Adherence to smoking cessation treatments

Promoting Treatment Adherence: A Practical Handbook for Health Care Providers

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 235-252

  Waldroup, Whitney M ^a   Gifford, Elizabeth V ^b   Kalra, Preety ^c  

^a University of Nevada School of Medicine   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR HEALTH CARE EVALUATION   (United States)

^c Veterans Administration   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50549083817     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781452225975.n15     Document Type: Chapter

References (88)

1. Abrams, D. B., Clark, M. M., & King, T. K. (1999). Increasing the impact of nicotine dependence treatment: Conceptual and practical considerations in a stepped-care plus treatment-matching approach. In J. L.Tucker, D. M.Donovan, & G. A.Marlatt (Eds.), Changing addictive behavior: Bridging clinical and public health strategies (pp. 307-330). New York: Guilford Press.
2. Alterman, A. I., Gariti, P., Cook, T. G., & Canaan, A. (1999). Nicodermal patch adherence and its correlates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53(2), 159-165. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00124-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716%2898%2900124-0
3. Diclemente, C. C., & Scott, C. W. (1997). Stages of change: Interactions with treatment compliance and involvement. In L. S.Onken, J. D.Baline, & J. J.Boren (Eds.), Beyond the therapeutic alliance: Keeping the drug-dependent individual in treatment (pp. 131-156). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
4. Lichtenstein, E., & Glasgow, R. E. (1992). Smoking cessation: What have we learned over the past decade? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(4), 518-527. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.4.518 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.4.518
5. Mallin, R. (2002). Smoking cessation: Integration of behavioral and drug therapies. American Family Physician, 65(6), 1107-1114.
6. Abrams, D. B., Clark, M. M., & King, T. K. (1999). Increasing the impact of nicotine dependence treatment: Conceptual and practical considerations in a stepped-care plus treatment-matching approach. In J. L.Tucker, D. M.Donovan, & G. A.Marlatt (Eds.), Changing addictive behavior: Bridging clinical and public health strategies (pp. 307-330). New York: Guilford Press.
7. Alterman, A. I., Gariti, P., Cook, T. G., & Canaan, A. (1999). Nicodermal patch adherence and its correlates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53(2), 159-165. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00124-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716%2898%2900124-0
8. Anda, R. F., Williamson, D. F., Escobedo, L. G., Mast, E. E., Giovino, G. A., & Remington, P. L. (1990). Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective. Journal of the American Medical Association26, 1541-1545. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450120053028 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450120053028
9. Antonuccio, D. O., & Danton, W G. (1999). Adding behavioral therapy to medication for smoking cessation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1983-1984. doi:10.1001/jama.281.21.1983 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.21.1983
10. Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., III, & Perez-Stable, E. (1996). CYP2D6 phenotype and the metabolism of nicotine and cotinine. Pharmacogenetic, 6, 239-242. doi:10.1097/00008571-199606000-00006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199606000-00006
11. Blake, S. M., Klepp, K. I., Pechacek, T. F., Folsom, A. R., Luepker, R. V., Jacobs, D. R., et al. (1989). Differences in smoking cessation strategies between men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 409-418. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(89)90028-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603%2889%2990028-2
12. Blank, M. B., Mahmood, M., Fox, J. C., & Guterbock, T. (2002). Alternative mental health services: the role of the black church in the South. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1668-1672. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1668 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1668
13. Borrelli, B., Spring, B., Niaura, R., Hitsman, B., & Papandonatos, G. (2001). Influences of gender and weight gain on short-term relapse to smoking in a cessation trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 511-515. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.511
14. Breslau, N., Fenn, N., & Peterson, E. L. (1993). Early smoking initiation and nicotine dependence in a cohort of young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 129-137. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90054-T http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716%2893%2990054-T
15. Bultman, D. C., & Svarstad, B. L. (2000). Effects of physician communication style on client medication beliefs and adherence with antidepressant treatment. Patient Education and Counseling, 40, 173-185. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(99)00083-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991%2899%2900083-X
16. Bushnell, F. K., Forbes, B., Goffaux, J., Dietrich, M., & Wells, N. (1997). Smoking cessation in military personnel. Military Medicine, 162, 715-719.
17. Caskey, N. H., Jarvik, M. E., Wirshing, W. C., Madsen, D. C., Iwamoto-Schaap, P. N., Eisenberger, N. I., et al. (2002). Modulating tobacco smoking rates by dopaminergic stimulation and blockade. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4(3), 259-266. doi:10.1080/14622200210153830 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200210153830
18. Centers for Disease Control. (2002). Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs-United States, 1995-1999. Morbidity and Mortality World Report51(14), 300-303.
