Richard nixon, Russell train, and the birth of modern American environmental diplomacy

Diplomatic History

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 613-638

  Flippen, J Brooks ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 50249094404     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: 14677709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00715.x     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Memo, Russell Train to John Ehrlichman, July 14, 1972, Public Papers of Russell E. Train (hereafter PPRT), uncatalogued, Library of Congress (hereafter LC); Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, July 28, 1972, PPRT, LC
2. Memo, Jack Perry to Russell Train, July 27, 1972, PPRT, LC.
3. Interview, Author with Russell Train, January 8, 2004
4. Russell Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas: An Environmental Memoir (Washington, DC, 2003), 127.
5. Quoted in Washington Post, May 24, 1972, 11.
6. Richard N. L. Andrews, Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy (New Haven, CT, 1999), 322. The best book on the Progressive era is Kurk Dorsey's Bernath Book Prize winner The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy (Seattle, 1998), which covers joint American and Canadian efforts to regulate migratory wildlife. Other conservation regulations included an 1897 ban on the importation of wild animals except by permit, the Inland Fisheries Treaty of 1908, the North Paci.c Fur Seal Convention of 1911, the Migratory Bird Treaty of 1916, and the Alaska Fisheries Act of 1926. Near the nadir of the Great Depression, the United States participated in the International Whaling Convention of 1931 as well as protocols in 1938, 1944, 1945, and 1946. The United States banned the importation of Mexican sponges in 1906 and an array of bird feathers with the Underwood Tariff of 1913.
7. The Vienna Convention of 1985 and the Montreal Protocol of 1987 dealt with ozone depletion, whereas the 1997 Kyoto Protocol dealt with climate change.
8. Interview, Author with William Ruckelshaus, April 2, 1998; Interview, Author with Walter Hickel, March 27, 1998
9. Interview, Author with John Whitaker, July 23, 1996; Interview, Author with Russell Train, January 8, 2004
10. Interview, Author with Richard Fairbanks, March 24, 1998.
11. Interview, Author with Russell Train, January 8, 2004
12. Interview, Author with John Whitaker, July 23, 1996.
13. The best overviews are Christopher Herrick's chapter on environmental degradation in Issues in American Foreign Policy (New York, 2003), 275-310, and Mostafa Tolba's Global Environmental Diplomacy: Environmental Agreements for the World, 1973-1992 (Boston, 1998). Foreign relations play at least some role in a number of texts on specific environmental issues, for example Terrence Kehoe, Cleaning up the Great Lakes (DeKalb, IL, 1997).
14. Stephen Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962-1972 (New York, 1989), 171
15. Jonathan Aitken, Nixon: A Life (Washington, DC, 1993), 376.
16. Ralph Levering, The Cold War, 1945-1987 (Arlington Heights, IL, 1988), 123.
17. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey, 5th ed. (New York, 2003), 378
18. John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security (New York, 1982), 275. For an overview of Kissinger's personal diplomacy
19. see Robert A. Schulzinger, Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy (New York, 1989)
20. Schulzinger notes Kissinger's famous ego, another trait he shared with Train.
21. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston, 1962)
22. Samuel Hays, "From Conservation to Environment," Environmental Review 6 (Fall 1982): 14-41
23. Donald Fleming, "Roots of the New Conservation Movements," Perspectives in American History 6 (1972): 7-91
24. Carroll Pursell, ed., From Conservation to Ecology (New York, 1973). The best overview of environmental politics in the era remains Samuel Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York, 1987).
25. James McEvoy, "The American Concern for the Environment," in Social Behavior, Natural Resources, and the Environment, ed.William Burch et al. (New York, 1972), 214-36
26. John Whitaker, Striking a Balance: Environment and Natural Resources Policy in the Nixon-Ford Years (Washington, DC, 1976), 7-9.
