Kautilya's Arthaśāstra on war and diplomacy in ancient India

Journal of Military History

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 9-38

  Boesche, Roǵer ^a  

^a OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 50649099361     PISSN: 08993718     EISSN: 15437795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jmh.2003.0006     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Max Weber, "Politics as a Vocation," in Weber: Selections in Translation, ed. W. G. Runciman, trans. Eric Matthews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 212-25, see 220
2. Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 60
3. Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1978), 12
4. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 4th ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988 [1966]), 31, 28-33
5. Arun Bhattacharjee, History of Ancient India (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1979), 143-48, 173
6. Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Chandragupta Maurya: A Gem of Indian History, 2d rev. ed. (New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 1996), 114
7. Wolpert, A New History of India, 59
8. Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 2
9. Bhattacharjee, History of Ancient India, 173
10. Romila Thapar, A History of India (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books, 1966), 79
11. H. C. Raychaudhuri, "Chandragupta and Bindusara," in K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ed., Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, 2d ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996 [1967]), 132-70, see 158
12. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 2d rev. ed. (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963), 350
13. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 1991), 60
14. Bhargava, Chandragupta Maurya, 102
15. M. V. Krishna Rao, Studies in Kautilya, 2d ed. (New Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, 1958), 232
16. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, "Aśōka and His Successors," in Sastri, Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, 202-48, see 202
17. V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, The Mauryan Polity (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993 [1932]), 240-59
18. John W. Spellman, Political Theory of Ancient India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 98
19. Julius Lipner, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London: Routledge, 1994), 83-88
20. Romila Thapar, Aśōka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 174
21. Sastri, "Aśōka and His Successors," 235
22. Thapar, Aśōka and the Decline of the Mauryas, 162
23. Thapar, Aśōka and the Decline of the Mauryas, 70, 152, 180, 158
24. Dikshitar, The Mauryan Polity, 258
25. D. D. Kosambi, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1994 [1964]), 141
26. Ram Sharan Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, 3d rev. ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1991), 38
27. Romila Thapar, The Mauryas Revisited (Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi and Company, 1987), 6
28. Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, 51, 59
29. Bhasker Anand Saletore, Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions (London: Asia Publishing House, 1963), 51
30. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 51
31. Kosambi, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, 14
32. G. P. Singh, Political Thought in Ancient India (New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 1993), 7
33. Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), 36
34. Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, 265-66
35. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.2.31: 319, and 7.14.2: 366
36. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.6.51: 453
37. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 14.3.88: 509
38. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.43-44: 384
39. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.7.60: 431
40. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 15.1.1-2: 512
41. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.7.68-69: 431
42. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.1.18: 317
43. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.1.9: 406
44. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 3.1.41-43: 195
45. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.4.62: 491
46. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.1.18: 407
47. see also V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, 2d ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987 [1948]), 38-39
48. Raychaudhuri, "Chandragupta and Bindusara," 156
49. L. K. Mahapatra, "Kingship in India and Southeast Asia: A Field of Transcultural Interaction," Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society 30 (November 1995): 201-15, see 205
50. Indra, Ideologies of War and Peace in Ancient India (Hoshiarpur, India: Vishveshvaranand Institute Publications, 1957), 54-55
51. Spellman, Political Theory of Ancient India, 173
52. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, 38
53. Narasingha Prosad Sil, "Political Morality vs. Political Necessity: Kautilya and Machiavelli Revisited," Journal of Asian History 19, no. 2, 101-42, see 123
54. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.1.59: 389
55. Kalidas Nag and V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, "The Diplomatic Theories of Ancient India and the Arthashastra," Journal of Indian History 6, no. 1 (1927): 15-35, see 15
56. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.1.56: 389
57. Burton Stein, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 78
58. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.2.19: 318
59. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.1: 380
60. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.2.13: 318
61. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.2.13: 318, my emphasis
62. Singh, Political Thought in Ancient India, 115-30, especially 127
63. see also N. N. Law, "Studies in Kautilya," Indian Historical Quarterly 7 (1931): 464-74 and 709-15
64. and N. N. Law, "Studies in Kautilya," Indian Historical Quarterly 8 (1932): 54-63
65. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.6.3: 338
66. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.1.1: 406
67. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.1.44: 408
68. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.5.47: 337
69. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.7.7: 343
70. John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 3-24
71. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.13.42-44: 366
72. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.14.2: 366
73. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.14.7: 367
74. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.6.15: 339
75. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.10.26-27: 354
76. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.11.18: 356
77. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 1.13.12, 1-11: 32
78. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.36: 383
79. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.37: 383
80. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.40: 383
81. Bimal Kanti Majumdar, The Military System in Ancient India (Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1960), 64
82. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2: 462
83. see Indra, Ideologies of War and Peace in Ancient India, 80-81
84. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 2.33.9: 180
85. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 5.3.35-36: 304
86. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 5.3.47: 305
87. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.6.17: 339
88. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.6.40-41: 342
89. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.13.43: 366
90. Majumdar, The Military System in Ancient India, 63
91. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.26: 440
92. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.1-2: 438
93. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.1.10: 460
94. see Nag and Dikshitar, "The Diplomatic Theories of Ancient India and the Arthashastra," 28
95. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.1.11-16: 460
96. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.1.32: 462
97. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.17-32: 461-62; 12.2.8-33: 462-64
98. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.1.10: 434
99. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.3.53-54: 395
100. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 11.1.34-35: 457
101. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 11.1.37,39: 457
102. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2.11-12: 463
103. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2.14: 463
104. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1972), 402
105. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2.1-7: 462
106. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.11.16: 356
107. see Arvind Kumar Srivastava, The Ancient Indian Army: Its Administration and Organization (Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1985), 80-81
108. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.1.38-40: 388
109. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.10.33: 355
110. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.15.11: 370
111. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.14.18-19: 368
112. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.1.29-30: 387
113. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.2.21-24: 412
114. Ram Sharan Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India, 3d rev. ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1990), 173-74
115. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.11.23-25: 357
116. Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India, 237
117. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.2.24: 412
118. Swaswati Das, Social Life in Ancient India: 800 B.C.-183 B.C. (Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 1994), 143-14
119. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.2.9: 411
120. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.39-40: 441
121. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.42: 441
122. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 8.2.18: 392
123. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.1.7: 406
124. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.2.14: 412
125. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.7.10: 428
126. R. P. Kangle, The Kautilīya Arthaśāstra, vol. 3, A Study (Delhi: Motilal Banardisass, 1992 [1965]), 263
127. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.4.15: 332-33
128. Rajendra Prasad, Politico-Geographical Analysis of the Arthashastra (New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1989), 58-60
129. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 6.2.16: 318
130. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.4.54-55,62: 490-91
131. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.8.8: 347
132. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.5.25: 472, my emphasis
133. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.18.40: 383, my emphasis
134. Charles Drekmeier, Kingship and Community in Early India (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962), 212
135. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.4.25: 419
136. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.5.10-11: 334
137. Nag and Dikshitar, "The Diplomatic Theories of Ancient India and the Arthashastra," 18
138. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.11.31: 358
139. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.10.27: 354
140. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.5.16-18: 335
141. Harit Krishna Deb, "The Kautilīya Arthaśāstra on Forms of Government," Indian Historical Quarterly 14 (June 1938): 366-79, see 370
142. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.5.27-28: 335
143. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.13.12: 362
144. V. Nagarajan, Evolution of the Social Polity of Ancient India from Manu to Kautilya, vol. 2 (Nagpur: Dattsons, 1992), 165
145. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.16.30-31: 375
146. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.16.22-23: 374
147. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.3-4: 491
148. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.11: 492
149. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.14: 492
150. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.6.2-5: 422
151. Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Ancient India, ed. and trans. Patrick Olivelle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 53
152. see also The Laws of Manu, ed. and trans. Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith (London: Penguin Books, 1991), 137-38
153. Daya Krishna, The Problematic and Conceptual Structure of Classical Indian Thought About Man, Society, and Polity (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), 96
154. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.4.52: 490
155. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.4.2-5: 485-86
156. "It is necessary, above everything that has been mentioned, to be careful not to bring the enemy into utter despair. About this Caesar was careful when fighting the Germans; he opened a road for them, seeing that since they could not run away necessity was making them bold." (Niccolò Machiavelli, The Art of War, in The Chief Works and Others, vol. 2, ed. and trans. Allan Gilbert [Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965], 561-726, see 700.)
157. John of Plano Carpino, a contemporary of Genghis Khan, described one of his tactics this way: "If it happens that the enemy fight well, the Tartars make a way of escape for them; then as soon as they begin to take flight and are separated from each other they fall upon them and more are slaughtered in flight than could be killed in battle." (Gérard Chaliand, ed., The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994], 469.)
158. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.6.5: 422
159. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.57: 442
160. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.2.4: 462
161. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.7-8: 491
162. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.11, 6: 491-92
163. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.24: 493
164. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.5.17: 492
165. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.16.26: 374
166. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince and The Discourses, trans. Luigi Ricci, E. R. P. Vincent, and Christian E. Detmold (New York: Modern Library, 1950), The Prince, ch. 17
167. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.4.6: 467
168. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.4.9: 486
169. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.5.43-48: 473
170. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.4.22-28, 9-10: 468-69
171. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 9.6.54-55: 425
172. Dharmasūtras, 159
173. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2.24, 19-23: 463-64
174. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 11.1.14, 9, 8: 455
175. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 11.1.6: 455
176. The Laws of Manu, 137
177. Srivastava, The Ancient Indian Army, 101
178. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.6.48-50: 453
179. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.2.26, 25-28: 464
180. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.3.4: 465
181. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.3.15: 466
182. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.4.21: 469
183. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.33: 440
184. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.36: 440
185. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.43: 441
186. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.2.27: 479
187. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.1.7: 475
188. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.1.1, 8: 474-75
189. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 13.1.9: 475
190. Ram Sharan Sharma, "Superstition and Politics in the Arthashastra of Kautilya," Journal of the Bihar Research Society 40, no. 3 (1954): 223-31, see 225-28
191. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 12.5.38-40: 472
192. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 10.3.1: 438
193. Kautilya, Arthaśāstra, 7.15.29: 372
194. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 77