Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 22, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 803-812

  Lane, Andrew M ^a   Harwood, Chris ^b   Terry, Peter C ^c   Karageorghis, Costas I ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^d BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Measurement; Model testing; Psychological skills; Structural equations

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; ATTENTION; COMPETITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMAGERY; LEISURE; MALE; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RATING SCALE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SPORTS MEDICINE; TASK PERFORMANCE; THINKING; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ADOLESCENT; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SPORTS;

EID: 5044220292     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640410410001716689     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Anastasi, A. and Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological Testing, 7th edn. New York: Prentice-Hall.
2. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
3. Bentler, P.M. (1995). EQS Structural Equation Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
4. Bentler, P.M. and Wu, E.J.C. (1995). EQS/Windows User's Guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
5. Biddle, S.J.H., Markland, D., Gilbourne, D., Chatzisarantis, N. and Sparkes, A.C. (2001). Research methods in sport and exercise psychology: quantitative and qualitative issues. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 777-809.
6. Bloom, B.S. (1985). Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballatine.
7. Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Testing Structural Equation Models (edited by K.A. Bollen and J.S. Long), pp. 132-162. Newbury, CA: Sage.
8. Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural Equation Modelling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Byrne, B.M. (2000). Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10. Chartrand, J.M., Jowdy, D.P. and Danish, S.J. (1992). The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports: psychometric characteristics and applied implications. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 405-413.
11. Chou, C. and Bentler, P. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modelling. In Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (edited by R.H. Hoyle), pp. 158-175. London: Sage.
12. Comrey, A.L. and Lee, H.B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis, 2nd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 395-417.
14. Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
15. Csikzentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., Whalen, S. and Wong, M. (1993). Talented Teenagers: The Roots of Success and Failure. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Fletcher, D. and Hanton, S. (2001). The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2, 89-101.
17. Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K. and Moffatt, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 172-204.
18. Hanton, S. and Jones, J.G. (1999). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1-21.
19. Hardy, L., Jones, J.G. and Gould, D. (1996). Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Petformers. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
20. Harwood, C. and Swain, A. (2001). The development and activation of achievement goals in tennis: I. Understanding the underlying factors. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 319-341.
21. Hoyle, R.H. and Panter, A.T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (edited by R.H. Hoyle), pp. 158-175. London: Sage.
22. Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
23. Jackson, S.A., Thomas, P.R., Marsh, H.W. and Smethurst, C.J. (2000). Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 129-153.
24. Kline, P. (1998). Handbook of Psychological Testing. London: Routledge.
25. Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Lazarus, R.S. (1999). The cognition-emotion debate: a bit of history. In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (edited by T. Dalgleish and M. Power), pp. 3-19. New York: Wiley.
27. Loewenthal, K.M. (2001). An Introduction to Psychological Tests and Scales, 2nd edn. London: UCL Press.
28. Mahoney, M.J., Gabriel, T.J. and Perkins, T.S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181-199.
29. Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R. and McDonald, R.P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: the effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
30. Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R. and Hau, K.T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indices: a clarification of mathematical and empirical properties. In Advanced Structural Equation Mmodelling (edited by G.A. Marcoulides and R.E. Schumaker), pp. 315-353. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Martens, R., Vealey, R.S. and Burton, D. (1990). Competitive Anxiety in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
32. Mullan, E., Markland, D. and Ingledew, D.K. (1997). A graded conceptualization of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behavior: development of a measure using confirmatory factor analysis procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 745-752.
33. Murphy, S.M. and Tammen, V. (1988). In search of psychological skills. In Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement (edited by J.L. Duda), pp. 195-209. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
34. Nevill, A., Lane, A.M., Kilgour, L., Bowes, N. and Whyte, G. (2001). Stability of psychometric questionnaires. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 273-278.
35. Schutz, R.W. (1994). Methodological issues and measurement problems in sport psychology. In International Perspectives on Sport and Exercise Psychology (edited by S. Serpa, J. Alves and V. Pataco), pp. 35-57. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
36. Schutz, R.W. and Gessaroli, M.E. (1993). Use, misuse, and disuse of statistics in psychology research. In Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology (edited by R.N. Singer, M. Murphey and L.K. Tennant), pp. 901-921. New York: Mamillan.
37. Smith, R.E., Schutz, R.W., Smoll, F.L. and Ptacek, J.T. (1995). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 379-398.
38. Steiger, J.H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
39. Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics, 4th edn. New York: Harper & Row.
40. Taylor, J. (1995). A conceptual model for integrating athletes' needs and sport demands of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 339-357.
41. Thomas, P.R. and Over, R. (1994). Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with golf performance. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 73-86.
42. Thomas, P.R., Murphy, S. and Hardy, L. (1999). Test of Performance Strategies: development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes' psychological skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697-711.
43. Thompson, B. and Daniel, L.G. (1996). Factor analytic evidence for the construct validity of scores: a historical overview and some guidelines. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 197-208.
44. Tucker, L.R. and Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10.
45. West, S.G., Finch, J.F. and Curren, P.J. (1995). Structural equations models with nonnormal variables: problems and remedies. In Structural Equation Modelling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (edited by R.H. Hoyle), pp. 56-73. London: Sage.
46. White, S.A. (1993). The relationship between psychological skills, experience, and practice commitment among collegiate male and female skiers. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 49-57.
47. Woodman, T. and Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443-457.