FIRE EXPOSURES;
FIRE PERFORMANCE;
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS;
LNG;
LNG CARRIERS;
ORDER-OF MAGNITUDES;
POLYSTYRENE FOAM;
POLYSTYRENE FOAM INSULATION;
POOL FIRE RADIATION;
PRESSURE RELIEF;
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE SIZING;
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS;
TANK RUPTURE;
Public Safety Consequences Of A Terrorist Attack On A Tanker Carrying Liquefied Natural Gas Need Clarification, GAO-07-316, February 2007.
Public Safety Consequences Of A Terrorist Attack On A Tanker Carrying Liquefied Natural Gas Need Clarification, GAO-07-316, February 2007.
2
50549092430
Sandia National Laboratories, Guidance on Risk Analysis and Safety Implications of a Large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Spill Over Water, 2004.
Sandia National Laboratories, Guidance on Risk Analysis and Safety Implications of a Large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Spill Over Water, 2004.
3
50549092665
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, International Maritime Organization, London, second edition, 1993.
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, International Maritime Organization, London, second edition, 1993.
4
50549090520
United States Federal Regulation 46 CFR 54.15-25(c).
United States Federal Regulation 46 CFR 54.15-25(c).
5
0021001271
Safety relief valve sizing: API versus CGA requirements plus a new concept for tank cars
Heller F.J. Safety relief valve sizing: API versus CGA requirements plus a new concept for tank cars. Proceedings of the American Petroleum Institute, vol. 6 (1983) 123-135
Pressure Relieving Systems For Marine Cargo Bulk Liquid Containers, Committee on Hazardous Materials, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National Research Council, NAS, 1973.
Pressure Relieving Systems For Marine Cargo Bulk Liquid Containers, Committee on Hazardous Materials, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National Research Council, NAS, 1973.
7
50549100708
We are informed that all current LNG carriers utilize piping interconnecting all of the LNG tanks on the vessel in order to collect LNG boil-off gas for propulsion and that all valves in said interconnected piping connecting the cargo tanks to additional relief valves are required to be locked open when the ship is in service. As a result, actual relieving capacity may exceed that prescribed by Eq. (1). While this may be true, we believe that the current regulatory practice deserves careful review, since it is not clear whether relief valve capacity placed on external piping (as opposed to the tank itself) is authorized, or whether any such additional piping is designed to allow the boil-off gas flow rates that could occur if the vessel were exposed to severe, even multiple-tank, fire engulfment.
We are informed that all current LNG carriers utilize piping interconnecting all of the LNG tanks on the vessel in order to collect LNG boil-off gas for propulsion and that all valves in said interconnected piping connecting the cargo tanks to additional relief valves are required to be locked open when the ship is in service. As a result, actual relieving capacity may exceed that prescribed by Eq. (1). While this may be true, we believe that the current regulatory practice deserves careful review, since it is not clear whether relief valve capacity placed on external piping (as opposed to the tank itself) is authorized, or whether any such additional piping is designed to allow the boil-off gas flow rates that could occur if the vessel were exposed to severe, even multiple-tank, fire engulfment.
8
50549093633
At 538 °C the maximum permissible design strength (60% of yield) would equal its strength at temperature, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1988.
At 538 °C the maximum permissible design strength (60% of yield) would equal its strength at temperature, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1988.
9
50549089695
The range of solidus temperatures, or commencement of melting, for Aluminum alloys is ∼510-640 °C.
The range of solidus temperatures, or commencement of melting, for Aluminum alloys is ∼510-640 °C.
10
50549102028
Polystyrene foam melts over a temperature range: we assumed for the purposes of this analysis 510 K as a representative value.
Polystyrene foam melts over a temperature range: we assumed for the purposes of this analysis 510 K as a representative value.
11
50549094581
J.R. Welker, C.M. Sliepcevich, Heat transfer by direct flame contact fire tests-Phase I. Prepared for the National Academy of Sciences by University Engineers, Inc., Norman, Oklahoma, 1971.
J.R. Welker, C.M. Sliepcevich, Heat transfer by direct flame contact fire tests-Phase I. Prepared for the National Academy of Sciences by University Engineers, Inc., Norman, Oklahoma, 1971.
12
14744289299
Fire performance of foam-plastic building insulation
Zicherman J. Fire performance of foam-plastic building insulation. J. Architect. Eng. September (2003)
