Historic Acts? Santal Rebellion and the Temporality of Practice

Studies in History

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 209-246

  Banerjee, Prathama ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 50449099162     PISSN: 02576430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/025764309901500202     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Quoted in Eduardo Galeano, Memories of Fire. London, 1995, p. 880.
2. Ranajit Guha, An Indian Historiography of India: A Nineteenth-Century Agenda and ils Implication, Calcutta, 1988
3. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments, Princeton, 1993:
4. Sudipta Kaviraj, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nalionatist Discourse in India, Delhi, 1995.
5. Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, ‘Bangalar Itihas Sambandhe Kayekti Katha’, Bangadarshan, Agrahayan, 1880.
6. Special Commissioner to Secretary (hereafter Secy.), Govt. of Bengal, 26 September 1855, Judicial Proceedings, West Bengal State Archives, Calcutta (hereafter BJP), Vol. 299: 13, 1855.
7. Sambad Prabhakar. 11 July 1855.
8. Loch, Special Commissioner to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 13 August 1855. BJP, Vol. 294: 168, 1855.
9. Commissioner of Circuit, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 6 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 294: 158, 1855.
10. J.P. Ward, Commissioner on Special Duty, Ranigunj to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 20 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 297(1): 13, 1855.
11. Petition of Gangaram Mundle et al., Paharipur, 17 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298: 51, 1855.
12. Commissioner of Circuit, Burdwan to Magistrate, Birbhum, 24 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298: 87, 1855.
13. Ward to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 5 October 1855, BJP, Vol. 299:59, 1855.
14. Secy., Govt. of Bengal, to Commissioner, Bhagalpur, 20 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 293:58, 1855.
15. Commissioner, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 22 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 293:151, 1855.
16. Commissioner of Circuit, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 9 July 1855, BJP Vol. 291: 44, 1855.
17. Bidwell, Special Commissioner for Suppression of Santal Insurrection to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 13 October 1855, BJP, Vol. 300(1): 21, 1855.
18. Dhirendranath Baske, Saontal Ganasangramer ltihas, 5th ed., Calcutta, 1995, pp. 11–15.
19. Dhanai Kisku, Baba Tilka Manjhi tatha Bhagalpur, quoted in 1995. p. 13.
20. Seema Alavi, The Sepoys and the Company, 1770–1830, Delhi, 1995, p. 171.
21. H. Beverly, ‘Knotted Ropes used by the Santals in Taking the Census of 1872’, Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1872, p. 192.
22. P.O. Bodding, ‘The Kharwar Movement among the Santals’, Man in India, Vol. 1:3, pp. 240–61.
23. Sitakant Mahapatra, ‘Raghunath Murmu's Movement for Santal Solidarity’, in K.S. Singh, ed., Tribal Movements in India, Delhi, 1983, pp. 131–32.
24. Collector, Birbhum to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 6 September 1855, BJP Vol. 297(1): 25, 1855.
25. Diary of the Collector, Birbhum, 22 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298:60, 1855.
26. Special Commissioner to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 26 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 300(1): 4, 1855.
27. Asst. Magistrate, Monghyr to Special Commissioner, 23 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 300(1): 5, 1855.
28. Diary of the Collector, Birbhum, BJP, Vol. 298:43, 1855.
29. Liet. Col. Houghton, 63rd Regiment, NI to Brigadier Bird, Birbhum & Bankura Field Force, 29 December 1855, BJP, Vol. 306:59, 1855.
30. Asst. Magistrate, Monghyr to Special Commissioner, 13 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298: 16, 1855.
31. Ward to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 19 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298:38, 1855.
32. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren Mare Hapramko Reak Kathu, 1887, Oslo, 1942, pp. 188–90.
33. Chotrae Desmanjhi Reak Katha, in Baske, Ganasangramer Itihas, Appendix 2, p. 162.
34. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren, pp. 189–90.
35. Commissioner of Circuit, Burdwan to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 3 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 294: 27, 1855.
36. Commissioner, Burdwan to Magistrate, Birbhum, 10 September 1855, BJP Vol. 298:14, 1855.
37. Finch, Commanding Nulhati Detachment to Commissioner, Bhagalpur, 6 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 294:88, 1855.
38. Chotrae, pp. 162–70.
39. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren, p. 190.
40. Ward to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 13 October 1855, BJP, Vol. 300(1): 18, 1855.
41. Sambad Prabhakar, No. 5300, 12 Sravan 1855.
42. Commissioner, Burdwan to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 28 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 294:4, 1855.
43. Magistrate, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 24 July 1855, Vol. 293:221, 1855.
44. Commissioner of Circuit, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 10 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 291(11): 45, 1855.
