Mercury and persistent organic pollutant concentrations in African fish eagles, Marabou storks, and Nile tilapia in Uganda

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 501-514

  Hollamby, Simon ^a   Afema Azikuru, Josephine ^b   Sikarskie, James G ^a   Kaneene, John B ^a   Bowerman, William W ^c   Fitzgerald, Scott D ^a   Cameron, Kenneth ^d   Gandolf, A Rae ^e   Hui, Gretchen N ^a   Dranzoa, Christine ^f   Rumbeiha, Wilson K ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Uganda Wildlife Education Centre   (Uganda)

^c CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden   (United States)

^e The Wilds   (United States)

^f MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

Author keywords

1,1,1 trichloro 2,2 bis(4 chlorophenyl)ethane; African fish eagle; Haliaeetus vocifer; Leptoptilos crumeniferus; Marabou stork; Mercury; Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus; Uganda

Indexed keywords

AVES; CICONIIFORMES; HALIAEETUS VOCIFER; LEPTOPTILOS CRUMENIFERUS; OREOCHROMIS; OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS; TILAPIA; VICTORIA;

EID: 5044249539     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.501     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. BECKER, P. H., D. HENNING, AND R. W . FURNESS. 1994. Differences in mercury contamination and elimination during feather development in gull and tern broods. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27: 162-167.
2. BLUS, L. J., S. N. WIEMEYER, AND C. J. HENNY. 1996. Organochlorine pesticides. In Noninfectious diseases of wildlife, A Fairbrother, L. N. Locke, and G. N. Hoff (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 61-70.
3. BOWERMAN, W. W., E. D. EVANS, J. P. GIESY, AND S. POSTUPALSKY. 1994. Using feathers to assess risk of mercury and selenium to bald eagle reproduction in the Great Lakes region. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27: 294-298.
4. BOWERMAN, W. W., D. A. BEST, J. P. GIESY, M. C. SHIELDCASTLE, M. W. MEYER, S. POSTUPALSKY, AND J. G. SIKARSKIE. 2003. Associations between regional differences in polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in blood of nestling bald eagles and reproductive productivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22: 371-376.
5. BROWN, L. 1980. The African fish eagle. Bailey Bros. and Swinfen Ltd., Folkestone, UK, 168 pp.
6. BROWN, L., AND T. J. CADE. 1972. Age classes and population dynamics of the bateleur and African fish eagle. Ostrich 43: 1-16.
7. BURGER, J. 1993. Metals in avian feathers: Bioindicators of environmental pollution. In Reviews in environmental toxicology, E. Hodgson (ed.). Toxicology Communications Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, pp. 203-311.
8. BURGER, J. AND M. GOCHFELD. 2001. Metal levels in feathers of cormorants, flamingos and gulls from the coast of Namibia in southern Africa. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69: 195-203.
9. CAMPBELL, L. M., R. E. HECKY, AND D. G. DIXON. 2003. Review of mercury in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Implications for human and ecosystem health. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B 6: 325-356.
10. COOKE, A. S., A. A. BELL, AND M. B. HAAS. 1982. Predatory birds, pesticides and pollution. Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, UK, 74 pp.
11. DAVIES, R. A. G., AND R. M. RANDALL. 1989. Historical and geographical patterns in eggshell thickness of African fish eagles Haliaeetus vocifer, in relation to pesticide use within southern Africa. In Raptors in the modern world, B. U. Meyburg and R. D. Chancellor (eds.). World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany, pp. 501-513.
12. DOUTHWAITE, R. J. 1992. Effects of DDT on the fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer population of Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe. Ibis 134: 250-258.
13. DWYER, E., S. PINNOCK, J. M. GREGOIRE, AND J. M. C. PEREIRA. 2000. Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fire as determined from satellite observations. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21: 1289-1302.
14. EISLER, R. 1987. Mercury hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85(1.10): 1-90.
15. EJOBI, F., L. W. KANJA, M. N. KYULE, P. MULLER, J. KRUGER, AND A. A. R. LATIGO. 1996a. Organochlorine pesticide residues in mother's milk in Uganda. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56: 873-880.
16. EJOBI, F., W. KANJA, M. N. KYULE, P. MULLER, J. KRUGER, J. P. H. NYEKO, AND A. A. R. LATIGO. 1996b. Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk in Uganda. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56: 551-557.
17. ELLIOTT, J. E., AND R. J. NORSTROM. 1998. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and productivity of bald eagle populations on the pacific coast of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 1142-1153.
18. FINLEY, M. T., AND R. C. STENDELL. 1978. Survival and reproductive success of black ducks fed methymercury. Environmental Pollution 16: 51-64.