27. New York Times, April 23, 1970, 1
28. Washington Post, April 23, 1970, 1
29. Steve Cotton, "What Happened," Audubon 72, no. 4 (July 1970): 112-15. Among the laws that Johnson signed were theWilderness Act of 1964, Land andWater Conservation Act of 1965, the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, and the Air Quality Act of 1967. Unfortunately, none of the leading overviews of the Johnson administration give particular attention to his environmental accomplishments. Doris Kearns's Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York, 1976) places Johnson in the most favorable light, whereas, of Robert Caro's three-volume The Years of Lyndon Johnson, the most recent volume Master of the Senate (New York, 2002) is most critical. Of Robert Dallek's two-volume Lyndon Johnson and His Times, the most recent volume Flawed Giant (New York, 2005) is the most impartial.
30. Arthur H.Westing, "Ecological Effects of Military Defoliation on the Forests of South Vietnam," BioScience 21, no. 17 (September 1, 1971): 893-98
31. President's Handwritten Notation on Annotated News Summary, January, 1969, Folder "Annotated News Summaries, January, 1969," Box 31, President's Of.ce Files, White House Special Files (hereafter WHSF), Richard Nixon Presidential Materials Project (hereafter RNPMP), National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
32. Interview, Author with Russell Train, January 8, 2004; See Folder "Task Force Reports, Transition Period, 1968-69," Box 1, Transition Task Force Reports, White House Central Files (hereafter WHCF), RNPMP.
33. Memo, Richard Nixon to John Ehrlichman, March 13, 1969, Folder "355, Domestic Policy, 2 of 2," Box 31, John Ehrlichman Files, WHSF, RNPMP.
34. For an overview of Nixon's environmental record, see J. Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Albuquerque, 2000).
35. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 39-53.
36. Report of the Natural Resources and Environment Transitional Task Force, December 5, 1968, Folder "Task Force Reports, Transition Period, 1968-69," Box 1, Transition Task Force Reports, WHCF, RNPMP
37. Interview, Author with Russell Train, July 8, 1998.
38. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 65-67
39. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004.
40. Letter, Russell Train to Takeso Shimoda, November 13, 1969, PPRT, LC
41. Memo, Russell Train to Walter Hickel, August 12, 1969, PPRT, LC.
42. Public Papers of President Richard Nixon, 1969 (Washington, DC, 1970), 223
43. Russell Train, "A New Approach to International Environmental Cooperation: The NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society," Kansas Law Review 22, no. 21 (Winter 1974): 167-91.
44. Memo, Russell Train to Daniel P. Moynihan, June 26, 1969, PPRT, LC;
45. Letter,Walter Hickel to Armin H. Meyer, August 8, 1969, PPRT, LC.
46. Interview, Author with William Ruckelshaus, April 2, 1998.
47. Ibid.; Memo, Russell Train to William P. Rogers, April 8, 2004, PPRT, LC.
48. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004.
49. Nixon quoted in ibid.
50. See Council on Environmental Quality, Ocean Dumping: A National Policy (Washington, DC, 1970)
51. Memo, Russell Train to Secretary of Interior et al., April 30, 1970, PPRT, LC
52. Train quoted in Washington Post, October 8, 1970, A8.
53. David Zwick, "Water Pollution," in Nixon and the Environment, ed. James Rathlesberger New York, 1972), 45-46.
54. See Kehoe, Cleaning up the Great Lakes.
55. Memo, Russell Train to William Rogers, December 24, 1970, PPRT, LC;
56. Memo, Russell Train to Secretary of State et al., August 14, 1970, PPRT, LC;
57. Memo, Russell Train to Richard Nixon, July 2, 1970, PPRT, LC.
58. Report of the U.S.-Canada JointWorking Group, June 10, 1971, Folder "Great Lakes, 1971-1972, 2 of 2," Box 70, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP;
