Facing the fascist model: Discourse and the construction of labour services in the USA and Sweden in the 1930s and 1940s

Journal of Contemporary History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2006, Pages

  Götz, Norbert ^a,b   Patel, Kiran Klaus ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^b Swedish Institute of International Affairs

^c HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50849124654     PISSN: 00220094     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022009406058673     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. S. I. Rosenman (ed. ), The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. III (New York 1938), 420.
2. P. Brendon, The Dark Valley. A Panorama of the 1930s (London 2000);
3. D. Rothermund, Die Welt in der Weltwirtschaftskrise, 1929-1939 (Münster/Hamburg 1993);
4. Ch. P. Kindleberger, Die Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929-1939 (Munich 1973);
5. S. A. Nilsson, K. -G. Hildebrand and B. Öhngren (eds), Kriser och krispolitik i Norden under mellankrigstiden: Nordiska historikermötet i Uppsala 1974. Mötesrapport (Uppsala 1974);
6. J. A. Garraty, The Great Depression. An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties (Garden City, NY 1987);
7. for a comparative dimension see idem, 'The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression', American Historical Review, 78 (1973), 907-44.
8. For the history of the labour service of the Weimar Republic see K. K. Patel, 'Soldiers of Labor. Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933-1945 (New York 2005), with additional literature.
9. N. Götz, Ungleiche Geschwister. Die Konstruktion von nationalsozialistischer Volksgemeinschaft und schwedischem Volksheim (Baden-Baden 2001), 323-49;
10. D. Morgan, Weiblicher Arbeitsdienst in Deutschland (Mainz 1978).
11. An example of this propaganda is H. Müller-Brandenburg, 'The State Labour Service in Germany', Germany Speaks (London 1938), 189-96
12. a Swedish version in Tyskland talar (Stockholm 1939), 141-6;
13. also see the reports in Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin (PA/B), R 47643-47648, R 98846-98849.
14. Schweizerische Zentralstelle für freiwilligen Arbeitsdienst (ed. ), Arbeitsdienst in 13 Staaten. Probleme, Lösungen (Zurich/Leipzig 1937);
15. K. Holland, Youth in European Labor Camps. A Report to the American Youth Commission (Washington, DC 1939).
16. On the history of the CCC see Patel, op. cit. , 151-87;
17. O. Stieglitz, 100 Percent American Boys. Disziplinierungsdiskurse und Ideologie im Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942 (Stuttgart 1999);
18. J. A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps 1932-1942. A New Deal Case Study (Durham, NC 1967), each with additional literature.
19. N. C. Brown, The Civilian Conservation Corps Program in the United States (Washington, DC 1934), 6;
20. United States Senate and the Committee on Labor, House of Representatives, Seventy-Third Congress, Joint Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, First Session on S. 598, March 23 and 24, 1933 (Washington, DC 1933), 46.
21. E. g. 'Young Nazis Hail Labor Service Plan', New York Times (NYT), 17 June 1933;
22. O. D. Tolischus, 'Youth Labor Camp in Reich Described', NYT, 14 August 1933.
23. E. g. R. G. Swing, 'Take the Army out of the CCC', The Nation, 141 (1935), 450-60;
24. A. A. McKay, 'Advice to the CCC', New Republic, 8 May 1935, 369;
25. 'The Militaristic CCC', World Tomorrow, 18 January 1934.
26. H. H. Woodring, 'The American Army Stands Ready', Liberty Journal, 6 January 1934, 7-12;
27. as reactions e. g. 'Woodring Article Assailed', NYT, 8 February 1934;
28. C. Warren, 'CCC Generalissimo Bans Guns as Impractible', Daily News, 15 December 1934.
29. E. g. J. Hagood, 'Soldiers of the Shield', American Forests, 40 (1934), 103-5;
30. as reaction McKinney to Early, 7 March 1934, in National Archives and Record Administration/Hyde Park (NARA/HP), Official Files (OF) 268, Box 2;