19. Centers for Disease Control. (2003). Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality World Report, 52(42), 1025.
20. Centers for Disease Control. (2004). Targeting tobacco use: The nations leading cause of death 2004. Atlanta, GA: Author.
21. Cinciripini, P. M., & McClure, J. B. (1998). Smoking cessation: Recent developments in behavioral and pharmacologic interventions. Oncology, 12(2), 249-256, 259; discussion 260, 265, 272.
22. Cofta-Gunn, L., Wright, K. L., & Wetter, D. W. (2004). Evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of tobacco dependence. In J. A.Trafton & W.Gordon (Eds.), Best practices in the behavioral management of chronic disease (Vol. 1): Neuropsychiatric disorders. Los Altos, CA: Institute for Brain Potential.
23. Covey, L. S., Glassman, A. H., Stetner, F., & Becker, J. (1993). Effect of history of alcoholism or major depression on smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1546-1547.
24. Cummings, K. M., Biernbaum, R. M., Zevon, M. A., Deloughry, T., & Jaen, C. R. (1994). Use and effectiveness of transdermal nicotine in primary care settings. Archives of Family Medicine, 3(8), 682-689. doi:10.1001/archfami.3.8.682 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfami.3.8.682
25. Curry, S. J., Ludman, E. J., & McClure, J. (2003). Self-administered treatment for smoking cessation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 305-319. doi:10.1002/jclp.10131 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10131
26. Dalack, G. W., Glassman, A. H., Rivelli, S., Covey, L., & Stetner, F. (1995). Mood, major depression, and fluoxetine response in cigarette smokers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 398-403.
27. DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. O. (1990). Stages of change profiles in alcoholism treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 217-235. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(05)80057-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289%2805%2980057-4
28. Diclemente, C. C., & Scott, C. W. (1997). Stages of change: Interactions with treatment compliance and involvement. In L. S.Onken, J. D.Baline, & J. J.Boren (Eds.), Beyond the therapeutic alliance: Keeping the drug-dependent individual in treatment (pp. 131-156). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
29. Dilsaver, S. C., Pariser, S. F., Churchill, C. M., & Larson, C. N. (1990). Is there a relationship between failing efforts to stop smoking and depression? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology10, 153-154. doi:10.1097/00004714-199004000-00034 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199004000-00034
30. Fagerstrom, K. (1978). Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 3, 235-241. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(78)90024-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603%2878%2990024-2
31. Fagerstrom, K. (2002). The epidemiology of smoking. Drugs, 62(Suppl. 2), 1-9. doi:10.2165/00003495-200262002-00001 http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200262002-00001
32. Fiore, M. C. (2000). U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice guideline: Treating tobacco use and dependence. Respiratory Care, 45(10), 1200-1262.
33. Fiore, M. C., Smith, S. S., Jorenby, D. E., & Baker, T. B. (1994). The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271(24), 1940-1947. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510480064036 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510480064036
34. Fiore, M. C., Novotny, T. E., Pierce, J. P., Giovino, G. A., Hatziandreu, E. J., Newcomb, P. A., et al. (1990). Methods used to quit smoking in the United States. Do cessation programs help? Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 2760-2765. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440200064024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440200064024
35. Fornai, E., Desideri, M., Pistelli, F., Carrozzi, L., Puntoni, R., Avino, S., et al. (2001). Smoking reduction in smokers compliant to a smoking cessation trial with nicotine patch. Monaldi Archives of Chest Diseases, 56(1), 5-10.
36. Gao, X., Nau, D. P., Rosenbluth, S. A., Scott, V., & Woodward, C. (2000). The relationship of disease severity, health beliefs and medication adherence among HIV patients. AIDS Care, 12, 387-398. doi:10.1080/09540120050123783 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120050123783
37. Gifford, E. V., Antonuccio, D. O., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., & Piasecki, M. M. (2002, November). Combining Bupropion SR with acceptance based behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV.
38. Gifford, E. V., Palm, K., & Di Loreto, A. R. (in press). Smoking cessation in primary care. In W. T.O'Donohue, N.Cummings, D.Henderson, & M.Byrd (Eds.), Behavioral integrative care: Treatments that work in the primary care setting. New York: Taylor & Francis.
39. Gifford, E. V., & Schoenberger, D. (2003). Rapid smoking treatment for smoking cessation. In W.O'Donohue, J.Fisher, & S. C.Hayes (Eds.), Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice. New York: Wiley.
40. Ginsberg, J. P., Klesges, R. C., Johnson, K. C., Eck, L. H., Meyers, A. W., & Winders, S. A. (1997). The relationship between a history of depression and adherence to a multicomponent smoking-cessation program. Addictive Behavior, 22, 783-787. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00018-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2897%2900018-X
41. Glasgow, R. E., Schafer, L., & O'Neill, H. K. (1981). Self-help books and amount of therapist contact in smoking cessation programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 49, 659-667. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.49.5.659 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.49.5.659
42. Glassman, A. H., Stetner, F., Walsh, B. T., Raizman, P. S., Fleiss, J. L., Cooper, T. B., et al. (1988). Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 20, 2863-2866. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720190031026 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720190031026
