Tobacco control legislation: Tools for public health improvement

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 516-523

  Hodge Jr , James G ^a,b,c,d   Eber, Gabriel B ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

^d Ctr for Law and the Public's Health   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; LAW; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; TAX; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

EID: 5044226141     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2004.tb00165.x     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. C.W. Keyes, Cicero: de re Publica, de Legibus (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1928).
2. J.A. Tobey, Public Health Law: a Manual of Law for Sanitarians (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1926): at 238.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ten Great Public Health Achievements: United States, 1900-1999," MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48 (1999): 241-43.
4. L.O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, and, Restraint (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2000).
5. L.O. Gostin, S. Burris and Z. Lazzarini, "The Law and the Public's Health: a Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States," Columbia Law Review 99, no. 1 (1999): 59-128.
6. S. Wagner, Cigarette Country: Tobacco in American History and Politics (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971).
7. D. Boaz, "A Drug-Free America - or a Free America," University of California at Davis Law Review 24 (1991): 617-36.
8. An act to regulate the inspection of tobacco. [Maryland statute]. Annapolis: December 21, 1789.
9. Commonwealth v. Thompson, 53 Mass. 231 (1847).
10. P.D. Jacobson, J. Wasserman, Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation and Enforcement (Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1997).
11. C. Tate, Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of the "Little White Slaver" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
12. A.D. Lopez, "Measuring the Health Hazards of Tobacco: Commentary," Bull World Health Organ 77 (1999): 82-3; R. Doll and A.B. Hill, "Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung: Preliminary Report," British Medical Journal 2 (1950): 739-48.
13. A.D. Lopez, "Measuring the Health Hazards of Tobacco: Commentary," Bull World Health Organ 77 (1999): 82-3; R. Doll and A.B. Hill, "Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung: Preliminary Report," British Medical Journal 2 (1950): 739-48.
14. C. Chollat-Traquet, Evaluating Tobacco Control Activities: Experiences and Guiding Principles (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996); R. Roemer, Legislative Action to Combat the World Tobacco Epidemic, 2nd ed (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993).
15. C. Chollat-Traquet, Evaluating Tobacco Control Activities: Experiences and Guiding Principles (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996); R. Roemer, Legislative Action to Combat the World Tobacco Epidemic, 2nd ed (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993).
16. World Health Organization, Smoking Control Strategies in Developing Countries, Report of the WHO expert committee: Technical Report Series 695 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1983): 43.
17. R. Roemer, "Legislation to Control Smoking: Leverage for Effective Policy," Cancer Detection and Prevention Journal 9 (1986): 99-112; World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA39.14 Tobacco or Health, May 14, 1986.
18. R. Roemer, "Legislation to Control Smoking: Leverage for Effective Policy," Cancer Detection and Prevention Journal 9 (1986): 99-112; World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA39.14 Tobacco or Health, May 14, 1986.
19. World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA43.16 Tobacco or Health, May 17, 1990.
20. World Health Organization, Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997).
21. L. Biener, J.E. Harris and W. Hamilton, "Impact of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Programme: Population Based Trend Analysis," British Medical Journal 321 (2000): 351-54.
22. C.M. Fichtenberg and S.A. Glantz, "Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with Declines in Cigarette Consumption and Mortality from Heart Disease," N. Engl. J. Med. 343, no. 24 (2000): 1772-77.
23. A.L. Taylor and R. Roemer, "International Strategy for Tobacco Control," WHO/PSA/96.6 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996).
24. World Health Organization, "Chair's Text of a Framework Convention on Tobacco Control," A/FCTC/INB6/2, January 13, 2003.
25. D. Bodansky, "The Framework Convention/Protocol Approach Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Technical Briefing Series," WHO/NCD/ TFI/99.1 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999).
26. W. Onzivu, "Public Health and the Tobacco Problem: International Legal Implications for Africa," Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 29 (2001): 223-52.
27. Editorial, "Training the Lawmakers," Tobacco Control 8, no. 2 (1999): 132.
28. See Gostin, supra note 4.
29. I. Abedian, "The Optimal Policy Mix for Tobacco Control: a Proposed Framework," in I. Abedian, R. van der Merwe, N. Wilkins and P. Jha, eds., The Economics of Tobacco Control (Cape Town: Applied Fiscal Research Center, University of Cape Town, 1998): at 5-14.
30. Philip Morris, The Perspective of PM International on Smoking and Health Issues, March 27, 1985, Bates No.: 2023268351-2023268364, at 〈http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023268351-8364.html〉 (last visited July 7, 2004).
