메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 62, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1747-1759

Ecological sexual segregation in fallow deer (Dama dama): A multispatial and multitemporal approach

Author keywords

Dama dama; Fallow deer; Scale; Sexual segregation

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; DEER; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; FALLOW; GRASS; INTERSEXUAL INTERACTION; POPULATION DENSITY; PREDATION RISK; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 50249184700     PISSN: 03405443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0603-7     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (70)
  • 2
    • 0027528064 scopus 로고
    • Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data
    • NJ Aebischer PA Robertson RE Kenward 1993 Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data Ecology 74 1313 1325
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1313-1325
    • Aebischer, N.J.1    Robertson, P.A.2    Kenward, R.E.3
  • 3
    • 0031838978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection and group formation pattern of fallow deer in a submediterranean environment
    • M Apollonio S Focardi S Toso L Nacci 1998 Habitat selection and group formation pattern of fallow deer in a submediterranean environment Ecography 21 225 234
    • (1998) Ecography , vol.21 , pp. 225-234
    • Apollonio, M.1    Focardi, S.2    Toso, S.3    Nacci, L.4
  • 4
    • 27244454185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term influence of human presence on spatial sexual segregation in fallow deer (Dama dama)
    • M Apollonio S Ciuti S Luccarini 2005 Long-term influence of human presence on spatial sexual segregation in fallow deer (Dama dama) J Mammal 86 937 946
    • (2005) J Mammal , vol.86 , pp. 937-946
    • Apollonio, M.1    Ciuti, S.2    Luccarini, S.3
  • 5
    • 0034426533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: A new gastrocentric hypothesis
    • PS Barboza RT Bowyer 2000 Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis J Mammal 81 473 489
    • (2000) J Mammal , vol.81 , pp. 473-489
    • Barboza, P.S.1    Bowyer, R.T.2
  • 6
    • 0000349478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonality of sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: Extending the gastrocentric model
    • PS Barboza RT Bowyer 2001 Seasonality of sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: extending the gastrocentric model Alces 37 275 292
    • (2001) Alces , vol.37 , pp. 275-292
    • Barboza, P.S.1    Bowyer, R.T.2
  • 7
    • 0028974495 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of short time series: Correcting for autocorrelation
    • JR Bence 1995 Analysis of short time series: correcting for autocorrelation Ecology 76 628 639
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 628-639
    • Bence, J.R.1
  • 8
    • 45249087661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misclassified resource selection: Compositional analysis and unused habitat
    • RL Bingham LA Brennan BM Ballard 2007 Misclassified resource selection: compositional analysis and unused habitat J Wildl Manage 71 1369 1374
    • (2007) J Wildl Manage , vol.71 , pp. 1369-1374
    • Bingham, R.L.1    Brennan, L.A.2    Ballard, B.M.3
  • 9
    • 0031471629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: Resources or predation?
    • VC Bleich RT Bowyer JD Wehausen 1997 Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildl Monogr 134 1 50
    • (1997) Wildl Monogr , vol.134 , pp. 1-50
    • Bleich, V.C.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Wehausen, J.D.3
  • 11
    • 0031457711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexplained sexual segregation in polygamous ungulates: A defense of an ontogenetic approach
    • R Bon R Campan 1996 Unexplained sexual segregation in polygamous ungulates: a defense of an ontogenetic approach Behav Processes 38 131 154
    • (1996) Behav Processes , vol.38 , pp. 131-154
    • Bon, R.1    Campan, R.2
  • 12
    • 0034802620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation is not only a matter of sex in Alpine ibex, Capra ibex ibex
    • R Bon C Rideau J-C Villaret J Joachim 2001 Segregation is not only a matter of sex in Alpine ibex, Capra ibex ibex Anim Behav 62 495 504
    • (2001) Anim Behav , vol.62 , pp. 495-504
    • Bon, R.1    Rideau, C.2    Villaret, J.-C.3    Joachim, J.4
  • 13
    • 2342568385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple causes of sexual segregation in European red deer: Enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude
    • C Bonenfant LE Loe A Mysterud R Langvatn NC Stenseth J-M Gaillard F Klein 2004 Multiple causes of sexual segregation in European red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude Proc R Soc Lond B 271 883 892