59. Washington Post, June 11, 1971, 1.
60. Letter, Edmund Muskie toWilliam Rogers, April 7, 1972, Folder 9, "1971-1972 Press File-Muskie Position Statements-Environment," Box 1597, United States Senate Staff Office Files (hereafter USSSO), Edmund Muskie Archives (hereafter EMA), Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Kehoe, Cleaning up the Great Lakes, 149, 164-65
61. Theodore L. Eliot toHenry Kissinger, February 9, 1973, Folder "EX NR 7-1, Projects 3 of 3, 1973-1974," Box 17, Natural Resources Files, WHCF, RNPMP
62. Interview, Author withWilliam Ruckelshaus, April 2, 1998
63. Interview, Author with William Reilly, June 26, 1998.
64. Washington Post, October 18, 1970, A4; Mainichi Shimbun, October 15, 1970, 1
65. Asahi Evening News, October 14, 1970, 3.
66. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004
67. Interview, Author with William Ruckelshaus, April 2, 1998.
68. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004.
69. Letter, Russell Train to Jacques Duhamel, September 24, 1972, PPRT, LC;
70. Memorandum for the Files, Boyd Gibbons, March 23, 1972, PPRT, LC.
71. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 149-50
72. Interview, Author with Train, January 8,2004.
73. Transcript, Address by Russell E. Train, International Congress on Man and Nature, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 29, 1967, PPRT, LC;
74. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004.
75. Memo, Russell Train to John Whitaker, November 28, 1972, PPRT, LC;
76. Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, November 2, 1972, PPRT, LC.
77. See Mark Swadling, ed., Masterworks of Man and Nature: Preserving Our World Heritage (Patonga, Australia, 1992), and Carol Bitting Lutyk, ed., Our World's Heritage (Washington, DC, 1987).
78. See Doug Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia (Pittsburgh, 2000) for a full discussion of Soviet environmental problems, the fate of ecological preserves known as "zopovedniki," and the impact of Stalinist rule; Summary of Environmental Problems in the Soviet Union, n.d., 1971, PPRT, LC.
79. Memorandum for the Record, Gordon MacDonald, May 5, 1970, PPRT, LC;
80. Memo, Russell Train to Henry Kissinger, October 28, 1971, PPRT, LC;
81. Memo, Russell Train to Morton Hillenbrand, January 16, 1971, PPRT, LC
82. Letter, Russell Train to Fitzhugh Green, November 15, 1971, PPRT, LC
83. Memorandum for the Files, November 12, 1971, PPRT, LC.
84. "Cooperation in Environmental Protection: An Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics," May 23, 1972, PPRT, LC
85. "Scientific Agreements of Moscow Summit," BioScience 22, no. 7 (July 1972): 424
86. Memo, Edwin Coate to John Whitaker, May 20, 1972, Folder "CEQ, 1972-73, 1 of 2," Box 43, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
87. Federov quoted in Washington Post, May 24, 1972, 11
88. Itinerary, First Session of the US-USSR Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, September 18-22, 1972, PPRT, LC.
89. Letter, Harrison Brown, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, to Richard Nixon, May 12, 1972, Folder "White House-Press, 1969-1972," Box 35, Edward David Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
90. Letter, Richard Nixon to Russell Train, August 4, 1972, PPRT, LC;
91. Memo, Russell Train to John Whitaker, September 1, 1972, PPRT, LC;
92. Memo, Lee Talbot to Russell Train, July 27, 1972, PPRT, LC; Memo, Russell Train to John Ehrlichman, September 7, 1972, PPRT, LC.
93. Memo, John Whitaker to Richard Nixon, September 9, 1972, Folder "EX FG 6-17, CEQ, September 1, 1972-December 27, 1972," Box 1, CEQ Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
94. Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, September 11, 1972, PPRT, LC.
