Ischemic mitral regurgitation: A complex multifaceted disease

Cardiology

Volumn 112, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 244-259

  Magne, Julien ^a   Sénéchal, Mario ^a   Dumesnil, Jean G ^a   Pibarot, Philippe ^a  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ischemia; Left ventricular dysfunction; Mitral regurgitation

Indexed keywords

DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; NITRATE;

ANNULOPLASTY; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HEART VENTRICULOGRAPHY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; HUMANS; MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PREVALENCE; QUEBEC; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE VOLUME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 50349085247     PISSN: 00086312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000151693     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Hickey MS, Smith LR, Muhlbaier LH, Harrell FE Jr, Reves JG, Hinohara T, Califf RM, Pryor DB, Rankin JS: Current prognosis of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Implications for future management. Circulation 1988;78:I51-I59.
2. Barzilai B, Gessler C, Perez J, Schaab C, Jaffe A: Significance of Doppler detected mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:220-223.
3. Alam M, Thorstrand C, Rosenhamer G: Mitral regurgitation following first-time acute myocardial infarction - early and late findings by Doppler echocardiography. Clin Cardiol 1993;16:30-34.
4. Neskovic AN, Marinkovic J, Bojic M, Popovic AD: Early predictors of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:329-332, A8.
5. Feinberg MS, Schwammenthal E, Shlizerman L, Porter A, Hod H, Friemark D, Matezky S, Boyko V, Mandelzweig L, Vered Z, Behar S, Sagie A: Prognostic significance of mild mitral regurgitation by color Doppler echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:903-907.
6. Golia G, Anselmi M, Rossi A, Cicoira MA, Tinto M, Marino P, Zardini P: Relationship between mitral regurgitation and myocardial viability after acute myocardial infarction: their impact on prognosis. Int J Cardiol 2001;78:81-90.
7. Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, Meverden RA, Roger VL: Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2005;111:295-301.
8. Loperfido F, Biasucci LM, Pennestri F, Laurenzi F, Gimigliano F, Vigna C, Rossi E, Favuzzi A, Santarelli P, Manzoli U: Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic analysis of mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:692-697.
9. Van Dantzig JM, Delemarre BJ, Koster RW, Bot H, Visser CA: Pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction: importance of changes in left ventricular shape and regional function. Am Heart J 1996;131:865-871.
10. Burch GE, De Pasquale NP, Phillips JH: Clinical manifestations of papillary muscle dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 1963;112:112-117.
11. Kaul S, Spotnitz W, Glasheen W, Touchstone D: Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation: an experimental evaluation. Circulation 1991;84:2167-2180.
12. Dent JM, Spotnitz WD, Nolan SP, Jayaweera AR, Glasheen WP, Kaul S: Mechanism of mitral leaflet excursion. Am J Physiol 1995;269:H2100-H2108.
13. Carpentier A: Cardiac valve surgery - the 'French correction'. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;86:323-337.
14. Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, Seward JB, Tajik AJ: Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study. Circulation 2000;102:1400-1406.
15. Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Maisano F, De Bonis M, Schinkel AF, Torracca L, Margonato A, Melisurgo G, Alfieri O: Echocardiographic classification of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation caused by restricted motion according to tethering pattern. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004;5:326-334.
16. McCully RB, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Seward JB: Overestimation of severity of ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation by color Doppler jet area. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:790-793.
17. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, Nihoyannopoulos P, Otto CM, Quinones MA, Rakowski H, Stewart WJ, Waggoner A, Weissman NJ: Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:777-802.
18. Fehske W, Omran H, Manz M, Kohler J, Hagendorff A, Luderitz B: Color-coded Doppler imaging of the vena contracta as a basis for quantification of pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:268-274.
19. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, Nihoyannopoulos P, Otto CM, Quinones MA, Rakowski H, Stewart WJ, Waggoner A, Weissman NJ: Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:777-802.
20. Grayburn PA: How to measure severity of mitral regurgitation: valvular heart disease. Heart 2008;94:376-383.
21. Grigioni F, Basmadjian A, Enriquez-Sarano M: Ischemic mitral regurgitation: Impact on outcome and implications of quantitative measurements. Circulation 1999;100:I-378.
22. Lesniak-Sobelga A, Olszowska M, Pienazek P, Podolec P, Tracz W: Vena contracta width as a simple method of assessing mitral valve regurgitation: comparison with Doppler quantitative methods. J Heart Valve Dis 2004;13:608-614.