    • (2004) Proc R Soc Lond B , vol.271 , pp. 883-892
    • Bonenfant, C.1    Loe, L.E.2    Mysterud, A.3    Langvatn, R.4    Stenseth, N.C.5    Gaillard, J.-M.6    Klein, F.7
  • 14
    • 11144228695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in ruminants: Definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management
    • RT Bowyer 2004 Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management J Mammal 85 1039 1052
    • (2004) J Mammal , vol.85 , pp. 1039-1052
    • Bowyer, R.T.1
  • 15
    • 2642512471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of foraging activity on sexual segregation in mule deer
    • RT Bowyer J Kie 2004 Effects of foraging activity on sexual segregation in mule deer J Mammal 85 498 504
    • (2004) J Mammal , vol.85 , pp. 498-504
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Kie, J.2
  • 16
    • 0029668178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in black-tailed deer: Effect of scale
    • RT Bowyer J Kie V Van Ballenberghe 1996 Sexual segregation in black-tailed deer: effect of scale J Wildl Manage 60 10 17
    • (1996) J Wildl Manage , vol.60 , pp. 10-17
    • Bowyer, R.T.1    Kie, J.2    Van Ballenberghe, V.3
  • 18
    • 6344253218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could the predation risk hypothesis explain large-scale spatial sexual segregation in fallow deer (Dama dama)?
    • S Ciuti S Davini S Luccarini M Apollonio 2004 Could the predation risk hypothesis explain large-scale spatial sexual segregation in fallow deer (Dama dama)? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56 552 564
    • (2004) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.56 , pp. 552-564
    • Ciuti, S.1    Davini, S.2    Luccarini, S.3    Apollonio, M.4
  • 19
    • 33645460617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of fawning on the spatial behaviour and habitat selection of female fallow deer (Dama dama) during late pregnancy and early lactation
    • S Ciuti P Bongi S Vassale M Apollonio 2006 Influence of fawning on the spatial behaviour and habitat selection of female fallow deer (Dama dama) during late pregnancy and early lactation J Zool Lond 268 97 107
    • (2006) J Zool Lond , vol.268 , pp. 97-107
    • Ciuti, S.1    Bongi, P.2    Vassale, S.3    Apollonio, M.4
  • 20
    • 84985347250 scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female red deer (Cervus elaphus)
    • TH Clutton-Brock SD Albon FE Guinness 1987 Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female red deer (Cervus elaphus) J Zool Lond 211 275 289
    • (1987) J Zool Lond , vol.211 , pp. 275-289
    • Clutton-Brock, T.H.1    Albon, S.D.2    Guinness, F.E.3
  • 21
    • 0031968772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the degree of sexual segregation in group-living animals
    • L Conradt 1998 Measuring the degree of sexual segregation in group-living animals J Anim Ecol 67 217 226
    • (1998) J Anim Ecol , vol.67 , pp. 217-226
    • Conradt, L.1
  • 22
    • 0032558138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause inter-sexual social segregation in ruminants?
    • L Conradt 1998 Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause inter-sexual social segregation in ruminants? Proc R Soc Lond B 265 1359 1363
    • (1998) Proc R Soc Lond B , vol.265 , pp. 1359-1363
    • Conradt, L.1
  • 23
    • 0033134623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep
    • L Conradt 1999 Social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep Anim Behav 57 1151 1157
    • (1999) Anim Behav , vol.57 , pp. 1151-1157
    • Conradt, L.1
  • 24
    • 0033034706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat segregation in ungulates: Are males forced into suboptimal foraging habitats through indirect competition by females?
    • L Conradt TH Clutton-Brock D Thomson 1999 Habitat segregation in ungulates: Are males forced into suboptimal foraging habitats through indirect competition by females? Oecologia 119 367 377
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.119 , pp. 367-377
    • Conradt, L.1    Clutton-Brock, T.H.2    Thomson, D.3
  • 25
    • 0033836477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in weather sensitivity can cause habitat segregation: Red deer as an example
    • L Conradt TH Clutton-Brock FE Guinnes 2000 Sex differences in weather sensitivity can cause habitat segregation: red deer as an example Anim Behav 59 1049 1060
    • (2000) Anim Behav , vol.59 , pp. 1049-1060
    • Conradt, L.1    Clutton-Brock, T.H.2    Guinnes, F.E.3
  • 26
    • 0034982703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter-sexual site segregation in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)?
