Flame-retarded polystyrene: Investigating chemical interactions between ammonium polyphosphate and MgAl layered double hydroxide

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Volumn 93, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1656-1663

  Nyambo, Calistor ^a   Kandare, Everson ^b   Wang, Dongyan ^c   Wilkie, Charles A ^a  

^a Marquette University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON   (United Kingdom)

^c Cornell University   (United States)

Author keywords

Ammonium polyphosphate; Layered double hydroxide; Polystyrene; Synergy

Indexed keywords

CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CHEMICAL STABILITY; FLAME RETARDANTS; FLAME SPRAYING; FLOW INTERACTIONS; GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS; IGNITION; PUMPING PLANTS; THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS; X RAY ANALYSIS;

AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE; CHE MICAL INTERACTIONS; CONE CALORIMETRY; FIRE PERFORMANCE; LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE; POLYSTYRENE; SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS; SYNERGY; THERMAL STABILITY; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA); TIME TO IGNITION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM); WEIGHT FRACTIONS; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS;

EID: 50849132534     PISSN: 01413910     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.029     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Alexandre M., and Dubois P. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng R28 (2000) 1-63
2. Ding P., and Qu B.J. Synthesis and characterization of exfoliated polystyrene/ZnAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposite via emulsion polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 291 (2005) 13-18
3. Qiu L., Chen W., and Qu B. Structural characterisation and thermal properties of exfoliated polystyrene/ZnAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposites prepared via solution intercalation. Polym Degrad Stab 87 (2005) 433-440
4. Vieille L., Moujahid E.M., Taviot-Guého C., Cellier J., Besse J.-P., and Leroux F. In situ polymerization of interleaved monomers: a comparative study between hydrotalcite and hydrocalumite host structures. J Phys Chem Solids 65 (2004) 385-393
5. Costa F.R., Satapathy B.K., Wagenknecht U., Weidisch R., and Heinrich G. Morphology and fracture behaviour of polyethylene/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 42 (2006) 2140-2152
6. Chen W., Feng L., and Qu B. In situ synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)/MgAl layered double hydroxide nanocomposite with high transparency and enhanced thermal properties. Solid State Commun 130 (2004) 259-263
7. Wang G.-A., Wang C.-C., and Chen C.-Y. The disorderly exfoliated LDHs/PMMA nanocomposites synthesized by in situ bulk polymerization: the effects of LDH-U on thermal and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 91 (2006) 2443-2450
8. Newman S.P., and Jones W. Synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides containing organic guests. New J Chem 22 (1998) 105-115
9. Wang G.-A., Wang C.-C., and Chen C.-Y. The disorderly exfoliated LDHs/PMMA nanocomposite synthesized by in situ bulk polymerization. Polymer 46 (2005) 5065-5074
10. Meyn M., Benecke K., and Lagally G. Anion exchange reactions of layered double hydroxides. Inorg Chem 29 (1990) 5201-5207
11. Wang D., Zhu J., Yao Q., and Wilkie C.A. A comparison of various methods for the preparation of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) clay nanocomposites. Chem Mater 14 (2002) 3837-3843
12. Cheary R.W.; Coelho A.A. Programs XFIT and FOURYA, deposited in CCP14. Powder Diffraction Library, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, England. http://www.ccp14.ac.uk/tutorial/xfit-95/xfit.htm, 1996.
13. Gilman J.W., Kashiwagi T., Nyden M., Brown J.E.T., Jackson C.L., Lomakin S., et al. In: Al-Maliaka S., Golovoy A., and Wilkie C.A. (Eds). Chemistry and technology of polymer additives (1999), Blackwell Scientific, London 249-265
14. PC Spartan 2.0 (1999), Wavefunction Inc, Irvine, CA
15. Jakupca M., and Dutta P.K. Thermal and spectroscopic analysis of a fatty acid-layered double-metal hydroxide and its application as a chromatographic stationary phase. Chem Mater 7 (1995) 989-994
16. Messersmith P.B., and Stupp S.I. High-temperature chemical and microstructural transformations of a nanocomposite organoceramic. Chem Mater 7 (1995) 454-460
17. Kandare E., and Hossenlopp J.M. Thermal degradation of acetate-intercalated hydroxy double and layered hydroxy salts. Inorg Chem 45 (2006) 3766-3773
18. Kandola B.K., Horrocks R.A., Myler P., and Blair D. New developments in flame retardancy of glass-reinforced epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 88 (2003) 2511-2521
19. Kandola B.K., Horrocks S., and Horrocks R.A. Evidence of interaction in flame-retardant fibre-intumescent combinations by thermal analytical techniques. Thermochim Acta 294 (1997) 113-125
20. Hu Y., and Li S. The effects of magnesium hydroxide on flash pyrolysis of polystyrene. J Anal Appl Pyrol 78 (2007) 32-39
21. Grassie N., and Scott G. Polymer degradation and stabilisation (1985), Cambridge University Press
22. Zhu J., Start P., Mauritz K.A., and Wilkie C.A. Thermal stability and flame retardancy of poly(methyl methacrylate)-clay nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 77 (2002) 253-258
23. Zanetti M., Camino G., Canavese D., Morgan A.B., Lamelas F.J., and Wilkie C.A. Fire retardant halogen-antimony-clay synergism in polypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem Mater 14 (2002) 189-193
24. Nazaré S., Hull T.R., Biswas B. Study of relationship between rheological and flammability properties of flame retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) containing nanoclays. In: 18th annual BCC conference on flame retardancy of polymeric materials, 21-23 May 2007, Stamford, USA.