95. Transcript, Remarks of the Honorable Russell E. Train, Chairman, U.S. Delegation, September 18, 1972, PPRT, LC;
96. New York Times, September 22, 1972, 1.
97. Quoted in Baltimore Sun, October 10, 1972, 10.
98. Memo, Russell Train to Henry Kissinger, October 6, 1972, PPRT, LC.
99. Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, February 1, 1973, PPRT, LC;
100. Press Release, Soviets-US Hold Joint Press Conference, July 5, 2004, PPRT, LC;
101. Letter, George Milias to Russell Train, July 5, 1973, PPRT, LC;
102. Letter, Russell Train to Robert Long, August 6, 1973, PPRT, LC;
103. Nixon quoted in Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 129.
104. Memo, Charles Colson to John Whitaker, May 28, 1970, Folder "The Environmental Coalition, 2 of 2," Box 61, Charles Colson Files, WHSF, RNPMP;
105. Memo, Lee DuBridge to John Ehrlichman, September 20, 1971, Folder "Ex FG 6-17, CEQ, September 1, 1971- December 27, 1972," Box 1, CEQ Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
106. Letter, Edmund Muskie to Donald Songer, August 6, 1971, Folder 2, "1971 Correspondence, 500 Public Works, Environment Correspondence," Box 1052, USSSO, EMA; President's Notation on Annotated News Summary, May 22, 1971, Folder "Annotated News Summaries, May, 1971," Box 33, President's Offfice Files, WHSF, RNPMP.
107. Letter, Russell Train to Elliot Richardson, November 17, 1969, PPRT, LC;
108. Memo, Russell Train to Henry Kissinger, December 3, 1970, PPRT, LC.
109. Memo, John Whitaker to John Ehrlichman, December 2, 1971, Folder "Nov.-Dec., 1971, 2 of 2, December, 1971," Box 4, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
110. Transcript, Statement of Russell Train before the Subcommittee on Oceans and International Environment, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 3, 1972, PPRT, LC;
111. Transcript, Statement of Russell Train before the Subcommittee on International Organization and Movements, House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 16, 1972, PPRT, LC.
112. Memo, Russell Train to John Whitaker, March 10, 1972, PPRT, LC;
113. Memo, Russell Train to John Whitaker, March 20, 1972, Folder "John Ehrlichman, March, 1972," Box 93, H. R., Haldeman Files, WHSF, RNPMP;
114. Memo, Russell Train to John Ehrlichman, April 6, 1972, PPRT, LC.
115. Memo,William Lester to John Whitaker, April 10, 1972, Folder "CEQ, 1971-1972, 1 of 3," Box 126, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP;
116. Letter, Russell Train to Jack Davis, May 2, 1972, PPRT, LC;
117. Memo, Acting Secretary of State to Russell Train, June 5, 1972, PPRT, LC;
118. Instructions for Heads of United States Delegations to International Conferences, n.d., PPRT, LC.
119. R. Stephen Berry, "What Happened at Stockholm," Science and Public Affairs 28, no. 7 (September 1972): 16-58
120. Letter, George Bush to Russell Train, October 25, 1972, PPRT, LC
121. Letter, Russell Train to George Bush, October 31, 1972, PPRT, LC.
122. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004
123. Train quoted in San Francisco Chronicle, June 8, 1972, 11.
124. Interview, Author with Christian Herter, January 17, 1991
125. Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004.
126. Fact Sheet, Of.ce of the Secretary-General, United Nations, UN Conference on the Environment, June 20, 1972, PPRT, LC;
127. Achievements of the Stockholm Conference, n.d., PPRT, LC;
128. Memo, Russell Train to John Whitaker, November 28, 1972, PPRT, LC;
129. Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, November 2, 1972, PPRT, LC.
130. Train quoted in Berry, "What Happened," 17, 23, 28.
131. Memo, John Whitaker to Richard Nixon, June 19, 1972, Folder "President's Handwriting, June 16-30, 1972," Box 17, President's Offfice Files, WHSF, RNPMP;
132. Memo, Russell Train to Richard Nixon, June 19, 1972, PPRT, LC;
133. Transcript, Press Conference, Russell Train, Howard Baker, and Robert White, June 20, 1972, PPRT, LC.
134. Statement by the President on the UN Conference on the Human Environment, June 20, 1972, PPRT, LC;
135. Press Release, UN Conference on the Environment, June 20, 1972, Folder "CEQ, 1972, 2 of 2," Box 126, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP;
136. Memo, CEQ to William Ruckelshaus et al., June 17, 1972, Folder "CEQ, 1972, 1 of 2,"" Box 126, John Whitaker Files, WHCF, RNPMP.