    • L Conradt IJ Gordon TH Clutton-Brock D Thomson FE Guinness 2001 Could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter-sexual site segregation in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)? J Zool Lond 254 185 193
    • (2001) J Zool Lond , vol.254 , pp. 185-193
    • Conradt, L.1    Gordon, I.J.2    Clutton-Brock, T.H.3    Thomson, D.4    Guinness, F.E.5
  • 28
    • 0025594937 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance for predators: Detection and dilution effects
    • MM Dehn 1990 Vigilance for predators: detection and dilution effects Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26 337 342
    • (1990) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.26 , pp. 337-342
    • Dehn, M.M.1
  • 29
    • 0025955163 scopus 로고
    • The social system of bighorn sheep: Grouping patterns, kinship and female dominance rank
    • M Festa-Bianchet 1991 The social system of bighorn sheep: grouping patterns, kinship and female dominance rank Anim Behav 42 71 82
    • (1991) Anim Behav , vol.42 , pp. 71-82
    • Festa-Bianchet, M.1
  • 30
    • 0036698883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term responses in arctic ungulate dynamics to changes in climatic and trophic resources
    • MC Forchhammer E Post NC Stenseth Boertmann 2002 Long-term responses in arctic ungulate dynamics to changes in climatic and trophic resources Popul Ecol 44 113 120
    • (2002) Popul Ecol , vol.44 , pp. 113-120
    • Forchhammer, M.C.1    Post, E.2    Stenseth, N.C.3    Boertmann4
  • 31
    • 0031916185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of large herbovores: Variable recruitment with constant adult survival
    • J-M Gaillard M Festa-Bianchet NG Yoccoz 1998 Population dynamics of large herbovores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival Tree 13 58 63
    • (1998) Tree , vol.13 , pp. 58-63
    • Gaillard, J.-M.1    Festa-Bianchet, M.2    Yoccoz, N.G.3
  • 32
    • 0032975056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation by Masai giraffes at two spatial scales
    • TF Ginnett MW Demment 1999 Sexual segregation by Masai giraffes at two spatial scales Afr J Zool 37 93 106
    • (1999) Afr J Zool , vol.37 , pp. 93-106
    • Ginnett, T.F.1    Demment, M.W.2
  • 33
    • 0025588786 scopus 로고
    • Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data-a review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals
    • S Harris WJ Cresswell PG Forde WJ Trewhella T Woollard S Wray 1990 Home-range analysis using radio-tracking data-a review of problems and techniques particularly as applied to the study of mammals Mammal Rev 20 97 123
    • (1990) Mammal Rev , vol.20 , pp. 97-123
    • Harris, S.1    Cresswell, W.J.2    Forde, P.G.3    Trewhella, W.J.4    Woollard, T.5    Wray, S.6
  • 34
    • 16244376201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation by wolves interacts with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) on a western North American elk population
    • M Hebblewhite 2005 Predation by wolves interacts with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) on a western North American elk population J Anim Ecol 74 226 233
    • (2005) J Anim Ecol , vol.74 , pp. 226-233
    • Hebblewhite, M.1
  • 35
    • 0000638971 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of the rumen and omasum structure in East African game ruminants in relation to their feeding habits
    • RR Hofmann 1968 Comparisons of the rumen and omasum structure in East African game ruminants in relation to their feeding habits Symp Zool Soc Lond 21 179 194
    • (1968) Symp Zool Soc Lond , vol.21 , pp. 179-194
    • Hofmann, R.R.1
  • 37
    • 0001360980 scopus 로고
    • Grazer or browser: A classification based on the stomach structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants
    • RR Hofmann DRM Stewart 1972 Grazer or browser: a classification based on the stomach structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants Mammalia 36 226 240
    • (1972) Mammalia , vol.36 , pp. 226-240
    • Hofmann, R.R.1    Stewart, D.R.M.2
  • 38
    • 0023510582 scopus 로고
