Safety behaviour does not necessarily interfere with exposure therapy

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 46, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 1111-1118

  Milosevic, Irena ^a   Radomsky, Adam S ^a  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; Cognitive therapy; Exposure treatment; Fear reduction; Safety behaviour; Specific phobia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROL GROUP; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEAR; FEMALE; GLOVE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHOBIA; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; SNAKE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANXIETY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; QUESTIONNAIRES; SAFETY; SNAKES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 50849120704     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.011     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders4th ed.(text revision). Washington, DC
2. Bandura A., Jeffrey R.W., and Wright C.L. Efficacy of participant modeling as a function of response induction aids. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83 (1974) 56-64
3. Barlow D.H., Gorman J.M., Shear M.K., and Woods S.W. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of American Medical Association 283 (2000) 2529-2536
4. Beck A.T., Epstein N., Brown G., and Steer R.A. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 (1988) 893-897
5. Beck A.T., Steer R.A., and Brown G.K. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. 2nd ed. (1996), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
6. Behar E., Vescio T.K., and Borkovec T.D. The effects of suppressing thoughts and images about worrisome and neutral stimuli. Behavior Therapy 36 (2005) 289-298
7. Bouchard S., Gauthier J., Laberge B., Plamondon J., French D., Pelletier M.-H., et al. Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 213-224
8. Carter M.M., Hollon S.D., Carson R., and Shelton R.C. Effects of a safe person on induced distress following a biological challenge in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 156-163
9. Chambless D.L., Caputo G.C., Bright P., and Gallagher R. The body sensations questionnaire and the agoraphobic cognitions questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52 (1984) 1090-1097
10. Choy Y., Fyer A.J., and Lipsitz J.D. Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clinical Psychology Review 27 (2007) 266-286
11. Clark D.M., and Wells A. A cognitive model of social phobia. In: Heimberg R.G., Liebowitz M.R., Hope D.A., and Schneier F.R. (Eds). Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (1995), Guilford Press, New York 69-93
12. Craske M.G., Antony M.M., and Barlow D.H. Therapist guide for mastery of your specific phobia (1997), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio: TX
13. Craske M.G., and Barlow D.H. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In: Barlow D.H. (Ed). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. 3rd ed. (2001), Guilford Press, New York 1-59
14. Deacon B.J., and Abramowitz J.S. Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: a review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60 (2004) 429-441
15. Foa E.B., Liebowitz M.L., Kozak M.J., Davies S., Campeas R., Franklin M.E., et al. Clomipramine, exposure and response prevention, and their combination for OCD. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005) 151-161
16. Foa E.B., and Kozak M. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 99 (1986) 20-35
17. Hofmann S.G., Schulz S.M., Meuret A.M., Moscovitch D.M., and Suvak M. Sudden gains during therapy of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2006) 687-697
18. Johnstone K.A., and Page A.C. Attention to phobic stimuli during exposure: the effect of distraction on anxiety reduction, self-efficacy and perceived control. Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 249-275
19. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
20. Kim E.J. The effect of decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics. Anxiety Disorders 19 (2005) 69-86
21. Marks I.M., Swinson R.P., Basoglu M., Kuch K., Noshirvani H., O'Sullivan G., et al. Alprazolam and exposure alone and combined in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a controlled study in London and Toronto. British Journal of Psychiatry 162 (1993) 776-787
22. Mowrer O.H. A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review 46 (1939) 553-565
23. Mowrer O.H. Learning theory and behavior (1960), Wiley, New York
24. Muris P., and Merckelbach H. A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 27 (1996) 241-244
25. Öst L.G., Westling B., and Hellstrbm K. Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 31 (1993) 383-394
26. Otto M.W., Smits J.A., and Reese H.F. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 Suppl. 5 (2004) 34-41
27. Powers M.B., Smits J.A., and Telch M.J. Disentangling the effects of safety-behavior utilization and safety-behavior availability during exposure-based treatment: a placebo- controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (2004) 448-454
28. Rachman S. Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 18 (1980) 51-60
29. Rachman S. The modification of agoraphobic avoidance behaviour: some fresh possibilities. Behaviour Research and Therapy 21 (1983) 567-574
30. Rachman S., Craske M., Tallman K., and Solyom C. Does escape behavior strengthen agoraphobic avoidance?. Behavior Therapy 17 (1986) 366-384
31. Radomsky, A. S., Teachman, B., Baker, V., & Rachman, S. (1996). Perceptual distortions and cognitions of feared stimuli. Poster presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy conference, New York.
32. Salkovskis P.M. The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: a cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy 19 (1991) 6-19
33. Salkovskis P.M., Clark D.M., and Gelder M.G. Cognition-behaviour links in the persistence of panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 453-458
34. Salkovskis P.M., Clark D., Hackmann A., Wells A., and Gelder M. An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 37 (1999) 559-574
35. Sartory G., Master D., and Rachman S. Safety-signal therapy in agoraphobics: a preliminary test. Behaviour Research and Therapy 27 (1989) 205-209
36. Schmidt N.B., and Telch M.J. Role of fear of fear and safety information in moderating the effects of voluntary hyperventilation. Behavior Therapy 25 (1994) 197-208
37. de Silva P., and Rachman S. Does escape behavior strengthen agoraphobic avoidance? A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 22 (1984) 87-91
38. Sloan T., and Telch M.J. The effects of safety-seeking behavior and guided threat reappraisal on fear reduction during exposure: an experimental investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 235-251
39. Steer R.A., and Clark D.A. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 30 (1997) 128-136
40. Szymanski J., and O'Donohue W. Fear of spiders questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 26 (1995) 31-34
41. Tang T.Z., and DeRubeis R.J. Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1999) 894-904
42. Thwaites R., and Freeston M.H. Safety-seeking behaviours: fact or function? How can we clinically differentiate between safety behaviours and adaptive coping strategies across anxiety disorders?. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33 (2005) 1-12
43. Thyer B.A., Papsdorf J.D., Davis R., and Vallecorsa S. Autonomic correlates of the subjective anxiety scale. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 15 (1984) 3-7
44. Tryon W.W. Possible mechanisms for why desensitization and exposure therapy work. Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 67-95
45. Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition (1958), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA