Magnetic fabric of sheared till: A strain indicator for evaluating the bed deformation model of glacier flow

Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Hooyer, Thomas S ^a   Iverson, Neal R ^b   Lagroix, France ^c   Thomason, Jason F ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^d ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEDLOAD; DEFORMATION; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; GLACIER FLOW; HYSTERESIS; MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY; MAGNETIC FABRIC; MODELING; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SHEAR STRAIN; TILL; TURBULENT FLOW; WISCONSINAN;

EID: 50849120431     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699011     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000757     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Alley, R. B. (1991), Deforming-bed origin for southern Laurentide till sheets?, J. Glacial, 37, 67-76.
2. Alley R. B. (2000), Continuity comes first: Recent progress in understanding-subglacial deformation, Geol Soc. Spec. Publ., 176, 171-180.
3. Arch, J., J. Maltman, and R.J. Knipe (1987), Shear-zone geometries in experimentally deformed clays: The influence of water content, strain rate and primary fabric, J. Struct. Geol., 10, 91-99.
4. Benn, D. I. (1995), Fabric signature of till deformation, Breidamerkurjokull, Iceland, Sedimentologv, 42, 735-747.
5. Benn, D. I., and D. J. A. Evans (1996), The interpretation and classification of subglacially-deformed materials, Quat. Sci. Rev., 15, 23-52.
6. Bennett, M. R., R. I. WaIler, N. F. Glasser, M. J. Hambrey, and D. Huddart (1999), Glacigenic clast fabrics: Genetic fingerprint or wishful thinking?, J. Quat. Sci., 14, 125-135.
7. Borradaile, G. J. (1991), Correlation of strain with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), Pure Appl. Geophys., 135, 15-29.
8. Borradaile, G. J., and C. Alford (1987), Relationship between magnetic susceptibility and strain in laboratory experiments, Tectonophysics, 133, 121-135.
9. Borradaile, G. J., and C. Alford (1988), Experimental shear zones and magnetic fabrics, J. Struct. Geol., 10, 895-904.
10. Borradaile, G. J. and M. Jackson (2004), Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ( AMS): Magnetic petrofabrics of deformed rocks, in Magnetic Fabile: Methods and Applications, Geol. Soc. PubL, 238, 299-360.
11. Borradaile, G. J., and M. A. Puumala (1989), Synthetic magnefic fabrics in plasticine, Tectonophysics, 164, 73-78.
12. Boulton, G. S. (1996), The origin of till sequences by subglacial sediment deformation beneath mid-latitude ice sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 22, 75-84.
13. Boulton, G. S., and R. C. A. Hindmarsh (1987), Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: Rheology and geological consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 92(B9), 9059-9082.
14. Carr, S. (2001), Micromorphological criteria for discriminating subglacial and glacimarine sediments: Evidence from a contemporary tidewater glacier, Spitsbergen, Quat. Int., 86, 71-79.
15. Carr, S. J., and J. Rose (2003), Till fabric patterns and significance: Particle response to subglacial stress, Quat. Sci. Rev., 22, 1415-1426.
16. Cladouhos, T. T. (1999), A kinematic model for deformation within brittle shear zones, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 437-448.
17. Clark, P. U., and A. K. Hansel (1989), Clast ploughing, lodgement, and glacier sliding over a soft glacier bed, Boreas, 18, 201-207.
18. Clarke, G. K. C. (2005), Subglacial processes, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 247-276.
19. Day, R., M. Fuller, and V. A. Schmidt (1977), Hysteresis properties of titanomagnetites: Grain-size and compositional dependence, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter, 13, 260-267.
20. Dowdeswell, J. A., and M. J. Sharp (1986), Characterization of pebble fabrics in modern terrestrial glaciogenic sediments, Sedimentology, 33, 699-710.
21. Dowdeswell, J. A., and M. J. Siegert (1999), Ice-sheet numerical modeling and marine geophysical measurements of glacier-derived sedimentation on the Eurasian Arctic continental margins, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 1080-1097.
22. c) 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data, J. Geophys, Res., 107(B3), 2056, doi:10.1029/2001JB000486.
23. Dunlop, D. J. and Ö. Özdemir (1997), Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 573 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
24. Easterbrook, D. J. (1988), Paleomagnetism of Quaternary deposits, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 227, 111-122.
25. Engelhardt, H., and B. Kamb (1997), Basal hydraulic system of a West Antarctic Ice Stream: Constraints from borehole observations, J. Glaciol., 43, 207-230.
26. Engelhardt, H., and B. Kamb (1998), Basal sliding of Ice Stream B, west Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44, 223-230.
27. Eyles, N., T. E. Day, and A. Gavican (1987), Depositional controls on the magnetic characteristics of lodgement tills and other glacial diamict facies, Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 2436-2458.
28. Fowler, A. C. (2000), An instability mechanism for drumlin formation, Deformation of glacial materials, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub., 176, 307-319.
29. Fuller, M. D. (1964), A magnetic fabric in till, Geol. Mag., 99, 233-237.
30. Gravenor, C. P., M. Stupavsky, and D. T. Symonds (1973), Paleomaginetism and its relationship to till deposition, Can. J. Earth Sci., 10, 1068-1078.
31. Grommé, G. S., T. L. Wright, and D. L. Peck (1969), Magnetic properties and oxidation of iron-titanium oxide minerals in Alae and Makaopuhi lava lakes, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5277-5294.
32. Ham, N. H., and D. M. Mickelson (1994), Basal till fabric and deposition at Burroughs Glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 1552-1559.
33. Hart, J. K. (1994), Till fabric associated with deformable beds, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 19, 15-32.
34. Hart, J. K. (1997), The relationship between drumlins and other forms of subglacial glaciotectonic deformation, Quat. Sci. Rev., 16, 93-107.
35. Hayman, N. W., B. A. Housen, T. T. Cladouhos, and K. Livi (2004), Magnetic and clast fabrics as measurements of grain-scale processes within the Death Valley shallow crustal detachment faults, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B05409, doi:10.1029/2003JB002902.
36. Head, K. H. (1989), Soil Technician's Handbook, 83 pp., John Wiley, New York.
37. Hicock, S. R., and A. Dreimanis (1992), Deformation till in the Great Lakes regions: Implications for rapid flow along the south-central margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Can. J. Earth Sci., 29, 1565-1579.
38. Hicock, S. R., J. R. Goff, O. B. Lian, and E. C. Little (1996), On the interpretation of subglacial till fabric, J. Sediment. Res., 66, 928-934.
39. Hindmarsh, R. C. A. (1988), Drumlinization and drumlin-forming instabilities: Viscous till mechanisms, J. Glaciol., 44, 293-314.
40. Hooke, R. L., and A. Elverhøi (1996), Sediment flux from a fqord during glacial periods, Ifsjorden, Spitsbergen, Global Planet. Change, 12, 237-249.
41. Hooyer, T. S., and N. R. Iverson (2000a), Clast-fabric development in a shearing granular material: Implications for subglacial till and fault gouge, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 683-692.
42. Hooyer, T. S., and N. R. Iverson (2000b), Diffusive mixing between shearing granular layers: Constraints on bed deformation from till contacts, J. Glaciol., 46, 641-651.
43. Hrouda, F., and J. Ježek (1999), Theoretical models for the relationship between magnetic anisotropy and strain: Effect of triaxial magnetic grains, Tectonophysics, 301, 183-190.
44. Iverson, N. R., R. Baker, and T. S. Hooyer (1997), A ring-shear device for the study of till deformation: Tests on a clay-rich and a clay-poor till, Quat. Sci. Rev., 16, 1057-1066.
45. Iverson, N. R., T. S. Hooyer, and R. Baker (1998), Ring-shear studies of till deformation: Coulomb-plastic behavior and distributed sttrain in glacier beds, J. Glaciol., 44, 634-642.
46. Jeffery, G. B. (1922), The motion of ellipsoidal particles immersed in a viscous fluid, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 102, 169-179.
47. Jelinek, V. (1978), Statistical processing of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measured on groups of specimens, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 22, 50-62.
48. Jelinek, V. (1981), Characterization of Magnetic fabric of rocks, Tectonophysics, 79, 563-567.
49. Jenson, J. W., P. U. Clark, D. R. MacAyeal, C. Ho, and J. C. Vela (1995), Numerical modeling of advective transport of saturated deforming sediment beneath the Lake Michigan Lobe, Laurentide Ice Sheet, Geomorphology, 14, 157-166.