    • The allometry of food intake in grazing ruminants
    • AW Illius IJ Gordon 1987 The allometry of food intake in grazing ruminants J Anim Ecol 56 989 999
    • (1987) J Anim Ecol , vol.56 , pp. 989-999
    • Illius, A.W.1    Gordon, I.J.2
  • 39
    • 84974230615 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of intake and digestion in ruminants by a model of rumen kinetics integrating animal size and plant characteristics
    • AW Illius IJ Gordon 1991 Prediction of intake and digestion in ruminants by a model of rumen kinetics integrating animal size and plant characteristics J Agric Sci 116 145 157
    • (1991) J Agric Sci , vol.116 , pp. 145-157
    • Illius, A.W.1    Gordon, I.J.2
  • 40
    • 0003065196 scopus 로고
    • The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference
    • DH Johnson 1980 The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference Ecology 61 65 71
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 65-71
    • Johnson, D.H.1
  • 43
    • 85005481060 scopus 로고
    • The pooling fallacy: Problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set
    • L Machlis PWD Dodd JC Fentress 1985 The pooling fallacy: problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set Z Tierpsychol 68 201 214
    • (1985) Z Tierpsychol , vol.68 , pp. 201-214
    • MacHlis, L.1    Dodd, P.W.D.2    Fentress, J.C.3
  • 44
    • 0029774573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in ungulates: New directions for research
    • MB Main FW Weckerly VC Bleich 1996 Sexual segregation in ungulates: new directions for research J Mammal 77 449 461
    • (1996) J Mammal , vol.77 , pp. 449-461
    • Main, M.B.1    Weckerly, F.W.2    Bleich, V.C.3
  • 45
    • 11844305502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply-is the activity hypothesis the holy grail of sexual segregation?
    • MS Mooring EM Rominger 2004 Reply-is the activity hypothesis the holy grail of sexual segregation? Behaviour 141 521 530
    • (2004) Behaviour , vol.141 , pp. 521-530
    • Mooring, M.S.1    Rominger, E.M.2
  • 48
    • 0023516450 scopus 로고
    • Ecological scale and habitat use
    • DW Morris 1987 Ecological scale and habitat use Ecology 68 362 369
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 362-369
    • Morris, D.W.1
  • 49
    • 0035953612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores
    • A Mysterud NC Stenseth NG Yoccoz R Langvatn G Steinheim 2001 Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores Nature 410 1096 1099
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 1096-1099
    • Mysterud, A.1    Stenseth, N.C.2    Yoccoz, N.G.3    Langvatn, R.4    Steinheim, G.5
  • 50
    • 27744563477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential predator escape performance contributes to a latitudinal sex ratio cline in a migratory shoebird
    • S Nebel R Ydenberg 2005 Differential predator escape performance contributes to a latitudinal sex ratio cline in a migratory shoebird Behav Ecol Sociobiol 59 44 50
    • (2005) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.59 , pp. 44-50
    • Nebel, S.1    Ydenberg, R.2
  • 51
    • 3242699776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critique-can the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep?
    • P Neuhaus KE Ruckstuhl 2004 A critique-can the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep? Behaviour 141 513 520
    • (2004) Behaviour , vol.141 , pp. 513-520
    • Neuhaus, P.1    Ruckstuhl, K.E.2
  • 52
    • 0035932914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between oral morphology and feeding style in the Ungulata: A phylogenetically controlled evaluation
    • FJ Pérez-Barbería IJ Gordon 2001 Relationships between oral morphology and feeding style in the Ungulata: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation Proc R Soc Lond B 268 1021 1030
    • (2001) Proc R Soc Lond B , vol.268 , pp. 1021-1030
    • Pérez-Barbería, F.J.1    Gordon, I.J.2
  • 53
    • 15744400990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are social factors sufficient to explain sexual segregation in ungulates?