23. Magne J, Pibarot P, Dagenais F, Hachicha Z, Dumesnil JG, Sénéchal M: Preoperative posterior leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2007;115:782-791.
24. Zhu F, Otsuji Y, Yotsumoto G, Yuasa T, Ueno T, Yu B, Koriyama C, Hamasaki S, Biro S, Kisanuki A, Minagoe S, Levine RA, Sakata R, Tei C: Mechanism of persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: importance of augmented posterior mitral leaflet tethering. Circulation 2005;112:I-396-I-401.
25. Lancellotti P, Gérard PL, Piérard LA: Long-term outcome of patients with heart failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1528-1532.
26. Pierard LA, Lancellotti P: The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1627-1634.
27. Pierard LA, Lancellotti P: Stress testing in valve disease. Heart 2007;93:766-772.
28. Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ: Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:29-34.
29. Lamas G, Mitchell G, Flaker G, Smith S, Gersh B, Basta L, Moye L, Braunwald E, Pfeffer M: Clinical significance of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997;96:827-833.
30. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ: Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation 2001;103:1759-1764.
31. Barzilai B, Davis V, Stone P, Jaffe A: Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1169-1175.
32. Lehmann KG, Francis CK, Dodge HT: Mitral regurgitation in early myocardial infarction: incidence, clinical detection, and prognostic implications. TIMI Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:10-17.
33. Ellis SG, Whitlow PL, Raymond RE, Schneider JP: Impact of mitral regurgitation on long-term survival after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:315-318.
34. Koelling TM, Aaronson KD, Cody RJ, Bach DS, Armstrong WF: Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am Heart J 2002;144:524-529.
35. Grigioni F, Detaint D, Avierinos JF, Scott C, Tajik J, Enriquez-Sarano M: Contribution of ischemic mitral regurgitation to congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:260-267.
36. Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, Pierard LA: Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2003;108:1713-1717.
37. Keren G, Bier A, Strom J, Laniado S, Sonnenblick E, LeJemtel T: Dynamics of mitral regurgitation during nitroglycerin therapy: a Doppler echocardiographic study. Am Heart J 1986;112:517-525.
38. Rosario L, Stevenson L, Solomon S, Lee R, Reimold S: The mechanism of decrease in dynamic mitral regurgitation during heart failure treatment: importance of reduction in the regurgitant orifice size. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1819-1824.
39. Levine A, Muller C, Levine TB: Effects of high-dose lisinopril-isosorbide dinitrate on severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure remodeling. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1299-1301.
40. Hamilton M, Stevenson L, Child J, Moriguchi J, Walden J, Woo M: Sustained reduction in valvular regurgitation and atrial volumes with tailored vasodilator therapy in advanced congestive heart failure secondary to dilated (ischemic or idiopathic) cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:259-263.
41. Kizilbash A, Willett D, Brickner M, Heinle S, Grayburn P: Effects of afterload reduction on vena contracta width in mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:427-431.
42. Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, Braunwald E: Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988;319:80-86.
43. St John SM, Pfeffer MA, Moye L, Plappert T, Rouleau JL, Lamas G, Rouleau J, Parker JO, Arnold MO, Sussex B, Braunwald E: Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. Circulation 1997;96:3294-3299.
44. Konstam M, Kronenberg M, Rousseau M, Udelson J, Melin J, Stewart D, Dolan N, Edens T, Ahn S, Kinan D, Howe D, Kilcoyne L, Metherhall J, Benedict C, Yusuf S, Pouleur H: Effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. Circulation 1993;88:2277-2283.
45. Greenberg B, Quinones M, Koilpillai C, Limacher M, Shindler D, Benedict C, Shelton B: Effects of long-term enalapril therapy on cardiac structure and function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1995;91:2573-2581.
46. Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble G, Mac-Mahon S, Sharpe N: Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1060-1066.
47. Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, Gamble GD, Lopez-Sendon J, Sharpe N: Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation 2004;109:201-206.
48. Remme WJ, Riegger G, Hildebrandt P, Komajda M, Jaarsma W, Bobbio M, Soler-Soler J, Scherhag A, Lutiger B, Ryden L: The benefits of early combination treatment of carvedilol and an ACE-inhibitor in mild heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The carvedilol and ACE-inhibitor remodelling mild heart failure evaluation trial (CARMEN). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2004;18:57-66.