43. Goldstein, M. G. (1998). Bupropion sustained release and smoking cessation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 4), 66-72.
44. Hall, S. M., Munoz, R. F., & Reus, V. I. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral intervention increases abstinence rates for depressive-history smokers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 41-46.
45. Haynes, R. B. (1979). Determinants of compliance: The disease and the mechanics of treatment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
46. Haynes, R. B., McDonald, H. P., & Garg, A. X. (2002). Helping patients follow prescribed treatments: Clinical applications. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2880-2883. doi:10.1001/jama.288.22.2880 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.22.2880
47. Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
48. Hitsman, B., Spring, B., Borrelli, B., Niaura, R., & Papandonatos, G. D. (2001). Influence of antidepressant pharmacotherapy on behavioral treatment adherence and smoking cessation outcome in a combined treatment involving fluoxetine. Experimental Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(4), 355-362. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.4.355 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.9.4.355
49. Hughes, J. R. (1995). Combining behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: An update. NIDA Research Monographs, 150, 92-110.
50. Hurt, R. D. (1999). New medications for nicotine dependence treatment. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 1(Suppl. 2), S175-S179; discussion S207-S210.
51. Hurt, R. D., Sachs, D. P., Glover, E. D., Offord, K. P., Johnston, J. A., Dale, L. C., et al. (1997). A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 1195-1202. doi:10.1056/NEJM199710233371703 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710233371703
52. Jaakkola, M. S., Ma, J., Yang, G., Chin, M. F., Benowitz, N. L., Ceraso, M., et al. (2003). Determinants of salivary cotinine concentrations in Chinese male smokers. Preventative Medicine, 36, 282-290. doi:10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00037-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435%2802%2900037-3
53. Jarvis, M. J., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Feyerabend, C., Vesey, C., & Saloojee, Y. (1987). Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. American Journal of Public Health, 11, 1435-1438. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.11.1435 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.77.11.1435
54. Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., Greener, J. M., & Rowan-Szal, G. A. (1999). Integrative modeling of client engagement and outcomes during the first 6 months of methadone treatment. Addictive Behavior, 24 (5), 649-659. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(99)00024-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2899%2900024-6
55. Jorenby, D. E., Leischow, S. J., Nides, M. A., Rennard, S. I., Johnston, J. A., Hughes, A. R., et al. (1999). A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(9), 685-691. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903043400903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199903043400903
56. Kamarck, K. W., & Lichtenstein, E. (1988). Program adherence and coping strategies as predictors of success in a smoking treatment program. Health Psychology, 7, 557-574. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.7.6.557 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.7.6.557
57. Kenford, S. L., Fiore, M. C., Jorenby, D. E., Smith, S. S., Wetter, D., & Baker, T. B. (1994). Predicting smoking cessation. Who will quit with and without the nicotine patch. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271(8), 589-594. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510320029025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510320029025
58. Killen, J. D., Fortmann, S. P., Schatzberg, A. F., Hayward, C., Sussman, L., Rothman, M., et al. (2000). Nicotine patch and paroxetine for smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 883-889. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.883 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.883
59. King, G., Polednak, A., Bendel, R. B., Vilsaint, M. C., & Nahata, S. B. (2004). Disparities in smoking cessation between African Americans and Whites: 1990-2000. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1965-1971. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1965 http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1965
60. Klesges, R. C., Brown, K., Pascale, R. W., Murphy, M., Williams, E., & Cigrang, J. A. (1988). Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. Health Psychology, 7, 575-589. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.7.6.575 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.7.6.575
61. Klesges, R. C., Ward, K. D., & DeBon, M. (1996). Smoking cessation: A successful behavioral/pharmacologic interface. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 479-496. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00028-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358%2896%2900028-1
62. Lichtenstein, E., & Glasgow, R. E. (1992). Smoking cessation: What have we learned over the past decade? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(4), 518-527. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.4.518 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.4.518
63. Mallin, R. (2002). Smoking cessation: Integration of behavioral and drug therapies. American Family Physician, 65(6), 1107-1114.
64. Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York: Guilford Press.