31. G.E. Guindon and S. Tobin, D. Yach, "Trends and Affordability of Cigarette Prices: Ample Room for Tax Increases and Related Health Gains," Tobacco Control 11, no. 1 (2002): 35-43; World Bank, Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1999).
32. G.E. Guindon and S. Tobin, D. Yach, "Trends and Affordability of Cigarette Prices: Ample Room for Tax Increases and Related Health Gains," Tobacco Control 11, no. 1 (2002): 35-43; World Bank, Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1999).
33. F.J. Chaloupka, T. Hu, K.E. Warner, R. Jacobs and A. Yurekli, "The Taxation of Tobacco Products," in P. Jha and F.J. Chaloupka, eds., Tobacco Control in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000): 237-72.
34. See World Bank, supra note 28.
35. I b i d.
36. See Guindon and Tobin, supra, note 28.
37. M. Scollo, D. Sweanor, "Tobacco Taxation [World's Best Practice in Tobacco Control]," Tobacco Control 9, no. 2 (2000): 229.
38. See World Bank, supra note 28.
39. P. Anderson and J.R. Hughes, "Policy Interventions to Reduce the Harm from Smoking," Addiction 95, suppl. 1 (2000): 9-11.
40. J.E. Cohen, V. Sarabia and M. J. Ashley, "Tobacco Commerce on the Internet: a Threat to Comprehensive Tobacco Control," Tobacco Control 10, no. 4 (2001): 364-67.
41. J. Turley, "A Crisis in Faith: Tobacco and the Madisonian Democracy," Harvard Journal on Legislation 37 (2000): 433-81.
42. L.O. Gostin, Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2002).
43. T. Seghers and S. Foland, "Anti-Tobacco Media Campaign for Young People," Tobacco Control 7, suppl. 1 (1998): 29-30.
44. R. Cunningham, "Canada: Warnings with Colour Pictures Required," Tobacco Control 9, no. 4 (2000): 362-63; Tobacco Products Information Regulations, SOR/2000-272, Canada.
45. L.T. Kozlowski, et. al, "Smokers' Misconceptions of Light and Ultra-light Cigarettes may keep them Smoking," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 15, no. 1 (1998): 9-16; J.S. Wigand, "Cigarette Testing Methods, Product Design, and Labeling: Time to Clean up the 'Negative Baggage'," Tobacco Control 7, no. 4 (1998): 336-37.
46. L.T. Kozlowski, et. al, "Smokers' Misconceptions of Light and Ultra-light Cigarettes may keep them Smoking," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 15, no. 1 (1998): 9-16; J.S. Wigand, "Cigarette Testing Methods, Product Design, and Labeling: Time to Clean up the 'Negative Baggage'," Tobacco Control 7, no. 4 (1998): 336-37.
47. J.D. Hanson and D.A. Kysar, "Taking Behavioralism Seriously: Some Evidence of Market Manipulation," Harvard Law Review 112, no. 7 (1999): 1420-1572.
48. Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents, 61 Fed. Reg. 44396, 44968 (August 28, 1996). Analysis Regarding the Food and Drug Administration's Jurisdiction over Nicotine-containing Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products, 60 Fed. Reg. 41453, 41716 (August 11, 1995).
49. S.A. Bialous and D. Yach, "Whose Standard is it, Anyway? How the Tobacco Industry Determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards for Tobacco and Tobacco Products," Tobacco Control 10, no. 2 (2001): 96-104.
50. H. Saffer and F. Chaloupka, "The Effect of Tobacco Advertising Bans on Tobacco Consumption," Journal of Health Economics 19, no. 6 (2000): 1117-37.
51. M. Wolfson, The Fight Against big Tobacco: the Movement, the State, and the Public's Health (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2001).
52. R. Bayer and J. Colgrove, "Science, Politics, and Ideology in the Campaign against Environmental Tobacco Smoke," American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 6 (2002): 949-54; J.R. Gusfield, "The Social Symbolism of Smoking and Health," in R.L. Rabin and S.D. Sugarman, eds., Smoking Policy: Law, Politics, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993): at 49-68.
53. R. Bayer and J. Colgrove, "Science, Politics, and Ideology in the Campaign against Environmental Tobacco Smoke," American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 6 (2002): 949-54; J.R. Gusfield, "The Social Symbolism of Smoking and Health," in R.L. Rabin and S.D. Sugarman, eds., Smoking Policy: Law, Politics, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993): at 49-68.
54. 49 U.S.C.S. § 41706 (Law. Co-op. 1994 & Supp. 2000); 14 C.F.R. § 252.1 (2003).
