola BF, McCashland TM, Seemayer TA, Sorrell MF. Rectovesical ectopic varix intraperitoneal hemorrhage with fatal outcome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:504.
43. Ramchandran TM, John A, Ashraf SS, Moosabba MS, Nambiar PV, Shobana Devi R. Hemoperitoneum following rupture of ectopic varix along splenorenal ligament in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2000;19:91.
44. Turner MD, Sherlock S, Steiner RE. Splenic venography and intrasplenic pressure measurement in the clinical investigation of the protal venous system. Am J Med. 1957;23:846-59.
45. Kessler RE, Tice DA, Zimmon DS. Value, complications, and limitations of umbilical vein catheterization. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973;136:529-35.
46. Smith-Laing G, Camilo ME, Dick R, Sherlock S. Percutaneous transhepatic portography in the assessment of portal hypertension. Clinical correlations and comparison of radiographic techniques. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:197-205.
47. Bosch J, Groszmann RJ. Measurement of azygos venous blood flow by a continuous thermal dilution technique: An index of blood flow through gastroesophageal collaterals in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1984;4:424-9.
48. Fix OK, Simon JT, Farraye FA, Oviedo JA, Pratt DS, Chen WT, et al. Obscure gastrointestinal hemorrhage from mesenteric varices diagnosed by video capsule endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51:1169-74.
49. Hellmig S, Seeger M, Stüber E, Kiehne K, Schreiber S, Fölsch UR. Endoscopic-guided capsule endoscopy in a patient with small-bowel varices after Whipple's operation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:166-9.
50. Eisen GM, Eliakim R, Zaman A, Schwartz J, Faigel D, Rondonotti E, et al. The accuracy of PillCam ESO capsule endoscopy versus conventional upper endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal varices: A prospective three-center pilot study. Endoscopy. 2006;38:31-5.
51. Misra SP, Dwivedi M, Misra V, Gupta M. Ileal varices and portal hypertensive ileopathy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:778-83.
52. Heine GD, Hadithi M, Groenen MJ, Kuipers EJ, Jacobs MA, Mulder CJ. Double-balloon enteroscopy: Indications, diagnostic yield, and complications in a series of 275 patients with suspected small-bowel disease. Endoscopy. 2006;38:42-8.
53. Hekmat H, Al-toma A, Mallant MP, Mulder CJ, Jacobs MA. Endoscopic N -butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) obliteration of jejunal varices by using the double balloon enteroscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(2):350-2.
54. Besson I, Ingrand P, Person B, Boutroux D, Heresbach D, Bernard P, et al. Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:555-60.
55. Silvain C, Carpentier S, Sautereau D, Czernichow B, Métreau JM, Fort E, et al. Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin versus octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices: A multicenter randomized trial. Hepatology. 1993;18:61-5.
56. Shudo R, Yazaki Y, Sakurai S, Uenishi H, Yamada H, Sugawara K, et al. Combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy for bleeding rectal varices associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: A case showing a long-lasting favorable response. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:661-5.
57. Firoozi B, Gamagaris Z, Weinshel EH, Bini EJ. Endoscopic band ligation of bleeding rectal varices. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:1502-5.
58. Bosch A, Marsano L, Varilek GW. Successful obliteration of duodenal varices after endoscopic ligation. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48:1809-12.
59. Akazawa Y, Murata I, Yamao T, Yamakawa M, Kawano Y, Nomura N, et al. Successful management of bleeding duodenal varices by endoscopic variceal ligation and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:794-7.
60. Fayad N, Nammour F, Elfant A. Endoscopic variceal ligation for bleeding duodenal varices. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:467.
61. Barbish AW, Ehrinpreis MN. Successful endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of a bleeding duodenal varix. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:90-2.
62. Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Ito T, Sugimoto K, Sakai T, Ohmori S, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy (ethanolamine oleate injection) for acute rectal varices bleeding in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:941-3.
63. Ikeda K, Konishi Y, Nakamura T, Nabeshima M, Yamamoto S, Migihashi R, et al. Rectal varices successfully treated by endoscopic injection sclerotherapy after careful hemodynamic evaluation: A case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:788-91.