31. cf. for the American discourse on dictatorship Benjamin L. Alpers, Dictators, Democracy, and American Public Culture. Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s (Chapel Hill, NC 2003).
32. Hierl to Reichs Ministry of the Interior, 25 April 1938, in PA/B, R 47647;
33. cf. for Leverich's earlier reports e. g. NARA/HP, Record Group (RG) 59/862. 504/447; 862. 504/451; 862. 504/452.
34. Wilson to Secretary of State, 29 July 1938, in National Archives and Record Administration, College Park (NARA/CP), RG 59/862. 504/545;
35. Welles to FDR, 22 December 1938, in NARA/ HP, OF 58B, Box 4;
36. FDR to Wilson, 3 September 1938, in NARA/HP, President's Private Files (PPF), Box 32.
37. Fechner to Adjutant General, 23 May 1939, in NARA/CP, RG 407, Box 47.
38. A. Krock, 'In the Nation', NYT, 15 December 1938;
39. 'CCC Men for Air Pilots', NYT, 28 August 1939.
40. FDR to Wilson, 3 September 1938, in NARA/HP, President's Secretary Files (PSF), Box 32.
41. Delano to FDR, 18 November 1940, in NARA/HP, PSF, Box 157;
42. E. Rosenstock, Arbeitsdienst - Heeresdienst? (Jena 1932).
43. 'Sharon, Vt. Camp under Quiet Study', Boston Herald, 6 February 1941;
44. also e. g. see 'Pioneer CCC Plan Pushed in Vermont', NYT, 2 February 1941;
45. 'Attacks on the CCC', Arkansas Democrat, 13 February 1941.
46. J. J. Preiss, Camp William James (Norwich 1978);
47. Riksdagens protokoll, Bihang, Motioner i Andra kammaren (1933) no. 485.
48. Report 'Till Riksdagen särskilda utskott' of 10 May 1933, 19. RA [=Riksarkivet], Yngre kommittéer 881, vol. 1.
49. Riksdagens protokoll, Bihang, Elfte samlingen, Särskilda utskottets utlåtande (1933), no. 17, 107.
50. Råd och anvisningar rörande hjälpverksamheten för arbetslösa: Utfärdade 1 september 1933 (Stockholm 1933), 136-9.
51. Since the Swedish term for piglet, 'nasse', is also used as a name for the nazis, this was a political pun; Rolf Edberg, 'Den frivilliga arbetstjänsten i praktiken', Frihet, 18 (1934), no. 3, 5-6.
52. concerning democracy, see Karl Malmsten, 'Arbetslöshet och frivillig arbetstjänst', Frihet, 17 (1933) no. 12, 3-4.
53. N. Thedin, 'Glimtar från ett arbetsläger', Studiekamraten, 17 (1934), 257-9.
54. 'Den frivilliga arbetstjänstens omfattning. Antal läger och arbetselever' in RA, Arbetslöshetskommissionen, Ungdomsavdelningen, Ö IIIf;
55. 'Statens arbetsmarknadskommissions verksamhet under juli 1942', Sociala Meddelanden, 52 (1942), 702-4.
56. 'Porträttet. Nora Torulf', Vagen framåt, 15 August 1954, 6, 8.
57. N. Torulf, 'Den tyska kvinnans arbetstjänst. Man utför ett arbete i tjänst hos sin folk', Nationell tidning, 8 (1937), no. 35, 1, 4;
58. N. Torulf, 'Kvinnlig samhällstjänst. Våra idéer vinna terräng. Det skarpaste motståndet kommer från de äldre och medelålders kvinnorna', Nationell tidning, 8 (1937), no. 45, 1, 6.
59. N. Torulf, Kvinnlig samhällstjänst. En signal i tiden (Stockholm 1937), 6.
60. B. Ohlin, 'Behöver Sverige en revolution?', Frisinnad ungdom, 5 (1938), no. 7, 1-5;
61. 'Frivillig kvinnlig samhällstjänst', Frisinnad ungdom, 6 (1939), no. 4, 14-15;
62. Stadgar för Riksförbundet Kvinnlig Samhällstjänst antagna den 9 mars 1939 och den 8 december 1940 (Stockholm 1941).
63. Riksdagens protokoll, Motioner i Första kammaren (1939), no. III (Tamm et al. ), no. 183 (Ohlin/A. Andersson/von Heland).
64. Riksdagens protokoll, Första kammarens första tillfälliga utskotts utlåtande (1939), no. 13;
65. Andra kammarens fjärde tillfälliga utskotts utlåtande (1939), no. 7.
66. Riksdagens protokoll, Första kammaren (1939), no. 28, 60, 63-4, 68 (Johanson, Ohlin, N. Andersson);
67. for an example of media coverage, see E. Tamm, 'Kvinnornas samhällsarbete', Dagens Nyheter, 25 April 1939.
68. Riksdagens protokoll, Motioner i Första kammaren (1941), no. 66 (Tamm et al. );
69. Motioner i Andra kammaren (1941), no. 103 (Andersson et al. ); regarding the labour camps and the service duty cf. footnote 46.