19. FREIDLI, H. R., L. F. RADKE, AND J. Y. LU. 2001. Mercury in smoke from biomass fires. Geophysics Research Letters 28: 3223-3226.
20. FURNESS, R. W, S. J. MUIRHEAD, AND D. M. WOODBURN. 1986. Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the environment: Relationships between mercury content and moult. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17: 27-30.
21. GARCIA-MONTIJANO, M. A., J. A. LEMUS, A. MONTESINOS, R. CANALES, I. LUACES, AND P. PEREIRA. 2002. Blood chemistry, protein electrophoresis, and hematological values of captive Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33: 112-117.
22. GARIBOLDI, J. C., A. L. BRYAN, JR., AND C. H. JAGOE. 2001. Annual and regional variation in mercury concentrations in wood stork nestlings. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 1551-1556.
23. GOCHFELD, M., J. L. BELANT, T. SHUKLA, T. BENSON, AND J. BURGER. 1996. Heavy metals in laughing gulls: Gender, age and tissue differences. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15: 2275-2283.
24. GOUTNER, V., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1998. Feathers of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks in northeastern Greece, as indicators of geographical variation in mercury contamination. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 67: 379-390.
25. HAHN, E., K. HAHN, AND M. STOEPPLER. 1993. Bird feathers as bioindicators in areas of the German environmental specimen bank-Bioaccumulation of mercury in food chains and exogenous deposition of atmospheric pollution with lead and cadmium. The Science of the Total Environment 139/140: 259-270.
26. HANCOCK, J. A., J. A. KUSHLAN, AND M. P. KAHL. 1992. Storks, ibises and spoonbills of the world. Academic Press Ltd., San Diego, California, pp. 133-138.
27. HARTLEY, R. R., AND R. J. DOUTHWAITE. 1994. Effects of DDT treatmens applied for tsetse fly control on the African goshawk in north-west Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 32: 265-272.
28. HEINZ, G. H. 1996. Mercury poisoning in wildlife. In Noninfectious diseases of wildlife, A. Fairbrother, L. N. Locke, and G. N. Hoff (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 118-127.
29. HELANDER, B., M. OLSSON, AND L. REUTERGARDH. 1982. Residue levels of organochlorine and mercury compounds in unhatched eggs and the relationship to breeding success in white tailed sea eagles Haliaeetus albicella in Sweden. Holarctic Ecology 5: 349-366.
30. HOLLAMBY, S., J AFEMA-AZIKURU, J. G. SIKARSKIE, J. B. KANEENE, J. STUHT, S. D. FITZGERALD, W. W. BOWERMAN, K. CAMERON, A. R. GANDOLF, G. N. HUI, C. DRANZOA, AND W. K. RUMBEIHA. 2004. Clinical pathology and morphometrics of African fish eagles in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 523-532.
31. HONDA, K, T. NASU, AND R. TATSUKAWA. 1986. Seasonal changes in mercury accumulation in the black eared kite, Milvus migrans lineatus. Environmental Pollution 42: 325-334.
32. INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION. 1985. Report of the Aquatic Ecosystem Objectives Committee to the Great Lakes Scientific Advisory Board. International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
33. KAIRU, J. K. 1994. Pesticide residues in birds at Lake Nakuru, Kenya. International Journal of Salt Lake Research 3: 31-48.
34. KIDD, K. A., H. A. BOOTSMA, R. H. HESSLEIN, D. C. G. MUIR, AND R. E. HECKY. 2001. Biomagnification of DDT through the benthic and pelagic food webs of Lake Malawi, East Africa: Importance of trophic level and carbon source. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 14-20.
35. LALAH J. O., P. O. YUGI, I. O. JUMBA, AND S. O. WANDIGA. 2003. Organochlorine residues in Tana and Sabaki rivers in Kenya. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 71: 298-307.
36. LINCER, J. 1975. DDE induced eggshell thinning in the American kestrel; a comparison of the field situation and the laboratory results. Journal of Applied Ecology 12: 16-21.
37. LINCER, D. ZALKIND, L. H. BROWN, AND J. HOPCRAFT. 1981. Organochlorine residues in Kenya's Rift Valley lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 18: 157-171.
38. MATAGI, S. V. 2002. Some issues of environmental concern in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 77: 121-138.
39. MITEMA, E. S., AND F. K. GITAU. 1990. Organochlorine residues in fish from Lake Victoria, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 28: 234-239.
40. National Environment Management Authority. 1997. District state of the environment report. Kampala. National Environment Management Authority, Kampala, Uganda, 58 pp.
41. National Environment Management Authority. 2000. State of the environment report for Uganda 2000/2001. National Environment Management Authority, Kampala, Uganda, 192 pp.
42. NEWTON, I., AND I. WYLLIE. 1992. Recovery of a sparrowhawk population in relation to declining pesticide contamination. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 476-484.
43. OGUTU-OHWAYO, R., R. E. HECKY, A. S. COHEN, AND L. KAUFMAN. 1997. Human impacts on the African great lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 50: 117-131.