45. Asst. Magistrate, Monghyr to Special Commissioner, 13 September 1855, BJP, Vol. 298: 16, 1855.
46. Magistrate, Murshidabad to Commissioner of Circuit, Nuddea, 25 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 293: 306, 1855.
47. Petition of Bhagea Manjhi to Sidhu and Kanu, BJP, Vol. 294: 130, 1855.
48. Durgacharan Manjhi to Jagannath Manjhi, 9 Sravan 1855 BJP, Vol. 294:130, 1855.
49. Sumit Sarkar, ‘Renaissance and Kaliyuga: Time, Myth and History in Kaliyuga’, in Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History, Delhi, 1997, pp. 186–215.
50. Basun Manjhi to Sidhu et al., BJP, Vol. 294:130, 1855.
51. Statement of Kanu Manjhi, BJP, Vol. 304:83, 1855.
52. Magistrate, Murshidabad to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 13 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 291(11): 46, 1855.
53. Deposition of Bullea Santal, 14 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 291(11): 67, 1855.
54. Copy of Sidhu's Deposition, 5 October 1855, BJP, Vol. 298:28, 1855.
55. Parwana from Sidhu and Kanu to residents of Rajmahal, BJP, Vol. 298:20, 1855.
56. Anon., ‘Santal Rebellion’, Calcutta Review, Vol. 26:51, 1856, pp. 243–44.
57. Richardson to Special Commissioner, 13 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 295: 90, 1855.
58. Deposition of Sheikh Sunno before Asst. Magistrate, Aurangabad, 9 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 291(II): 21, 1855.
59. Eden, in charge of Aurangabad to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 9 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 291(II): 2, 1855.
60. Commissioner, Burdwan to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 9 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 294: 118, 1855.
61. Quoted in a letter from the Magistrate, Purnea to Commissioner, Bhagalpur, 19 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 293:219, 1855.
62. Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, Cambridge, 1990, p. 82.
63. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, ‘Samajik Prabandha’, 1882, Bhudev Rachanasambhar, Culcutta, 1957, pp. 33–36, 146.
64. Quoted in Elizabeth Tonkin, Narrating Our Pasts, Cambridge, 1992, p. 56.
65. Stephen Fuchs, Rebellious Prophets, London, 1965;
66. Michael Adas, Prophets of Rebellion, Cambridge, 1979.
67. Cario Ginzburg, ‘Clues: Roots of an Evidential Paradigm’, in Carlo Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method, Baltimore, 1986, p. 117.
68. Carlo Ginzburg, ‘The Inquisitor as Anthropologist’, in Ginzburg, Clues, p. 164.
69. Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, p. 82.
70. W.G. Archer, ‘Introductory Comments’, Man in India, Vol. 25:4, 1945, p. 206.
71. ‘Editorial’, Friends of India, July–Dec, 1855.
72. Private letter, Capt. W. Sherwill to Commissioner, Bhagalpur, 20 July 1855, BJP, Vol. 293: 303, 1855.
73. E.T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, Calcutta, 1872, p. 209.
74. E.G. Man, Sonthalia and the Sonthals, Calcutta, 1861, pp. 26–27.
75. Digambar Chakravarty, History of the Santal Hoot, Suri, 1895–96
76. translated and reprinted in Paschimbanga, Vol. 29: 2–6, 1995, pp. 7–18.
77. Samachar Sudhavarshan, No. 459, 22 September 1855.
78. Sambad Prabhakar, 3 August 1855.
79. Anon., The Mutinies and the People Or Statement of Native Fidelty Exhibited during the Outbreak of 1857–58, by a Hindu, Calcutta, 1859.
80. See for instance, Rajanikanta Gupta, Sipahi Yuddher Itihas, Calcutta, 1876.
81. Commissioner of Circuit, Bhagalpur to Secy., Govt. of Bengal, 20 August 1855, BJP, Vol. 295: 107, 1855.
82. K.K. Datta, History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar, Pama, 1958;
83. P.C. Roychoudhury, 1857 in Bihar, Patna, 1959.
84. Subodh Ghosh, Bharater Adivasi, Calcutta, 1948, pp. 31, 195.
85. Chakravarty, History of the Santal Hool, p. 16.
86. ‘Itihas Samgraha’, Tattvobodhini Patrika, Bhadra, 1862.
87. Sibratan Mitra, ‘The History of Birbhum: the Name and Border of the District’, Birbhumi, Vol. 1:3, Poush. 1899, pp. 83–85.