64. Sans M, Llach J, Bordas JM, Andreu V, Reverter JC, Bosch J, et al. Thrombin and ethanolamine injection therapy in arresting uncontrolled bleeding from duodenal varices. Endoscopy. 1996;28:403.
65. Bhasin DK, Sharma BC, Sriram PV, Makharia G, Singh K. Endoscopic management of bleeding ectopic varices with histoacryl. HPB Surg. 1999;11:171-3.
66. Schafer TW, Binmoeller KF. Argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of colonic varices. Endoscopy. 2002;34:661-3.
67. Chen WC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Chang FY, Lee SD. An endoscopic injection with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate used for colonic variceal bleeding: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:540-2.
68. Ryu SH, Moon JS, Kim I, Kim YS, Lee JH. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in a patient with massive rectal variceal bleeding: A case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:632-5.
69. Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Rotondano G, Marmo R, Meucci C, Piscopo R. Argon plasma coagulation prevents variceal recurrence after band ligation of esophageal varices: Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:467-71.
70. Furukawa K, Aoyagi Y, Harada T, Enomoto H. The usefulness of prevention consolidation therapy of esophageal varices using an argon plasma coagulation technique. Hepatol Res. 2002;23:220-5.
71. Nakamura S, Mitsunaga A, Murata Y, Suzuki S, Hayashi N. Endoscopic induction of mucosal fibrosis by argon plasma coagulation (APC) for esophageal varices: A prospective randomized trial of ligation plus APC vs. ligation alone. Endoscopy. 2001;33:210-5.
72. Ohnishi K, Takayasu K, Takashi M. Transhepatic obliteration of esophageal varices using stainless steel coils combined with hypertonic glucose and gelfoam. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1985;7:200-7.
73. Smith-Lang G, Scott J, Long RG, Sherlock S. Role of percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of varices in the management of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. Gastroenterology. 1981;80:1031-6.
74. Viamonte M Jr, Pereiras R, Russell E, Le Page J, Hutson D. Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices in acute and non-acute bleeders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:237-41.
75. Ozaki CK, Hansen M, Kadir S. Transhepatic embolization of superior mesenteric varices in portal hypertension. Surgery. 1988;105:446-8.
76. Samaraweera RN, Feldman L, Widrich WC, Waltman A, Steinberg F, Greenfield A, et al. Stomal varices: Percutaneous transhepatic embolization. Radiology. 1989;170:779-82.
77. Toumeh KK, Girardot JD, Choo IW, Andrews JC, Cho KJ. Percutaneous transhepatic embolization as treatment for bleeding ileostomy varices. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1995;18:179-82.
78. Macedo TA, Andrews JC, Kamath PS. Ectopic varices in the gastrointestinal tract: Short- and long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28:178-84.
79. Hidajat N, Stobbe H, Hosten N, Schroeder RJ, Fauth M, Vogl T, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and transjugular embolization of bleeding rectal varices in portal hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:362-3.
80. lluminati G, Smail A, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Association of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with embolization in the treatment of bleeding duodenal varix refractory to sclerotherapy. Dig Surg. 2000;17:398-400.
81. Dharancy S, Sergent G, Bulois P, Bonnal JL, Golup G, Mauroy B, et al. Bleeding stomal varices treated with embolization and transjugular porto-systemic shunt. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2000;24(2):232-4.
82. Okazaki H, Higuchi K, Shiba M, Nakamura S, Wada T, Yamamori K, et al. Successful treatment of giant rectal varices by modified percutaneous transhepatic obliteration with sclerosant: Report of a case. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:5408-11.
83. Noubibou M, Douala HC, Druez PM, Kartheuzer AH, Detry RJ, Geubel AP. Chronic stomal variceal bleeding after colonic surgery in patients with portal hypertension: Efficacy of beta-blocking agents? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:807-8.
84. Hsieh JS, Wang WM, Perng DS, Huang CJ, Wang JY, Huang T. Modified devascularization surgery for isolated gastric varices assessed by endoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:666-71.
85. Cottam DR, Clark R, Hayn E, Shaftan G. Duodenal varices: A novel treatment and literature review. Am Surg. 2002;68:407-9.