    • FJ Pérez-Barbería E Robertson IJ Gordon 2005 Are social factors sufficient to explain sexual segregation in ungulates? Anim Behav 69 827 834
    • (2005) Anim Behav , vol.69 , pp. 827-834
    • Pérez-Barbería, F.J.1    Robertson, E.2    Gordon, I.J.3
  • 54
    • 0024937269 scopus 로고
    • Condition changes and choice of social-environment in African buffalo bulls
    • HHT Prins 1989 Condition changes and choice of social-environment in African buffalo bulls Behaviour 108 297 324
    • (1989) Behaviour , vol.108 , pp. 297-324
    • Prins, H.H.T.1
  • 56
    • 0025650128 scopus 로고
    • The hierarchical nature of community persistence: A problem of scale
    • FJ Rahel 1990 The hierarchical nature of community persistence: a problem of scale Am Nat 136 328 344
    • (1990) Am Nat , vol.136 , pp. 328-344
    • Rahel, F.J.1
  • 57
    • 0032126917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep
    • KE Ruckstuhl 1998 Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep Anim Behav 56 99 106
    • (1998) Anim Behav , vol.56 , pp. 99-106
    • Ruckstuhl, K.E.1
  • 58
    • 0038462030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling sexual segregation in ungulates: Effects of group size, activity budgets and synchrony
    • KE Ruckstuhl H Kokko 2002 Modelling sexual segregation in ungulates: effects of group size, activity budgets and synchrony Anim Behav 64 909 914
    • (2002) Anim Behav , vol.64 , pp. 909-914
    • Ruckstuhl, K.E.1    Kokko, H.2
  • 59
    • 0034385932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in ungulates: A new approach
    • KE Ruckstuhl P Neuhaus 2000 Sexual segregation in ungulates: a new approach Behaviour 137 361 377
    • (2000) Behaviour , vol.137 , pp. 361-377
    • Ruckstuhl, K.E.1    Neuhaus, P.2
  • 60
    • 0036183897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in ungulates: A comparative test of three hypotheses
    • KE Ruckstuhl P Neuhaus 2002 Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses Biol Rev 77 77 96
    • (2002) Biol Rev , vol.77 , pp. 77-96
    • Ruckstuhl, K.E.1    Neuhaus, P.2
  • 62
    • 0000796167 scopus 로고
    • The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors
    • NE Savin KJ White 1977 The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors Econometrica 45 1989 1996
    • (1977) Econometrica , vol.45 , pp. 1989-1996
    • Savin, N.E.1    White, K.J.2
  • 66
    • 0000746280 scopus 로고
    • Male-female differences in foraging on crops by Asian elephants
    • R Sukumar M Gadgil 1988 Male-female differences in foraging on crops by Asian elephants Anim Behav 36 1233 1235
    • (1988) Anim Behav , vol.36 , pp. 1233-1235
    • Sukumar, R.1    Gadgil, M.2
  • 67
    • 33745460134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation in fallow deer: Are mixed-sex groups especially unstable because of asynchrony between the sexes?
    • N Villerette R Helder J-M Angibault B Cargnelutti J-F Gerard 2006 Sexual segregation in fallow deer: are mixed-sex groups especially unstable because of asynchrony between the sexes? C R Biol 329 551 558
    • (2006) C R Biol , vol.329 , pp. 551-558
    • Villerette, N.1    Helder, R.2    Angibault, J.-M.3    Cargnelutti, B.4    Gerard, J.-F.5
  • 68
    • 0024937921 scopus 로고
    • Kernel method for estimating the utilization distribution in home range studies
    • BJ Worton 1989 Kernel method for estimating the utilization distribution in home range studies Ecology 70 164 168
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 164-168
    • Worton, B.J.1
  • 69
    • 11844289016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in ungulates?
    • JM Yearsley FJ Pérez-Barbería 2005 Does the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in ungulates? Anim Behav 69 257 267
    • (2005) Anim Behav , vol.69 , pp. 257-267
    • Yearsley, J.M.1    Pérez-Barbería, F.J.2
  • 70
    • 84990749885 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: Energetic and social constraints
    • TP Young LA Isbell 1991 Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints Ethology 87 79 89
    • (1991) Ethology , vol.87 , pp. 79-89
    • Young, T.P.1    Isbell, L.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.