Climate change and the generalized system of preferences

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 679-695

  McKenzie, Michael ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50949129565     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgn024     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Opened for signature 4 June 1992, 31 I.L.M. 849 (entered into force 21 March 1994).
2. See, e.g. Cinnamon Carlane, 'The Kyoto Protocol and the WTO: Reconciling Tensions Between Free Trade and Environmental Objectives', 17(1) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 45 (2006);
3. Richard G. Tarasofsky, 'Heating Up International Trade law: Challenges and Opportunities Posed by Efforts to Combat Climate Change', 1 Carbon and Climate Law Review 7 (2008);
4. Andrew James Green, 'Climate Change, Regulatory Policy and the WTO: How Constraining are Trade Rules?', 8(1) Journal of International Economic Law (2005).
5. The preamble to the UNFCCC, above n 1, includes an acknowledgement that 'the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their social and economic conditions'.
6. See also Human Development Report 2007/2008 (2008) published for the United Nations Development Programme at 7-13, http://hdr.undp.org/en/ reports/global/hdr2007-2008/ (visited 26 May 2008).
7. On the issue of differential treatment in international law see Lavanya Rajamani, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006);
8. Philippe Cullet, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
9. UNFCCC, above n 1, preamble.
10. See statistical appendix to World Resources Institute, World Resources 2005 - The Wealth of the Poor: Managing ecosystems to fight poverty, http://www.wri.org/publication/world-resources-2005-wealth-poor-managing- ecosystems-fight-poverty (visited 26 May 2008).
11. Rajamani, above n 4, at 234.
12. Cullet, above n 4, at 46.
13. UNFCCC, above n 1, preamble.
14. Ibid.
15. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (2007) at 65.
16. Ibid, at 56.
17. Cullet, above n 4, at 48-49.
18. UNFCCC, above n 1, Art. 3(5).
19. Ibid, Art. 3(1).
20. Ibid, Art. 3(2).
21. Opened for signature 16 March 1998, 37 I.L.M. 22 (entered into force 16 February 2005).
22. Cullet, above n 13. UNFCCC, above n 1, Art. 4(2)(a).
23. Kyoto Protocol, above n 17, Art. 3(1).
24. Ibid, Art. 12.
25. Ibid, Art. 12(2).
26. UNFCCC, above n 1, Arts 4(3), 4(4), 4(7), 4(8) and 4(9).
27. Ibid, Arts 4(5), 4(8) and 4(9).
28. See, e.g., Ibid, Arts 3(2), 4(8) and 4(9).
29. Rajamani, above n 4, at 166.
30. See Ibid, at 216-32;
31. Raymond Clemencon, 'The Bali Road Map: A First Step on the Difficult Journey to a Post-Kyoto Protocol Agreement', 17 The Journal of Environment & Development 70 (2008), at 73-78.
32. Letter from George W. Bush, U.S. President, to Senators Charles Hagel, Jesse Helms, Larry Craig, and Pat Roberts (13 March 2001), http://www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html (visited 26 May 2008).
33. See, e.g. Ruth Gordon, 'Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality', 78 University of Colorado Law Review 1559 (2007), at 1612-19;
34. Meinhard Doelle, 'The Cat Came Back, or the Nine Lives of the Kyoto Protocol', 3 Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 261 (2006), at 269-72.
35. See Clemencon, above n 26, at 78-83.
36. For a review of this area see Steve Charnovitz, 'The WTO's Environmental Progress', 10 Journal of International Economic Law 2 (2007).
37. Opened for signature 15April 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 1 January 1995).
38. See Charnovitz, above n 30;
39. Carlane, above n 2.
40. Paul Cough, 'Trade-Environment Tensions: Options Exists for reconciling trade and the environment', 19(2) EPA Journal 28 (1993), http://www.ciesin.org/ docs/008-065/008-065.html (visited 26 May 2008).
41. United Nations Environment Programme, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Annex, UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992).
42. United Nations Environment Programme, Agenda 21, UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992) at [2.5].
43. UNCTAD, Final Act and Report of the Conference, 1st sess, 35th plen mtg, Annex A UN Doc E/CONF.46/139 (1964), General Principle 8.
44. UNCTAD, Expansion and Diversification of Exports of Manufactures and Semi-Manufactures of Developing Countries, UNCTAD Res 21 (II) (1968), as reproduced in WTO Panel Report, European Communities - Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries ('EC - Tariff Preferences'), WT/DS246/R, adopted 20 April 2004, annex D-3.
