Negotiating social identities: The influence of gender, age and ethnicity on young people's 'street careers' in Tanzania

Children's Geographies

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 109-128

  Evans, Ruth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gender norms; Life course trajectories; Social identities; Street careers; Street children in Tanzania

Indexed keywords

EID: 51049099250     PISSN: 14733285     EISSN: 14733277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14733280600577533     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Africa Education Fund International (1998) Final Report for Street Girls Survey, Dar es Salaam, AEF.
2. Alsop, R., Fitzsimons, A. and Lennon, K. (2002) Theorizing Gender, Cambridge/Oxford, Polity Press/BlackwellPublishing).
3. Aptekar, L. (1988) Street Children of Cali, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
4. Aptekar, L. and Heinonen, P. (2003) Methodological implications of contextual diversity in research on street children, Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), http://cye.colorado.edu (accessed by author Feb. 2004).
5. Baker, R. (1998) Negotiating Identities: a Study of the Lives of Children in Nepal, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Durham, NC, University of Durham.
6. Baker, R. and Panter-Brick, C. (2000) A comparative perspective on children's 'careers' and abandonment in Nepal, in: C. Panter-Brick and M. Smith (eds) Abandoned Children, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 161-180.
7. Beazley, H. (2002) 'Vagrants wearing make-up': Negotiating spaces on the streets of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Urban Studies, 39(9), 1665-1683.
8. Becker, H. (1963) Outsiders-Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, New York, The Free Press.
9. Bendera, S. (1999) Promoting education for girls in Tanzania, in: C. Heward and S. Bunwaree (eds) Gender, Education and Development: Beyond access to empowerment, London, Zed Books Ltd., 117-132.
10. Butler, J. (1993a) Imitation and gender insubordination, in: Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, London, Routledge, 307-320.
11. Butler, J. (1993b) Bodies that Matter. On the Discursive Limits of Sex, New York & London, Routledge.
12. Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York & London, Routledge.
13. Christensen, P. and James, A. (2000) Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices, London, Falmer Press.
14. Ennew, J. (2003) Difficult circumstances: some reflections on 'street children' in Africa, Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), http://cye.colorado.edu.
15. Ennew, J. and Swart-Kruger, J. (2003) Introduction: homes, places and spaces in the construction of street children and street youth, Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), http://cye.colorado.edu.
16. Evans, R. (2004) Tanzanian childhoods: street children's narratives of 'home', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 22(1), 69-92.
17. Glauser, B. (1997) Street children: Deconstructing a Construct, in: A. James and A. Prout, (eds) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, London, Falmer Press, 145-164.
18. Goffman, E. (1991) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, London, Penguin.
19. Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, London, Penguin.
20. Hansson, D. (2003) 'Strolling' as a gendered experience: a feminist analysis of young females in Cape Town, Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), http://cye.colorado.edu (accessed March 2005).
21. Hecht, T. (1998) At Home in the Street: the Street Children of Northeastern Brazil, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
22. Hill, M. and Tisdall, K. (1997) Children and Society, Essex, Addison Wesley Longman.
23. Hockey, J. and James, A. (2003) Social Identities across the Life Course, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke.
24. Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. and Thomson, R. (1998) The Male in the Head, London, The Tufnell Press.
25. Hutson, S. and Liddiard, M. (1994) Youth Homelessness: the Construction of a Social Issue, London, MacMillan.
26. James, A., Jenks, C. and Prout, A. (1998) Theorizing Childhood, Cambridge, Polity Press.