86. Goyal N, Singhal D, Gupta S, Soin AS, Nundy S. Transabdominal gastroesophageal devascularization without transection for bleeding varices: Results and indicators of prognosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:47-50.
87. McAlister VC, Al-Saleh NA. Duodenal dearterialization and stapling for severe hemorrhage from duodenal varices with portal vein thrombosis. Am J Surg. 2005;189:49-52.
88. Botterill ID, Jayne DG, Snelling AP, Ambrose NS. Correction of symptomatic ano-rectal varices with circumferential stapled anoplasty. Colorectal Dis. 2002;4:217.
89. Sato Y, Yokoyama N, Suzuki S, Tani T, Nomoto M, Hatakeyama K. Double selective shunting for esophagogastric and rectal varices in portal hypertension due to congenital hepatic polycystic disease. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1528-30.
90. D'Cruz AJ, Kamath PS, Ramachandra C, Jalihal A. Non-conventional portosystemic shunts in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Acta Pediatr Jpn. 1995;37:17-20.
91. D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension: A meta-analytic review. Hepatology. 1995;22:332-54.
92. McChesney L, Jensen D, Matalon T, Ganger D, Sankary H, Foster P, et al. Duodenal varices: A case report and review of the literature. HPB Surg. 1995;9:31-5.
93. Haskal ZJ, Scott M, Rubin RA, Cope C. Intestinal varices: Treatment with the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Radiology. 1994;191:183-7.
94. Johnson PA, Laurin J. Transjugular portosystemic shunt for treatment of bleeding stomal varices. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:440-2.
95. Bernstein D, Yrizarry J, Reddy KR, Russell E, Jeffers L, Schiff ER. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of intermittently bleeding stomal varices. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:2237-8.
96. Jonnalagadda SS, Quiason S, Smith OJ. Successful therapy of bleeding duodenal varices by TIPS after failure of sclerotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:272-4.
97. Ory G, Spahr L, Megevand JM, Becker C, Hadengue A. The long-term efficacy of the intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for the treatment of bleeding anorectal varices in cirrhosis. A case report and review of the literature. Digestion. 2001;64:261-4.
98. Ryu RK, Nemcek AA Jr, Chrisman HB, Saker MB, Blei A, Omary RA, et al. Treatment of stomal variceal hemorrhage with TIPS: Case report and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000;23:301-3.
99. Morris CS, Najarian KE. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for bleeding stomal varices associated with chronic portal vein occlusion: Long-term angiographic, hemodynamic, and clinical follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2966-8.
100. Tripathi D, Jalan R. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in the management of gastric and ectopic varices. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18:1155-60.
101. Vidal V, Joly L, Perreault P, Bouchard L, Lafortune M, Pomier-Layrargues G. Usefulness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of bleeding ectopic varices in cirrhotic patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29:216-9.
102. Almeida JR, Trevisan L, Guerrazzi F, Mesquita MA, Ferraz JG, Montes CG, et al. Bleeding duodenal varices successfully treated with TIPS. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;5:1738-41.
103. Vangeli M, Patch D, Terreni N, Tibballs J, Watkinson A, Davies N, et al. Bleeding ectopic varices: Treatment with transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) and embolisation. J Hepatol. 2004;41:560-6.
104. Ohta M, Yasumori K, Saku M, Saitsu H, Muranaka T, Yoshida K. Successful treatment of bleeding duodenal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration: A transjugular venous approach. Surgery. 1999;126:581-3.
105. Tominaga K, Montani A, Kuga T, Shiba M, Watanabe T, Fujiwara Y, et al. Combined balloon-occluded embolization for treatment of concurrent duodenal, gastric, and esophageal varices: A case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:665-8.
106. Ota K, Okazaki M, Higashihara H, Kokawa H, Shirai Z, Anan A, et al. Combination of transileocolic vein obliteration and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration is effective for ruptured duodenal varices. J Gastroenterol. 1999;34:694-9.