49. Lowes BD, Gill EA, Abraham WT, Larrain JR, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM: Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1201-1205.
50. Capomolla S, Febo O, Gnemmi M, Riccardi G, Opasich C, Caporotondi A, Mortara A, Pinna GD, Cobelli F: β-Blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by carvedilol. Am Heart J 2000;139:596-608.
51. Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E: Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation 2006;113:266-272.
52. John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Fisher WG, Ellestad M, Messenger J, Kruger K, Hilpisch KE, Hill MR: Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:1985-1990.
53. Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, Bidaoui N, Markus KU, Franke A, Stellbrink C: Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:765-770.
54. Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, Dohi K, Sade LE, Gorcsan J, III: A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1619-1625.
55. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Sack S, Block M, Vogt J, Bakker P, Huth C, Schondube F, Wolfhard U, Bocker D, Krahnefeld O, Kirkels H: Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:2026-2033.
56. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, Kocovic DZ, Packer M, Clavell AL, Hayes DL, Ellestad M, Trupp RJ, Underwood J, Pickering F, Truex C, McAtee P, Messenger J: Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1845-1853.
57. Diaz-Infante E, Mont L, Leal J, Garcia-Bolao I, Fernandez-Lozano I, Hernandez-Madrid A, Perez-Castellano N, Sitges M, Pavon-Jimenez R, Barba J, Cavero MA, Moya JL, Perez-Isla L, Brugada J: Predictors of lack of response to resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1436-1440.
58. Lancellotti P, Melon P, Sakalihasan N, Waleffe A, Dubois C, Bertholet M, Pierard LA: Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1462-1465.
59. Madaric J, Vanderheyden M, Van Laethem C, Verhamme K, Feys A, Goethals M, Verstreken S, Geelen P, Penicka M, De Bruyne B, Bartunek J: Early and late effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on exercise-induced mitral regurgitation: relationship with left ventricular dyssynchrony, remodelling and cardiopulmonary performance. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2134-2141.
60. D'Andrea A, Caso P, Cuomo S, Scarafile R, Salerno G, Limongelli G, Di Salvo G, Severino S, Ascione L, Calabro P, Romano M, Romano G, Santangelo L, Maiello C, Cotrufo M, Calabro R: Effect of dynamic myocardial dyssynchrony on mitral regurgitation during supine bicycle exercise stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 'narrow' QRS. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1004-1011.
61. Leor J, Feinberg MS, Vered Z, Hod H, Kaplinsky E, Goldbourt U, Truman S, Motro M: Effect of thrombolytic therapy on the evolution of significant mitral regurgitation in patients with a first inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1661-1666.
62. Bach D, Bolling S: Early Improvement in congestive heart failure after correction of secondary mitral regurgitation in end-stage cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1995;129:1165-1170.
63. Bolling S, Deeb G, Brunsting L, Bach D: Early outcome of mitral valve reconstruction in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:676-682.
64. Bax JJ, Braun J, Somer ST, Klautz R, Holman ER, Versteegh MI, Boersma E, Schalij MJ, van der Wall EE, Dion RA: Restrictive annuloplasty and coronary revascularization in ischemic mitral regurgitation results in reverse left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 2004;110:II103-II108.
65. Braun J, Bax JJ, Versteegh MI, Voigt PG, Holman ER, Klautz RJ, Boersma E, Dion RA: Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005;27:847-853.
66. Mihaljevic T, Lam BK, Rajeswaran J, Takagaki M, Lauer MS, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Lytle BW: Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2191-2201.
67. Diodato MD, Moon MR, Pasque MK, Barner HB, Moazami N, Lawton JS, Bailey MS, Guthrie TJ, Meyers BF, Damiano RJ Jr: Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not increase mortality or improve long-term survival in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization: a propensity analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78:794-799.
68. Ryden T, Bech-Hanssen O, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Nilsson F, Svensson S, Jeppsson A: The importance of grade 2 ischemic mitral regurgitation in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20:276-281.
69. Aklog L, Filsoufi F, Flores KQ, Chen RH, Cohn LH, Nathan NS, Byrne JG, Adams DH: Does coronary artery bypass grafting alone correct moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation? Circulation 2001;104:I68-I75.
70. Lam BK, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Rajeswaran J, Yuh B, Bhudia SK, McCarthy PM, Cosgrove DM: Importance of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:462-470.