27. James, A. and Prout, A. (eds) (1997) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood, London, Falmer Press.
28. Jenkins, R. (2004) Social Identity, 2nd edition, London & New York, Routledge.
29. Jenkins, R. (1997) Rethinking Ethnicity: arguments and explorations, London, Sage Publications.
30. Jenkins, R. (2000) The limits of identity: ethnicity, conflict and politics, Sheffield Online Papers in Social Research, No. 2 November 2000, University of Sheffield, http://www.shef.ac.uk/socst./Shop/2jenkins.pdf (accessed July 2005).
31. Jenks, C. (2004) Many childhoods?, Childhood, 11(1), 5-8.
32. Kadonya, C., Madihi, M. and Mtwana, S. (2002) Tanzania Child Labour in the Informal Sector: A Rapid Assessment, Geneva, International Labour Organisation, International Programme on the Eliminiation of Child Labour.
33. Koda, B. (2000) Democratisation of social relations at the household level: the participation of children and youth in Tanzania, in: C. Creighton and C. Omari (eds) Gender, Family and Work in Tanzania, Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 237-265.
34. Lugalla, J. and Barongo, V. (2000) Profiles of Street Children NGOs in 10 Regions of Tanzania, draft report, Dar es Salaam, UNICEF.
35. Matthews, H. (2003) The street as a liminal space: the barbed spaces of childhood, in: P. Christensen and M. O'brien (eds) Children in the City, London, Routledge, 101-117.
36. Matthews, H., Limb, M. and Taylor, M. (2000) The 'street as thirdspace', in: S. Holloway and G. Valentine (eds) Children's Geographies: Playing, Living, Learning, Oxon, Routledge, 63-79.
37. Mwakyanjala, T. (1996) Alcohol and Drug Abuse among Street Children in Tanzania: the case of Dar es Salaam Region, Dar es Salaam, Alcohol and Drug Information Centre.
38. Nazroo, J. and Karlsen, S. (2003) Patterns of identity among ethnic minority people: diversity and commonality, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(1), 902-930.
39. Omari, C. (1995) Decision-making and the household: case studies from Tanzania, in: C. Creighton and C. Omari (eds) Gender, Family and Household in Tanzania, Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 203-220.
40. Omari, C. and Mbilinyi, S. (1997) African Values and Child Rights: Some Cases from Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam University Press.
41. Panter-Brick, C. (2000) Nobody's children? A reconsideration of child abandonment, in: C. Panter-Brick and M. Smith (eds) Abandoned Children, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1-26.
42. Panter-Brick, C. (2002) Street children, human rights, and public health: a critique and future directions, Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 147-71.
43. Panter-Brick, C. (2004) Homelessness, poverty and risks to health: beyond at risk categorizations of street children, Children's Geographies, 2(1), 83-94.
44. Pink, S. (2001) Doing Visual Ethnography, London, Sage.
45. Rajani, R. and Kudrati, M. (1996) The varieties of sexual experience of the street children of Mwanza, Tanzania, in: S. Zeidenstein and K. Moore (eds) Learning about Sexuality: A Practical Beginning, USA, Population Council, 301-323.
46. Ruvero, R. and Bourdillon, M. (2003) Girls: the less visible street children of Zimbabwe, Children, Youth and Environments, 13(1), http://cye.colorado.edu.
47. Scheper-Hughes, N. and Hoffman, D. (1998) Brazilian apartheid: street kids and the struggle for urban space, in: N. Scheper-Hughes and C. Sargent (eds) Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood, California, University of California, 352-384.
48. Skelton, T. (2000) 'Nothing to do, nowhere to go?': teenage girls and 'public' space in the Rhondda Valleys, South Wales, in: S. Holloway and G. Valentine (eds) Children's Geographies: Playing, Living, Learning, Oxon, Routledge, 80-99.
49. Stambach, A. (2000) Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, Community and Gender in East Africa, New York, Routledge.
50. Thorne, B. (2004) Theorizing age and other differences, Childhood, 11(4), 403-408.
51. UCSC (1999) Annual Report, internal document, unpublished.
52. UNICEF (1999) Children in Need of Special Protection Measures: A Tanzanian Case Study, Dar es Salaam, UNICEF.
53. Walkerdine, V. (1990) Schoolgirl Fictions, London, Verso.
54. Weedon, C. (1999) Feminism, Theory and the Politics of Difference, Oxford, Blackwell.