45. WTO Agreement, opened for signature 15 April 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 1 January 1995), annex 1A (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1867 U.N.T.S. 190, Art. I ('GATT').
46. Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries ('Enabling Clause'), Decision of 28 November 1979, GATT Doc L/4903.
47. See http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=2309& lang=1 (visited 26 May 2008).
48. This is a condition in the US GSP scheme. Information about the scheme www.ustr.gov (visited 26 May 2008).
49. This is a condition in the EC GSP scheme. Information about the scheme http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/gsp/legis/index_en.htm (visited 26 May 2008).
50. WTO Appellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, WT/DS246/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2004.
51. The Enabling Clause, above n 41, provides for the '[s]pecial treatment of the least developed among the developing countries in the context of any general or specific measures in favour of developing countries', para 2(d).
52. WTO Panel Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 37, para 7.1.6.1.
53. WTO Panel Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 37, para 7.177.
54. WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 173.
55. Ibid, paras 177-89.
56. Enabling Clause, above n 41, para 3(c).
57. WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 163.
58. Ibid (emphasis in original).
59. Ibid.
60. Enabling Clause, above n 41, para 3(c).
61. WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 164.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Robert Howse, 'Appellate Body Ruling Saves the GSP, at Least for Now', 8(4) Bridges Monthly Review 5 (2004), at 6, http://www.ictsd.org/monthly/ bridges/BRIDGES8-4.pdf (visited 26 May 2008).
65. WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 173.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid, paras 181-82 and 187.
68. Ibid, paras 183 and 188.
69. Enabling Clause, above n 41, footnote 3 to para 3(c); WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 169.
70. Ibid.
71. Enabling Clause, above n 41, para 3(a); WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 179.
72. UNFCCC, above n 1, Arts 4(1), 10, 12.
73. Council Regulation 980/2005 of 27 June 2005 [2005] OJ L169/1, Arts 8-11.
74. Ibid, Art. 9(1)(e). Art. 9(3) defines vulnerable country as a country that 'is not classified by the World Bank as a high income country during three consecutive years, and whose five sections of its GSP-covered imports to the Community represent more than 75 per cent of its total GSP-covered imports' and 'whose GSP-covered imports to the Community represent less than 1% in value of total GSP-covered imports into the Community'.
75. UNFCCC, above n 1, Art. 4(1).
76. Kyoto Protocol, above n 17, Art. 10.
77. Ibid.
78. UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 1/CP.13 Bali Action Plan, UN Doc FCCC/2007/6/Add.1 (14 March 2008) at [1(b)(2)].
79. See Rajamani, above n 4, at 218-19;
80. Anna Korppoo, Workshop Report: Russian Voluntary Targets Proposal (2007), http://www.climatestrategies.org/uploads/ Voluntary_targets_workshop_report.pdf (visited 26 May 2008).
81. Council Regulation 980/2005 of 27 June 2005 [2005] OJ L169/1.
82. Ibid, recital 7.
83. Ibid.
84. IPCC, above n 11, at 48.
85. See http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (visited 26 June 2008).
86. UNFCCC, above n 1, Art. 2.
87. UNFCCC, above n 1, Art. 3(4).
88. Lorand Bartels, 'The WTO Legality of the EU's GSP+ Arrangement', 10(4) Journal of International Economic Law 869 (2007), at 877.
89. Ibid.
90. WTO Apellate Body Report, EC - Tariff Preferences, above n 43, para 173.
91. This means that a mechanism must be in place under which the list of beneficiaries receiving the preferential treatment can be modified, and the criteria for being on the list (i.e. ratifying and implementing the relevant conventions) must be clearly spelt out: Ibid, paras 181-88.
92. UNFCCC, above n 1, preamble.
93. For a critical analysis of the EC's GSP+ arrangement see Bartels, above n 80;
94. Stephanie Switzer, 'Environmental Protection and the Generalized System of Preferences: A Legal and Appropriate Linkage?', 57 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 113 (2008).
95. Tarasofsky, above n 2, at 12.
96. DOHA WTO Ministerial Meeting: Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, adopted on 14 November 2001.
97. See Committee on Trade and Environment - Special Session - Synthesis of Submissions on Environmental Goods - Informal Note by the Secretariat, WTO Doc TN/TE/W/63 (17 November 2005).
98. See Tarkofsky, above n 86.
99. UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007 - Part One: Proceedings, UN Doc FCCC/2007/6 (14 March 2008) at 27.