71. Prifti E, Bonacchi M, Frati G, Giunti IG, Leacche M, Proietti P, Babatasi G, Sani G: Should mild-to-moderate and moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation be corrected in patients with impaired left ventricular function undergoing simultaneous coronary revascularization? J Card Surg 2001;16:473-483.
72. Wong DR, Agnihotri AK, Hung JW, Vlahakes GJ, Akins CW, Hilgenberg AD, Madsen JC, MacGillivray TE, Picard MH, Torchiana DF: Long-term survival after surgical revascularization for moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:570-577.
73. Kang DH, Kim MJ, Kang SJ, Song JM, Song H, Hong MK, Choi KJ, Song JK, Lee JW: Mitral valve repair versus revascularization alone in the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2006;114:I499-I503.
74. Hung J, Papakostas L, Tahta SA, Hardy BG, Bollen BA, Duran CM, Levine RA: Mechanism of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: continued LV remodeling as a moving target. Circulation 2004;110:II85-II90.
75. Matsunaga A, Tahta SA, Duran CM: Failure of reduction annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 2004;13:390-397.
76. Tahta SA, Oury JH, Maxwell JM, Hiro SP, Duran CM: Outcome after mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 2002;11:11.
77. McGee EC, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Rajeswaran J, Cohen G, Najam F, Shiota T, Sabik JF, Lytle BW, McCarthy PM, Cosgrove DM: Recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:916-924.
78. Serri K, Bouchard D, Demers P, Coutu M, Pellerin M, Carrier M, Perrault LP, Cartier R, Page P, Cossette M, Basmadjian AJ: Is a good perioperative echocardiographic result predictive of durability in ischemic mitral valve repair? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:565-573.
79. Kuwahara E, Otsuji Y, Iguro Y, Ueno T, Zhu F, Mizukami N, Kubota K, Nakashiki K, Yuasa T, Yu B, Uemura T, Takasaki K, Miyata M, Hamasaki S, Kisanuki A, Levine RA, Sakata R, Tei C: Mechanism of recurrent/ persistent ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation in the chronic phase after surgical annuloplasty: importance of augmented posterior leaflet tethering. Circulation 2006;114:I529-I534.
80. von Oppell UO, Stemmet F, Brink J, Commerford PJ, Heijke SA: Ischemic mitral valve repair surgery. J Heart Valve Dis 2000;9:64-73.
81. Grossi EA, Bizekis CS, LaPietra A, Derivaux CC, Galloway AC, Ribakove GH, Culliford AT, Esposito RA, Delianides J, Colvin SB: Late results of isolated mitral annuloplasty for 'functional' ischemic mitral insufficiency. J Card Surg 2001;16:328-332.
82. Digiammarco G, Liberi R, Giancane M, Canosa C, Gallina S, Di Francesco A, Spira G, Di Mauro M: Recurrence of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing mitral valve repair: how to predict it. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2007;6:340-344.
83. De Bonis M, Lapenna E, La Canna G, Ficarra E, Pagliaro M, Torracca L, Maisano F, Alfieri O: Mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy: role of the 'edge-to-edge' technique. Circulation 2005;112:I-402-I-408.
84. Green GR, Dagum P, Glasson JR, Nistal JF, Daughters GT, Ingels NB Jr, Miller DC: Restricted posterior leaflet motion after mitral ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68:2100-2106.
85. Kongsaerepong V, Shiota M, Gillinov AM, Song JM, Fukuda S, McCarthy PM, Williams T, Savage R, Daimon M, Thomas JD, Shiota T: Echocardiographic predictors of successful versus unsuccessful mitral valve repair in ischemic mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:504-508.
86. Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, Rayatzadeh H, Alaeddini F: A prospective study of predicting factors in ischemic mitral regurgitation recurrence after ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:745-749.
87. Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, De Cicco G, Capecchi I, Rostagno C, Caciolli S, Romagnoli S, Da Broi U, Stefano P, Gensini GF: Five-year echocardiographic results of combined undersized mitral ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting for chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 2007;29:231-240.
88. Calafiore AM, Gallina S, Di Mauro M: Mitral valve procedure in dilated cardiomyopathy: repair or replacement? Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:1146-1153.
89. Ereminiene E, Vaskelyte J, Benetis R, Stoskute N: Ischemic mitral valve repair: predictive significance of restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling. Echocardiography 2005;22:217-224.
