Palestinian women: The quest for a voice in the public square through "Islamikaze martyrdom"

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 66-96

  Israeli, Raphael ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5044237884     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550490446063     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. The term Islamikaze, which combines Islam with Kamikaze, has been coined by this author in his article "Islamikaze and their Significance", Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence, 9, 3, Aut. 1997, pp. 96-121.
2. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, cited by Juliette Minces, "Women in Algeria", in L. Beck and N. Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1978, pp. 159-171.
3. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, cited by Juliette Minces, "Women in Algeria", in L. Beck and N. Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1978, pp. 159-171.
4. I b i d.
5. Examples of both poles can be seen in the 33 articles in Beck and Keddie's book cited above. It is also instructive to look at the chapter on women in Ibn Warraq, Why I am not a Muslim, Prometheus,. N.Y: pp. 291ff.
6. Sheikh abu al-Hassan, the Head of the Fatwa Council, 18 October, 2001. Extracted from the Al-Azhar Internet site by Memri 28, Terror in America.
7. Al-Dustour (Jordan), 5 February, 2002.
8. Afaq Arabiya (Egypt), 7 February, 2002.
9. Al Quds-al-Arabi (London), 8 February, 2002.
10. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 5473, accessed 1 Feb., 2002.
11. I b i d.
12. Ibid. See also Sura XVII, verse 4, Muslim preachers routinely accused the Jews of spreading corruption in the world citing the biblical stories of the Jewish women who adorned themselves with jewellery, associated with the worship of the calf when Moses was on Mount Sinai receiving the Ten Commandments from God. The credibility of the Qur'an is supreme, being itself the Word of Allah, while many passages of the Bible were forged by Jews, according to Muslim belief, it is the Qur'anic text which prevails. Surat The Children of Israel says in effect, in its verse 4: "And we decreed for the Children of Israel in the Scripture: Ye, verily will work corruption in earth twice, and ye will become great tyrants".
13. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1620, accessed 5 June 1999.
14. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1628, accessed 22 May, 1999; and www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 2699, accessed 13 June, 1998.
15. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1628, accessed 22 May, 1999; and www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 2699, accessed 13 June, 1998.
16. I b i d.
17. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 4096. No date.
18. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1069. No date.
19. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1633, accessed 1 May, 1999; and = 4461, 4 September, 1999.
20. www.alminbar.cc/alkhutab/khutbaa.asp?mediaURL = 1633, accessed 1 May, 1999; and = 4461, 4 September, 1999.
21. Al-Jazeera Television (Qatar), 30 December, 2001.
22. I b i d.
23. Al-Quds (Palestinian Authority), 8 March, 2001. See also Sheikh Bitawi, in Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 12 August, 1999.
24. Al-Quds (Palestinian Authority), 8 March, 2001. See also Sheikh Bitawi, in Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 12 August, 1999.
25. Al'Awda (Palestinian Authority), 1 May, 1998.
26. Al-Quds (Palestinian Authority), 17 April, 1998.
27. Al-Ayyam, (Palestinian Authority), 12 August, 1999.
28. Al-Jazeera Television (Qatar), 30 December, 2001.
29. Al Quds (Palestinian Authority), 17 August, 2001.
30. Al-Jazeera Television, 30 December, 2001.
31. Al- Ra'y, (Qatar), 5 January, 2002.
32. See note 26.
33. I b i d.
34. Akher Sa'a (Egypt), 6 December, 2001.
35. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
36. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
37. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
38. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
39. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
40. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
41. See, i.e., B. F. Stowasser, "Liberated Equal or Protected Dependent?: Contemporary Religious Paradigms on Women's Status in Islam", Arab Studies Quarterly, 9:3, 1987; Ann Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Traditions and Politics, Westview Press, 1991; Nahid Toubia (ed.), Women in the Arab World: The Coming Challenge, Zed Books, London, 1990; Beck and Keddie (eds), Women in the Muslim World, (see note 2) And, more recently, Mareike Jule Winkelman, "The Construction of Female Identity in Muslim Modernity", Newsletter of the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), September 2001, p. 4; Martin van Bruinessen, "Islam, Women's Rights and Islamic Feminism", ISIM, September, 2002, p. 6; and Amir Weissbrod, ed. Turabi: Spokesmen of Radical Islam (Hebrew), the Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1999.
42. Hassan Turabi, Women in the Teachings of Islam (Arabic), cited by Weissbrod, (see note 31), pp. 53 ff.
43. I b i d.
44. Weissbrod, op. cit. pp. 55-56.
45. Akhbar al-Yaum, Egypt, 29 December, 2001.
46. I b i d.
47. The Times 9 September, 1996, and the Guardian, 9 September, 1996.
48. The Times 9 September, 1996, and the Guardian, 9 September, 1996.
49. The Mercury, cited in http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/sampleissuejan2001. asp
50. Le Monde, 9 September, 1998.
51. AFP, Paris, 14 September, 2001.
52. Even in relatively moderate Egypt, whose regime is one of the closest to America in the Muslim world, a case became cause célèbre recently, when an outspoken woman writer, Nawwal Sa'dawi, who criticized the Hajj to Mecca as an act of paganism, was declared heretic by Islamists, and her husband was ordered to divorce her. Previously, an academic from Cairo University, Dr Nasir Hamid abu-Zeid, who had been equally accused of heresy, was ordered to divorce his spouse and created a worldwide outrage. He exiled himself to the West rather than submit. For this note, I am indebted to my colleague, Dr Rivka Yadlin.