137. Letter, Maurice Strong to Russell Train, July 28, 1972, PPRT, LC
138. Letter, Claiborne Pell to Russell Train, July 20, 1972, PPRT, LC
139. Letter, N. B. Livermore to Richard Nixon, August 8, 1972, PPRT, LC
140. Congressional Record, 92d Cong., 2d sess., vol. 118, pt. 6 (June 26, 1972): H6099-H6103.
141. Norway, which had accepted the moratorium at Stockholm, now voted against it.
142. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 139-40
143. New York Times, August 30, 1972, 24.
144. P.L. 92-516; Flippen, Nixon and the Environment, 134, 178
145. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 98.
146. Report of the Department of State on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, April 5, 1973, Folder "EX NR Natural Resources, 3 of 3, 1973-74," Box 1, Natural Resources Files, WHCF, RNPMP
147. Press Release, CITES, April 13, 1973, Folder "EX NR Natural Resources, 3 of 3, 1973-74," Box 1, Natural Resources Files, WHCF, RNPMP
148. Thomas Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 152-53
149. Train, Politics, Pollution and Pandas, 144-45.
150. Memorandum for the Files, January 12, 1971, PPRT, LC
151. Arizona Daily Star, November 9, 1971, 1
152. Train, "A New Approach," 172-74.
153. Memorandum of Conversation, Russell Train, June 30, 1971, PPRT, LC
154. Letter, Richard Nixon to Russell Train, January 26, 1972, PPRT, LC
155. Memo, Russell Train to Henry Kissinger, April 13, 1972, PPRT, LC.
156. Memorandum for the Files, Russell Train, January 12, 1971, PPRT, LC.
157. Nixon quoted in Interview, Author with Train, January 8, 2004
158. Letter, Richard Nixon to Russell Train, September 18, 1973, PPRT, LC.
159. Letter, Russell Train to Robert Long, August 6, 1973, PPRT, LC
160. List of Tentative Dates, US-USSR Environmental Program, July 26, 1973, PPRT, LC;
161. Memorandum for the Files, November 14, 1973, PPRT, LC;
162. Letter, Russell Train to Yuri Izrael, July 23, 1973, PPRT, LC;
163. Letter, Russell Train to A. O. Kudryavtsov, August 3, 1973, PPRT, LC;
164. Unsigned Tribute to Russell Train, September 20, 1994, PPRT, LC.
165. Press Release, Embassy of the United States of America, May 5, 1974, PPRT, LC;
166. Itinerary, Visit of Russell Train, Bonn,West Germany, May 9-10, 1974, PPRT, LC
167. Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Federal Republic of Germany on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, PPRT, LC
168. Letter, E. Vernede to Russell Train, May 24, 1974, PPRT, LC
169. Letter, Sadanori Yamanaka to Russell Train, September 26, 1974, PPRT, LC.
170. Hal K. Rothman, The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945 (Ft.Worth, TX, 1998), 132-33
171. Andrews, Managing the Environment,Managing Ourselves, 321-22, 338-41
172. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, 226-29
173. Flippen, Nixon and the Environment, 22
174. Benjamin Kline, First along the River: A Brief History of the U.S. Environmental Movement (San Francisco, CA, 1997), 98-99
175. Kirkpatrick Sale, The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement (New York, 1993), 29-45
176. Whitaker, Striking a Balance, 24-26.
177. Rothman, Greening of a Nation, 158-59
178. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, 491-526.
179. For a discussion of the most recent Republican president, GeorgeW. Bush, see Robert S. Devine, Bush versus the Environment (New York, 2004), and Chris Mooney, The Republican War on Science (New York, 2005).
180. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence, 491
181. Sale, The Green Revolution, 50-51
182. Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of State, The Global 2000 Report to the President-Entering the Twenty-First Century: A Report, 3 vols. (Washington, DC, 1980)
183. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York, 1987).