65. MizesS., SloanD. M., & Segraves, K. (1998). The influence of weight-related. variables on smoking cessation. Journal of Behavioral Therapy, 29, 371-385. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80038-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894%2898%2980038-5
66. Nemeroff, C. B. (2003). Improving antidepressant adherence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(Suppl. 18), 25-30.
67. Orleans, C. T., Resch, N., Noll, E., Keintz, M. K., Rimer, B. K., Brown, T. V., et al. (1994). Use of transdermal nicotine in a state-level prescription plan for the elderly. A first look at 'real-world' patch users. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271(8), 601-607. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510320041027 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510320041027
68. Patkar, A. A., Vergare, M. J., Batra, V., Weinstein, S. P., & Leone, F. T. (2003). Tobacco smoking: Current concepts in etiology and treatment. Psychiatry, 66(3), 183-199. doi:10.1521/psyc.66.3.183.25159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.66.3.183.25159
69. Pomerleau, O., Adkins, D., & Pertshuck, M. (1978). Predictors of outcome and recidivism in smoking cessation treatment. Addictive Behavior, 3(2), 65-70. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(78)90028-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603%2878%2990028-X
70. Pontieri, F., Orzi, F., & Di Chiara., G. (1996). Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature, 382, 255-257. doi:10.1038/382255a0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382255a0
71. Rand, C. S. (1993). Measuring adherence with therapy for chronic diseases: Implications for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Cardiology, 72(10), 68D-74D. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90014-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149%2893%2990014-4
72. Rand, C. S., Wise, R. A., Nides, M., Simmons, M. S., Bleecker, E. R., Kusek, J. W., et al. (1992). Metered-dose inhaler adherence in a clinical trial. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 146, 1559-1564.
73. Rausch, J. L., Nichinson, B., Lamke, C., & Matloff, J. (1990). Influence of negative affect on smoking cessation treatment outcome: A pilot study. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 929-933. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03723.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03723.x
74. Richmond, R., & Zwar, N. (2003). Review of bupropion for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(2), 203-220. doi:10.1080/09595230100100642 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230100100642
75. Rigotti, N. A. (2002). Clinical practice. Treatment of tobacco use and dependence. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(7), 506-512. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp012279 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp012279
76. Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D., & Fowler, G. (2004). Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, Issue 3, Article No. CD000146.
77. Stapleton, J. A., Russell, M. A., Feyerabend, C., Wiseman, S. M., Gustavsson, G., Sawe, U., et al. (1995). Dose effects and predictors of outcome in a randomized trial of transdermal nicotine patches in general practice. Addiction, 90(1), 31-42. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb01007.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb01007.x
78. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). Results from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved March 23, 2006, from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda/2k2nsduh/Results/2k2Results.htm
79. Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L. T., Takeuchi, D. T., & Zane, N. W. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 533-540. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.533 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.533
80. Tsoh, J. Y., McClure, J. B., Skaar, K. L., Wetter, D. W., Cinciripini, P. M., Prokhorov, A. V., Friedman, K., & Gritz, E. (1997). Smoking cessation 2: Components of effective treatment. Behavioral Medicine, 23, 15-27. doi:10.1080/08964289709596363 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08964289709596363
81. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy people 2010: With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health (2nd ed., 2 vols.). Washington, DC: Author.
82. U.S. Public Health Service. (1990). The Surgeon General's 1990 Report on the Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation Executive Summary: Introduction, overview, and conclusions. CDC MMWR, 39(RR-12), 2-10.
83. Waterhouse, D. M., Calzone, K. A., Mele, C., & Brenner, D. E. (1993). Adherence to oral tamoxifen: A comparison of patient self-report, pill counts, and microelectronic monitoring. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11, 1189-1197.
84. World Health Organization. (2002). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy lifestyle. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
85. World Health Organization. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
86. World Health Organization. (2004). The World Health Organization says that tobacco is bad economics all around 31 May-World No Tobacco Day 2004: The vicious circle of tobacco and poverty. Retrieved March 21, 2006, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr36/en/print.html
87. Zhu, S. H., Stretch, V., Balabanis, M., Rosbrook, B., Sadler, G., & Pierce, J. P. (1996). Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: Effects of single-session and multiple-session interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 202-211. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.202 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.202
88. Ziedonis, D., Wyatt, S. A., & George, T. P. (1998). Current issues in nicotine dependence and treatment. In E. F.McCancelor-Katz (Ed.), New treatments for chemical addictions (pp. 1-34). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.