50. Jenson, J. W., D. R. MacAyeal, P. U. Clark, C. L. Ho, and J. C. Vela (1996), Numerical modeling of subglacial sediment deformation: Implications for the behavior of the Lake Michigan Lobe, Laurentide Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4), 8717-8728.
51. Johnson, M. D. (1983), The origin and microfabric of Lake Superior Lobe red clay, J. Sediment. Petrol., 53, 859-873.
52. Johnson, W. H., and A. K. Hansel (1999), Wisconsinan Episode glacial landscape of central Illinois: A product of subglacial deformation processes?, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 337, 121-136.
53. Jørgensen, F., and J. A. Piotrowski (2003), Signature of the Baltic Ice Stream on Funen Island, Denmark during the Weichselian glaciation, Boreas, 32, 242-255.
54. Kjær, K., and J. Krüger (1998), Does clast size influence fabric strength?, J. Sediment. Res., 68, 746-749.
55. Lagroix, F., and S. K. Banerjee (2002), Paleowind directions from the magnetic fabric of loess profiles in central Alaska, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195(1-2), 99-112.
56. Lagroix, F., and S. K. Banerjee (2004), The regional and temporal significance of primary aeolian magnetic fabrics preserved in Alaskan loess, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225(3-4), 369-385.
57. Larsen, N. K., J. A. Piotrowski, and C. Kronborg (2004), A mulitproxy study of a basal till: A time-transgressive accretion and deformation hypothesis, J. Quat. Sci., 19, 9-21.
58. Larsen, N. K., J. A. Piotrowski, and F. Christiansen (2006), Microstructures and microshears as proxy for straw in sulnglacial diamicts: Implications for basal till formation, Geology, 34(10), 889-892.
59. Lawson, D. E. (1979), A comparison of pebble orientations. in ice and deposits of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, J. Glaciol., 87, 629-645.
60. Maltman, A. (1987), Shear zones in argillaceous sediments-an experimental study, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 29, 77-87.
61. Mark, D. M. (1973), Analysis of axial orientation data, including till fabrics, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1369-1374.
62. Menzies, J. (2000), Micromorphological analyses of microfabrics and microstructures indicative of deformation processes in glacial sediments, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 176, 245-258.
63. Ó Cofaigh, C., R. D. Larter, J. A. Dowdeswell, C.-D. Hillenbrand, C. J. Pudsey, J. Evans, and P. Morris (2005), Flow of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet on the continental margin of the Bellingshausen Sea at the Last Glacial Maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B11103, doi:10.1029/ 2005JB003619.
64. Owens, W. H. (1974), Mathematical model studies on factors affecting the magnetic anisotropy of deformed rocks, Tectonophysics, 24, 115-131.
65. Skempton, A. W. (1985), Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata, and the laboratory, Geotechnique, 35, 3-18.
66. Stupavsky, M., and C. P. Gravenor (1975), Magnetic fabric around boulders in till, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 1534-1536.
67. Stupavsky, M., D. T. A. Symonds, and C. P. Gravenor (1974a), Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of the Leaside and Sunnybrook tills near Toronto, Ontario, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85, 1233-1236.
68. Stupavsky, M., and C. P. Gravenor (1974b), Paleomagnetism of the Port Stanley till, Ontano, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85, 141-144.
69. Tarling, D. H., and F. Hrouda (1993), The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks, 217 pp., Chapman and Hall, London.
70. Thomason, J. F. (2006), Laboratory studies of till deformation with implications for the motion and sediment transport of the Lake Michigan Lobe, Ph.D. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames.
71. Thomason, J. R, and N. R. Iverson (2006), Microfabric and microshear evolution in deformed till, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 1027-1038.
72. Tika, T. E., P. R. Vaughan, and L. J. Lemos (1996), Fast shearing of pre-existing shear zones in soil, Geotechnique, 46, 197-233.
73. Tulaczyk, S., W. B. Kamb, and H. F. Engelhardt (2000), Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica 1. Till mechanics, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B1), 463-481.
74. van der Meer, J. J. M., J. Menzies, and J. Rose (2003), Subglacial till: The deforming glacier bed, Quat. Sci. Rev., 22, 1659-1685.
75. van der Wateren, F. M., S. J. Kluiving, and L. R. Bartek (2000), Kinematic indicators of subglacial shearing, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 176, 259-278.