107. Takamura K, Miyake H, Mori H, Terashima Y, Ando T, Fujii M, et al. Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and percutaneous transhepatic obliteration for ruptured duodenal varices after operation for rectal cancer with multiple liver metastasis: Report of a case. J Med Invest. 2005;52:212-7.
108. Zamora CA, Sugimoto K, Tsurusaki M, Izaki K, Fukuda T, Matsumoto S, et al. Endovascular obliteration of bleeding duodenal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:73-9.
109. Graham AN, McAleese P, Moorehead RJ. Intraperitoneal rupture of ectopic varices - a rare complication of portal hypertension. HPB Surg. 1994;7:315-8.
110. Choi JW, Lee CH, Kim KA, Park CM, Kim JY. Ectopic varices in colonic stoma: MDCT findings. Korean J Radiol. 2006;7:297-9.
111. Kabeer MA, Jackson L, Widdison AL, Maskell G, Mathew J. Stomal varices: a rare cause of stomal hemorrhage. A report of three cases. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007;53:20-2.
112. Wolfsen HC, Kozarek RA, Bredfeldt JE, Fenster LF, Brubacher LL. The role of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding peristomal varices. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;36:472-4.
113. Shibata D, Brophy DP, Gordon FD, Anastopoulos HT, Sentovich SM, Bleday R. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of bleeding ectopic varices with portal hypertension. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1581-5.
114. Alkari B, Shaath NM, El-Dhuwaib Y, Aboutwerat A, Warnes TW, Chalmers N, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt and variceal embolisation in the management of bleeding stomal varices. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005;20:457-62.
115. Wong RC, Berg CL. Portal hypertensive stomopathy: A newly described entity and its successful treatment by placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1056-7.
116. Malkan GH, Bhatia SJ, Bashir K, Khemani R, Abraham P, Gandhi MS, et al. Cholangiopathy associated with portal hypertension: Diagnostic evaluation and clinical implications. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:344-8.
117. Chawla Y, Dilawari JB, Katariya S. Gallbladder varices in portal vein thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:643-5.
118. Griniatsos J, Arbuckle J, Bhalla A, Karvounis E, Isla A. Bile duct varices in the absence of portal hypertension signs. Int Surg. 2003;88:76-9.
119. Chu EC, Chick W, Hillebrand DJ, Hu KQ. Fatal spontaneous gallbladder variceal bleeding in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2682-5.
120. Dilawari JB, Chawla YK. Pseudosclerosing cholangitis in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Gut. 1992;33:272-6.
121. Vitellas KM, Keogan MT, Freed KS, Enns RA, Spritzer CE, Baillie JM, et al. Radiologic manifestations of sclerosing cholangitis with emphasis on MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiographics. 2000;20:959-75.
122. Smith AM, Walsh M, Henderson. M. Novel bile duct repair for bleeding biliary anastomotic varices: Case report and literature review. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:832-6.
123. Johansen K, Bardin J, Orloff MJ. Massive bleeding from hemorrhoidal varices in portal hypertension. JAMA. 1980;244:2084-5.
124. Mashiah A. Massive bleeding from hemorrhoidal varices in portal hypertension. JAMA. 1981;246:2323-4.
125. Waxman JS, Tarkin N, Dave P, Waxman M. Fatal hemorrhage from rectal varices. Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:749-50.
126. Jacobs DM, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. The relationship of hemorrhoids to portal hypertension. Dis Colon Rectum. 1980;23:567-9.
127. Weinshel E, Chen W, Falkenstein DB, Kessler R, Raicht RF. Hemorrhoids or rectal varices: Defining the cause of massive rectal hemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:744-7.
128. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthy NS, Makwana UK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: A long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology. 1992;16:1343-9.
129. Sarin SK, Kumar A. Gastric varices: Profile, classification, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:1244-9.
130. Sarin SK, Primignani M, Agarwal SR. Gastric varices. In: De Franchis R, editor. Portal hypertension. Proceedings of the third Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies. London: Blackwell Science; 2001. p. 76-96.
131. Sarin SK, Jain AK, Lamba GS, Gupta R, Chowdhary A. Isolated gastric varices: Prevalence, clinical relevance and natural history. Dig Surg. 2003;20:42-7.