90. Magne J, Sénéchal M, Mathieu P, Dumesnil JG, Dagenais F, Pibarot P: Restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation may induce functional mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1692-1701.
91. Reece BT, Tribble CG, Ellman PI, Maxey TS, Woodford R, Dimeling GM, Wellons H, Crosby I, Kern J, Kron IL: Mitral repair is superior to replacement when associated with coronary artery disease. Ann Surg 2004;239:671-677.
92. Al-Radi OO, Austin PC, Tu JV, David TE, Yau TM: Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1260-1267.
93. Thourani VH, Weintraub WS, Guyton RA, Jones EL, Williams WH, Elkabbani S, Craver JM: Outcomes and long-term survival for patients undergoing mitral valve repair versus replacement: effect of age and concomitant artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2003;108:298-304.
94. Cohn L, Rizzo R, Adams D, Couper G, Sullivan T, Collins J, Aranki S: The effect of pathophysiology on the surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation: operative and late risks of repair versus replacement. Eur J Cardiothor Surg 1995;9:568-574.
95. Gillinov AM, Wierup PN, Blackstone EH, Bishay ES, Cosgrove DM, White J, Lytle BW, McCarthy PM: Is repair preferable to replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:1125-1141.
96. Grossi EA, Goldberg JD, LaPietra A, Ye X, Zakow P, Sussman M, Delianides J, Culliford AT, Esposito RA, Ribakove GH, Galloway AC, Colvin SB: Ischemic mitral valve reconstruction and replacement: comparison of long-term survival and complications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:1107-1124.
97. Daimon M, Fukuda S, Adams DH, McCarthy PM, Gillinov AM, Carpentier A, Filsoufi F, Abascal VM, Rigolin VH, Salzberg S, Huskin A, Langenfeld M, Shiota T: Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation: early echocardiographic results from a multi-center study. Circulation 2006;114:I588-I593.
98. Messas E, Pouzet B, Touchot B, Guerrero JL, Vlahakes GJ, Desnos M, Menasche P, Hagege A, Levine RA: Efficacy of chordal cutting to relieve chronic persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2003;108:II111-II115.
99. Rodriguez F, Langer F, Harrington KB, Tibayan FA, Zasio MK, Cheng A, Liang D, Daughters GT, Covell JW, Criscione JC, Ingels NB, Miller DC: Importance of mitral valve second-order chordae for left ventricular geometry, wall thickening mechanics, and global systolic function. Circulation 2004;110:II115-II122.
100. Messas E, Yosefy C, Chaput M, Guerrero JL, Sullivan S, Menasche P, Carpentier A, Desnos M, Hagege AA, Vlahakes GJ, Levine RA: Chordal cutting does not adversely affect left ventricle contractile function. Circulation 2006;114:I524-I528.
101. Borger MA, Murphy PM, Alam A, Fazel S, Maganti M, Armstrong S, Rao V, David TE: Initial results of the chordal-cutting operation for ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:1483-1492.
102. Hung J, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Supple G, Sullivan S, Levine RA: Reverse ventricular remodeling reduces ischemic mitral regurgitation: echo-guided device application in the beating heart. Circulation 2002;106:2594-2600.
103. Grossi EA, Woo YJ, Schwartz CF, Gangahar DM, Subramanian VA, Patel N, Wudel J, DiGiorgi PL, Singh A, Davis RD: Comparison of Coapsys annuloplasty and internal reduction mitral annuloplasty in the randomized treatment of functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: impact on the left ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1095-1098.
104. Webb JG, Harnek J, Munt BI, Kimblad PO, Chandavimol M, Thompson CR, Mayo JR, Solem JO: Percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty: initial human experience with device implantation in the coronary sinus. Circulation 2006;113:851-855.
105. Maselli D, Guarracino F, Chiaramonti F, Mangia F, Borelli G, Minzioni G: Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty: an anatomic study of human coronary sinus and its relation with mitral valve annulus and coronary arteries. Circulation 2006;114:377-380.
106. Tops LF, Van de Veire NR, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ: Noninvasive evaluation of coronary sinus anatomy and its relation to the mitral valve annulus: implications for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty. Circulation 2007;115:1426-1432.
107. Levine RA: Dynamic mitral regurgitation: more than meets the eye. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1681-1684.