44. ORME, S., AND S. KEGLEY. 2003. The PAN pesticide database. The Pesticide Action Network, North America, San Fancisco, California, 355 pp.
45. POMEROY, D. E. 1973. The distribution and abundance of marabou storks in Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 227-240.
46. POMEROY, D. E. 1977. The biology of marabou storks in Uganda. I. Some characteristics of the species, and the population structure. Ardea 65: 1-24.
47. POMEROY, D. E. 1978. The biology of marabou storks in Uganda. I. Breeding biology and general review. Ardea 66: 1-23.
48. PRICE, H. A., R. L. WELCH, R. H. SCHEEL, AND L. A. WARREN. 1986. Modified multiresidue method for chlordane, toxaphene and polyclorinated biphenyls in fish. Euvironmental Contamination and Toxicology 37: 1-9.
49. ROULET, M., M. LUCOTTE, A. SAINT-AUBIN, S. TRAN, I. RHEAULT, N. FARELLA, E. DE JESUS DA SILVA, J. DEZENCOURT, C. J. SOUSA PASSOS, G. SANTOS SOARES, J. R. D. GUIMARAES, D. MERGLER, AND M. AMORIM. 1998. The geochemistry of mercury in central Amazonian soils developed on the Alter-do-Chao formation of the lower Tapojos River valley, Para State, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 223: 1-24.
50. SMITH, I., AND H. BOUWMAN. 2000. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in raptors from the North-west Province, South Africa. Ostrich 71: 36-39.
51. STATE OF THE LAKES ECOSYSTEM CONFERENCE (SOLEC). 1998. Selection of indicators. In State of the Lakes Ecosystem conference 1998, N. Stadler-Salt and P. Bertram (eds.). Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
52. STEWART, K. M, D. P. MATTHIESEN, L. LEBLANC, AND J. WEST. 1997. Prey diversity and selectivity of the African fish eagle: Data from a roost in northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 35: 133-145.
53. SUMBA, S. J. A. 1986. Breeding seasonality of the African fish eagle in Queen Elizabeth Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 24: 103-110.
54. SUMBA, S. J. A. 1988. Nestling growth in the African fish eagle in Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 26: 315-321.
55. TANNOCK, J., W. W. HOWELLS, AND R. J. PHELPS. 1983. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in eggs of some birds in Zimbabwe. Environmental Pollution (Series B) 5: 147-155.
56. TATSUKAWA, R., Y. YAMAGUCHI, M. KAWANO, N. KANNAN, AND S. TANABE. 1990. Global monitoring of organochlorine insecticides-An 11-year case study (1975-1985) of HCHs and DDTs in the open ocean atmosphere and hydrosphere. In Long range transport of pesticides, D. A. Kurtz (ed.). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 127-142.
57. THOMPSON, D. R., K. C. HAMER, AND R. W. FURNESS. 1991. Mercury accumulation in great skuas Catharacta skua of known age and sex and its effects upon breeding and survival. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 672-684.
58. UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 2002. Key economic indicators, 47th Issue, Chapter 39. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Entebbe, Uganda, 270 pp.
59. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME. 2001a. PIC Circular XIV-December 2001. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland pp. 1-238.
60. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME. 2001b. Revised list of requests for specific exemptions in annex A and annex B and acceptable purposes in annex B received by the secretariat prior to the commencement of the plenipotentiaries on 22 May, 2001. UNEP/POPS/ CONF/INF/Rev 3. pp. 1-5.
61. VAN STRAATEN. 2000. Mercury contamination associated with small scale gold mining in Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Science of the Total Environment 259: 45-53.
62. WEJULI, M. S., AND M. K. MAGUNDA. 2002. Atmospheric deposition monitoring in the northern L. Victoria watershed. Land Use Management Component, Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda, 2 pp.
63. WESTERMARK, T., T. ODSJO, AND A. G. JOHNELS. 1975. Mercury content of bird feathers before and after Swedish ban on alkyl mercury in agriculture. Ambio 4: 87-92.
64. WIEMEYER, S. N., T. G. LAMONT, C. M. BUNCK, C. R. SINDELAR, F. J. GRAMLICH, J. D. FRASER, AND M. A. BYRD. 1984. Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorbiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs (1969-1979) and their relationship to shell thinning and reproduction. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13:529-549.
65. WIEMEYER, S. N., C. M. BUNCK, and C. J. Stafford. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs- 1980-1984-and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24: 213-227.
66. WIKTELIUS, S., AND C. A. EDWARDS. 1997. Organochlorine insecticide residues in African fauna: 1971-1995. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 151: 1-37.
67. YEADON, R., AND T. J. PREFECT. 1981. DDT residues in crop and soil resulting from application to cowpea Vigna ungiculata in the sub humid tropics. Environmental Pollution. Seris B. 2: 275-294.