88. Sibratan Mitra, ‘Collection of Historical Verses’, Birbhumi, Vol. 2:4, Magh, 1900–01, p. 99.
89. Gaurihar Mitra, Birbhumer Itihas, Suri, 1936, p. 149, 152, 153.
90. Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Aranyabanhi, reprint, Calcutta, 1966, p. 22, 25–26, 114, 142, 126, 110.
91. Loknath Dutta, Banabir-gatha, Calcutta, 1923.
92. Bankimchandra, ‘Bangalir Utpatti: Aryikaran’, Bangadarshan, Chaitra, 1880.
93. Rev. Knockaert, Further Progress among the Santals, Fifth Mission Tour, Purnea, 1917, p. 60.
94. Rev. Snell, The Hill Tribes of India, an Account of the Church Missionary Society's Work amongst the Santals, Paharias etc., London, 1891, pp. 6–8.
95. Snell, The Hill Tribes, p. 16.
96. Chotrae, pp. 174–75.
97. P.O. Bodding, Santhal Folk Tales I, 1925–29, reprint, New Delhi, 1990, p. 3.
98. Sagram Murmu to ‘guru’ Bodding, possibly sometime in 1907, quoted in Johannes Gausdal, The Santal Khuts: Contribution to Animistic Research, Oslo, 1960, p. 101.
99. J.A. MacPhail, Three Months in a Camp, being the Daily Journal of a Medical Missionary on Tour among the Santals, Pakur, 1893, p. 147.
100. For a discussion on how oral traditions too can be interpreted as productive of evidence, see the essays in Joseph Miller ed., The African Past Speaks, Dawson and Archon, 1980.
101. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren, p. 129.
102. Sagram Murmu, quoted in Gausdal, Santal Khuts, pp. 22–23.
103. Man, Sonthalia, pp. 92–93.
104. Dalton, Descriptive, p. 211.
105. Horkoren, pp. 13–14.
106. J. Smith, To Take Place: Towards Theory in Ritual, Chicago, 1987, pp. 109–10.
107. This I quote from Baidyanath Hansdah's Bengali translation of Horkoren.
108. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren, pp. 1–9, 12, 12–13, 10.
109. Horkoren, Juggi Harman's version, pp. 189–90, 103.
110. Annual Report of the Santhal Mission, Benagaria, 1887–88.
111. Kolean and Juggi Haram, Horkoren, pp. 126–27, 2–15.
112. Gausdal, Santal Khuts, pp. 128–29, 151, 157, 43.
113. Quoted by J. Culshaw, ‘Santal Rebellion’, Man in India, Vol. 25:4, 1945, p. 221.
114. James Fentress and Chis Wickham, Social Memory, Oxford, 1994.
115. Many texts of this kind were being published in the latter half of the nineteenth century—e.g., Rajnarayan Basu, ‘Ascharya Svapna’, Vividha Prabandha I, Calcutta, 1882;
116. Ramadas Sharma, Bharat Uddhar, Calcutta, 1878;
117. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, Svapnalabdha Bharatvarsher Itihas, Hugli, 1895;
118. Bhubanmohini Devi, Svapnadarshane Avigyan Kavya, Calcutta, 1877 etc.
119. Italo Calvino, Six Memos for the Next Millennium, London, 1992, p. 37.
120. W.G. Archer and G. Soren, Hor Seren, Dumka, 1943, No. 1,489.
121. George Gurvitch critiques the historical method by saying that history attempts to make reality conform to the collective subject/nation, by ignoring ruptures, hiding hierarchies and pretending, against all social experiences, that time is really a continuous chronology. George Gurvitch, The Spectrum of Social Time. Dordrecht, 1964, pp. 34–35.
122. Bodding, Santhal Folk Tales I. p. 95.
123. Gausdal, Santal Khuts, pp. 23–24.
124. W.G. Archer, The Hill of Flutes: Love, Life and Poetry in Tribal India, London, 1974, pp. 26–27. The Santal customs mentioned in this text were collected by Archer, 1942–46.
125. Gausdal, Santal Khuts, pp. 64–65.
126. P.O. Bodding, A Santal Dictionary I, Oslo, 1929, see entry for ‘bonga’.
127. Jacques Derrida, Spectres of Marx, New York, 1994.
128. In context of Indian history, this deconstruction and redeployment of the oral-literal divide can be seen at its best in Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency, Delhi, 1983;
129. Gautam Bhadra, Iman o Nishan, Calcutta, 1994;
130. Shahid Amin, Event, Metaphor, Memory, Delhi, 1995.
131. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley, 1984, p. 65.
132. David Lowenthal, The Past is Another Country, Cambridge, 1985.