53. www.obm.clara.net/shari'acourt/fatwas/fs3.html.
54. Sura 5:33.
55. See note 23.
56. "Women, Gender and Politics", A. Sela (ed.) Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East, Jerusalem Publishing House, 1999, pp. 795-800.
57. See the Preface to the Hamas Charter in R. Israeli, Fundamental Islam and Israel: Essay in Interpretation, NY and London, University Press of America, 1993, pp. 123-125.
58. R. Israeli, "State and Religion in the Emerging Palestinian Entity", Journal of Church and State, Vol. 44, Spring 2002, pp. 240-1.
59. Qur'an, Sura 33:35 (Alahzab- the Clans).
60. See the Israeli Government's The Involvement of Arafat, Palestinian Authority Senior Officials and Apparatuses in Terrorism Against Israel, Corruption and Crime, compiled by Minister Dani Naveh, released in April, 2002, pp. 46-7.
61. See Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 2 February, 2002; Al-Ayyam (The Palestinian Authority), 31 January, 2002; Kul al-'Arab (Israel), 1 February, 2002.
62. See Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 2 February, 2002; Al-Ayyam (The Palestinian Authority), 31 January, 2002; Kul al-'Arab (Israel), 1 February, 2002.
63. See Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 2 February, 2002; Al-Ayyam (The Palestinian Authority), 31 January, 2002; Kul al-'Arab (Israel), 1 February, 2002.
64. Kul al-'Arab, 1 February, 2002.
65. Middle East News Online, 28 January, 2002; and Al-Sha'b (Egypt), 1 February, 2002.
66. Middle East News Online, 28 January, 2002; and Al-Sha'b (Egypt), 1 February, 2002.
67. Al-Sha'b (Egypt), 1 February, 2002.
68. Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 31 January, 2002.
69. Ibid. 2 February, 2002.
70. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 31 January and 2 February, 2002.
71. Afaq Arabiya (Egypt), 30 January, 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 31 January, 2002.
72. Afaq Arabiya (Egypt), 30 January, 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 31 January, 2002.
73. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 31 January, 2002.
74. Al-Sha'b. 1 February, 2002.
75. Al-Akhbar, (Egypt), 1 February, 2002.
76. I b i d.
77. Al-Ahram, 2 February, 2002.
78. Al-'Arabi, (Cairo) 3 February, 2002; and Al- Quds al-'Arabi (London), 4 February, 2002.
79. Al-'Arabi, (Cairo) 3 February, 2002; and Al- Quds al-'Arabi (London), 4 February, 2002.
80. Hadith al-Madina (Egypt), 5 February, 2002; and Al-Quds al-'Arabi, (London) 6 February, 2002.
81. Hadith al-Madina (Egypt), 5 February, 2002; and Al-Quds al-'Arabi, (London) 6 February, 2002.
82. Al-Ayyam, (Palestinian Authority), 1 February, 2002.
83. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 7 February, 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 8 February, 2002.
84. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 7 February, 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 8 February, 2002.
85. Al-Quds al-'Arabi, (London) 28 January, 2002.
86. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
87. Al-Ahram, (Egypt), 10 February, 2002.
88. Al-Dustour (Jordan), 24 February, 2002.
89. Al-Wafd. See ftn. 31 above.
90. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
91. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
92. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
93. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
94. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
95. Al-'Arabi (Egypt), 3 February 2002; Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London), 2 and 4 February, 2002. See also Al-Ahram (Cairo), 3 and 5 February, 2002; Al-Wafd (Egypt), 1 February, 2002; Al-Gumhuryya (Egypt), 31 January, 2002; Sawt al-Umma (Egypt), 3 February, 2002.
96. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 3 February, 2002; and Al Quds al-'Arabi (London), 4 February, 2002.
97. Al-Wafd (Egypt), 3 February, 2002; and Al Quds al-'Arabi (London), 4 February, 2002.
98. Cited in print by Memri (Washington and Jerusalem) 74, 30 October, 2001, article by Yotam Feldner.
99. I b i d.
100. There are no less than 6 references for the virgins and the black-eyed in Paradise that are mentioned or hinted to in the Holy Qur'an, and massive elaborations on those brief references in the vast literature of the Hadith, Palazzi specifes that those women are available not only to martyrs but to any Believer who accedes to Paradise.
101. Surat Al-Rahman, verse 58.
102. Surat Al-Waqi'a, verse 23.
103. Surat Al-Safat, verse 49.
104. Surat Al-Rahman, verse 70.
105. Cited in MEMRI. 74, 30 October, 2001.
106. Al-Hayat, 7 December, 2001, cited by Ha'aretz (Israel), 9 December, 2001.
107. Al-Hayat, 7 December, 2001, cited by Ha'aretz (Israel), 9 December, 2001.
108. A leaflet distributed in the streets of the major Palestinian cities on 27 November, 2001, accused the Palestinian Authority of exchanging intelligence with Israel and bringing about the liquidation of many Jihad fighters. Citing a verse from the Qur'an (17:18), the statement promised that its "truth would smash the Authority's lies", and that the latter would literally be sent to Hell.
109. The Jizya was limited to the Scriptuaries (Jews and Christians), while pagans were subjected to the sword. The payment of Jizya symbolized the subjugation of the dhimmis to Muslim rule, and in return for it they received protection from the Muslim state, the assumption being that no other state was legal.
110. Al-Risalah, (Palestinian Authority), 11 October, 2001.