Smoothing in occupational cohort studies: An illustration based on penalised splines

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 61, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 854-860

  Eisen, E A ^a,b   Agalliu, I ^b   Thurston, S W ^c   Coull, B A ^a   Checkoway, H ^d  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SILICON DIOXIDE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; HAZARD ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MINING; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COHORT STUDIES; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 5044226832     PISSN: 13510711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/oem.2004.013136     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Rice FL, Park R, Staynor L, et al. Crystalline silica exposure and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceaus earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:38-45.
2. Eisen EA, Bardin J, Gore R, et al. Exposure-response models based on extended follow-up of a cohort mortality study in the automobile industry. Scand J Work Environ Health 2001;27:240-9.
3. Park R, Rice F, Stayner L, et al. Exposure to crystalline silica, silicosis, and lung disease other than cancer in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:38-45.
4. Stayner L, Steenland K, Dosemeci M, et al. Attenuation of exposure-response curves in occupational cohort studies at high exposures. Scand J Work Environ Health 2003;29:317-24.
5. Wartenberg D, Northridge M. Defining exposure in case-control studies: a new approach. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:1058-71.
6. WartenBerg D, Savitz D. Evaluating exposure cut-point bias in epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1993;14:237-45.
7. Sullivan P, Eisen EA, Kriebel D, et al. Estimating risk under varying models of occupational exposure. Occ Hyg 1996;3:185-93.
8. Wacholder S, Dosemeci M, Lubin JH. Blind assignment of exposure does not always prevent differential misclassification. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:433-7.
9. Flegal KM, Keyl PM, Nieto FJ. Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1233-44.
10. Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ. Generalized additive models. London: Chapman & Hall, 1990.
11. Hemdon JE, Harrell RE. The restricted cubic spline as baseline hazard in the proportional hazards model with step function time dependent covariables. Stat Med 1994;14:2119-29.
12. Whittemore AS, Keller JB. Survival estimation using splines. Biometrics 1986;42:495-506.
13. Heinzl H, Kaider A. Gaining more flexibility in Cox proportional hazards regression models with cubic spline functions. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 1997;54:201-8.
14. Stone CJ, Koo CY. Additive spline in statistics. Proceedings of the Computing Section of the American Statistical Association. Washington, DC: American Statistical Association, 1985:45-8.
15. Schwartz J. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Tucson. Epidemiology 1997;8:371-7.
16. Schwarte J, Laden F, Zanobetti A. The concentration-response relation between PM (2.5) and daily deaths. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:1025-9.
17. Curriero FC, Heiner KS, Samet JM, et al. Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the eastern United States. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:80-7.
18. Rosenberg PS, Katki H, Swanson CA, et al. Quantifying epidemiologic risk factors using non-parametric regression: model selection remains the greatest challenge. Stat Med 2003;22:3369-81.
19. Eilers PHC, Marx BD. Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties. Statistical Science 1986;89:89-121.
20. Ruppert D. Selecting the number of knots for penalized splines. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 2002;11:735-57.
21. Ruppert D, Wand MP, Carroll RJ. Semiparametric regression. London: Chapman & Hall, 2003.
22. French JL, Kammann EE, Wand MP. Comment on "Semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects models and their applications" by Ke C and Wang Y. J Am Stat Assoc 2001;96:1285-8.
23. Thurston SW, Eisen EA, Schwartz J. Smoothing in survival models applied to workers exposed to several metalworking fluids. Epidemiology 2002;13:685-92.
24. Royston P, Ambler G, Sauerbrei W. The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables, Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:964-74.
25. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Seixas NS, et al. Dose-response associations of silica and nonmalignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:680-8.
26. IARC. Silica, some silicates, coal dust, and para-aramid fibrils. Volume 68. Lyon, France: IARC Publications, 1997.
27. Seixas NS, Heyer NJ, Welp E, et al. Quantitation of historical exposures in the diatomaceous earth industry. Ann Occup Hyg 1997;41:591-604.
28. SAS Institute. SAS procedures guide, Version 6, 3rd edn. Cary, NC: SAS, 1990.
29. Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with SPLUS. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
30. Hansen MH, Kooperberg C. Spline adaptation in extended linear models (with discussion) Statistical Science 2002;17:2-20.
31. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. Controlling healthy worker survivor effect: an example of arsenic exposure and respiratory cancer. Occup Environ Med 1996;53:455-62.
32. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied survival analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
33. Cain KC, Lange NC. Approximate case influence for the proportional hazards regression model with censored data. Biometrics 1984;40:493-9.
34. Fung WK, Zhu ZY, Wei BC, et al. Influence diagnostics and outlier tests for Semiparametric mixed models. J R Stat Soc Series B 2002;64:565-79.
35. Tukey JW. The future of data analysis. Ann Math Stat 1962;33:1-67.
36. Steenland K, Deddens JA. A practical guide to dose-response analyses and risk assessment in occupational epidemiology. Epidemiology 2004;15:63-70.