55. S.A. Glantz and L.R.A. Smith, "The Effect of Ordinances Requiring Smoke-free Restaurants and Bars on Revenues: a Follow-up," American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 10 (1997): 1687-93.
56. J.A. Fishman et. al., "State Laws on Tobacco Control - United States, 1998," MMWR CDC Surveillance Summary 48, no. SS-3 (1999): 21-63.
57. M. Bloch and D.R. Shopland, "Outdoor Smoking Bans: More than Meets the Eye," Tobacco Control 9, no. 1 (2000): 99.
58. K.K. Corbett, "Susceptibility of Youth to Tobacco: a Social Ecological Framework for Prevention," Respiration Physiology 128, no. 1 (2001): 103-18.
59. S.E. Jones et. al., "Cigarette Acquisition and Proof of Age Among US High School Students Who Smoke," Tobacco Control 11, no. 1 (2002): 20-25.
60. P.M. Lin, A. Landman and S.A. Glantz, "It is time to Abandon Youth Access Tobacco Programmes," Tobacco Control 11, no. 1 (2002): 3-6.
61. K.M. Ribisl, A.E. Kim and R.S. Williams, "Are the Sales Practices of Internet Cigarette Vendors Good Enough to Prevent Sales to Minors?" American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 6 (2002): 940-41.
62. See Corbett, supra note 52.
63. Institute of Medicine, Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2001).
64. I b i d.
65. See Chollat-Traquet, supra note 13.
66. Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2001 OJ (L 194): 26-35.
67. See Anderson and Hughes, supra note 35.
68. Environmental Protection Agency, Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, EPA/600/6-90/006F (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency, 1992).
69. R. Otsuka et. al., "Acute Effects of Passive Smoking on the Coronary Circulation in Healthy Young Adults," JAMA 286, no. 4 (2001): 436-41.
70. A. Heloma, M.S. Jaakkola, E. Khken and K. Reijula, "The Short-term Impact of National Smoke-free Workplace Legislation on Passive Smoking and Tobacco Use," American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 9 (2001): 1416-18.
71. See Chollat-Traquet, supra note 13.
72. Tobacco Products Control Act 83, South Africa, 1993.
73. D. Swart and P. Reddy, Strengthening Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy Development in South Africa using Political Mapping (Tygersberg, South Africa: Medical Research Council of South Africa, 1998), available at 〈http://www.idrc.ca/tobacco/nhprdo.pdf〉 (last visited July 7, 2004).
74. Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act 12, South Africa, 1999.
75. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, "Regulation on the Labelling of Tobacco Products and on the Tar and Nicotine Yield of Cigarettes," Norway, December 15, 1995.
76. P. Karugaba, Tobacco Litigation: Making use of the US Litigation Experience in Uganda, presentation at The World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Chicago, Illinois, August 6-11, 2000, available at 〈http://www.globalink. org/tobacco/docs/af-docs/0011karugaba2.shtml〉 (last visited July 12, 2004).
77. Sharp v. Guinery t/as Port Kembla Hotel & Port Kembla RSL Club, Supreme Court of New South Wales, NSWSC 336, 2001.
78. Ramakrishnan v. State of Kerala. O.P.No. 24160 of 1998-A, India. "India: High Court bans smoking in public places," The Hindu, July 13 1999.
79. Murli S Deora v Union of India & Ors, Supreme Court of India, 510 LRI 4, 2001.
80. Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525 (2001).
81. E. Chemerinsky, Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies 2nd ed. (New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2002).
82. Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525 (2001).
83. R. McMonnies, "Ngo Ngo Ha and the High Court v. New South Wales: Historical Purpose in History and Law," Federal Law Review 27, no. 3 (1999): 474-81 Ngo Ngo Ha and Anor v. State of New South Wales & ORS, 189 CLR 465 (1997).
84. B.R. Opeskin, "The Architecture of Public Health Law Reform: Harmonisation of Law in a Federal System," Melbourne University Law Review 22 (1998): 337-69.
85. E.A. Klonoff et. al., "An Instrument for Assessing the Quality of Tobacco-control Policies: the ACT-L scale," Preventive Medicine 27 (1998): 808-14.
86. J.E. Cohen et. al., "Predictors of Canadian legislators' Support for Tobacco Control Policies," Social Science and Medicine 55, no. 6 (2002): 1069-76.
87. H.A. Waxman, "The Future of the Global Tobacco Treaty Negotiations," N. Engl. J. Med. 346, no. 12 (2002): 936-39.
88. R.G. Laforge et. al. "Measuring Support for Tobacco Control Policy in Selected Areas of Six Countries," Tobacco Control 7, no. 3 (1998): 241-46.
89. See Cohen et. al., supra note 80.