Environmental destruction as a counterinsurgency strategy in the Kurdistan region of Turkey

Geoforum

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1786-1797

  van Etten, Jacob ^a   Jongerden, Joost ^b,c   de Vos, Hugo J ^d   Klaasse, Annemarie ^e   van Hoeve, Esther C E ^f  

^a INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Philippines)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c ATHENA INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^d Voswiz Consultancy   (Netherlands)

^e WaterWatch   (Netherlands)

^f RIONED Foundation   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Armed conflict; Counterinsurgency; Environment; Forest; Forest fire; GIS; Partiya Karker n Kurdistan; Remote sensing; Tunceli; Turkey; Turkish Armed Forces

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CIVIL SOCIETY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOREST FIRE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; STRATEGIC APPROACH;

EURASIA; TUNCELI; TURKEY;

EID: 50149089012     PISSN: 00167185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Aker A.T., Çelik B., Kurban D., Ünalan T., and Yükseker D. The Problem of Internal Displacement in Turkey: Assessment and Policy Proposals (2005), TESEV, Istanbul
2. Álvarez M.D. Forests in the time of violence: conservation implications of the Colombian war. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16 3/4 (2003) 47-68
3. Amnesty International, 1996. No Security without Human Rights. Amnesty International, London.
4. Ball P. Making the case: The role of statistics in human rights reporting. Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 18 2-3 (2001) 163-173
5. Baral N., and Heinen J.J. The Maoist people's war and conservation in Nepal. Politics and the Life Sciences 24 1-2 (2005) 2-11
6. Barkey H., and Fuller G.E. Turkey's Kurdish Question (1998), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Boston
7. Bilgili, E., 2001. Fire situation in Turkey. In: FAO, Global Forest Fire Assessment 1990-2000. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 055. .
8. Biswas A.K. Scientific assessment of the long-term environmental consequences of war. In: Austin J.E., and Bruch C.E. (Eds). The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 303-315
9. Bozarslan H. Violence in the Middle East: From Political Struggle to Self-sacrifice (2004), Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton
10. Buhaug H. The future is more than scale: a reply to Diehl and O'Lear. Geopolitics 12 1 (2007) 192-199
11. Buhaug H., and Lujala P. Accounting for scale: measuring geography in quantitative studies of civil war. Political Geography 24 4 (2005) 399-418
12. Chuvieco E. Remote Sensing of Large Wildfires in the European Mediterranean Basin (1999), Springer, Berlin
13. CIA, 1986. Kurdish Areas in the Middle East and the Soviet Union. Map available at .
14. de Jong W., Donovan D., and Abe K. Extreme Conflict and Tropical Forests (2007), Springer, Heidelberg
15. de Vos, H., Jongerden, J., van Etten, J., 2008. Images of war: using satellite images for human rights monitoring. Disasters (EarlyOnline).
16. Deǧer, M.E., 1977. CIA, Kontrgerilla ve Türkiye. Ankara, Imge.
17. Dudley P., Ginsberg J.R., Plumptre A.J., Hart J.A., and Campos L.C. Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Conservation Biology 16 2 (2002) 319-329
18. Firat, G., 1997. Sozioökonomischer Wandel und etnische Identität in der kurdisch-alevitischen Region Dersim. Bielefelder Studien zur Entwicklungssoziologie Band 65. Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken.
19. Fjeldså J., Álvarez M.D., Lazcano J.M., and León B. Illicit crops and armed conflict as constraints on biodiversity conservation in the Andes region. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 34 3 (2005) 205-211
20. Gleditsch N.P. Armed conflict and the environment: a critique of the literature. Journal of Peace Research 35 3 (1998) 381-400
21. Guyer J.I., and Lambin E.F. Land use in an urban hinterland: ethnography and remote sensing in the study of African intensification. American Anthropologist 95 4 (1993) 839-859
22. Halperin M. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (1974), The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
23. Human Rights Watch, 1995. Weapons Transfer and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey. Human Rights Watch, Washington, DC.
24. İmset, İ.G., 1995. The PKK: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists? American Kurdish Information Network, Washington, DC. .
25. İnsan Haklari{dotless} Derneǧi, 1996. The Burned and Evacuated Villages, İstanbul.
26. Jetten, A., de Vos, H.J., 1994. Bomen voor de vogels, land voor de mensen: het landbouwfront, agro-ecologische zonering en agrarische ontwikkeling in zuid-oost Nicaragua. In: de Vos, H.J., Vellema, S. (Eds.), Tot op de Bodem. Vijf Opstellen over Landdegradatie, Ontbossing en Sociale Verhoudingen. Wageningen, Leerstoelgroep Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling, Studium Generale.
27. Jongerden J. The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Politics, Modernity and War (2007), Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden and Boston
28. Jongerden, J., Oudshoorn, R., Laloli, H., 1997. Het Verwoeste Land, Berichten van de Oorlog in Turks-Koerdistan. Breda, Uitgeverij Papieren Tijger.
29. Kemal, Y., 1995. Campaign of Lies. Der Spiegel 2. .
30. Kocher, M., 2004. Human ecology and civil war. PhD Thesis in Political Sciences, University of Chicago.
31. Korf B. Cargo cult science, armchair empiricism and the idea of violent conflict. Third World Quarterly 27 3 (2006) 459-476
32. Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2002. Internally Displaced Persons: The Kurds in Turkey. Kurdish Human Rights Project, London.
33. Kurtulmuslu, M., Yazici, E., 2003. Management of forest fires through the involvement of local communities in Turkey. In: FAO, Community-Based Fire Management: Case Studies from China, The Gambia, Honduras, India, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Turkey. FAO, Rome. .
34. O'Lear S. Resource concerns for territorial conflict. GeoJournal 64 4 (2005) 297-306
35. Özdaǧ U. The PKK and Low Intensity Conflict in Turkey (2003), Ankara, Frank Cass
36. Pamukoǧlu O. Unutulanlar Di{dotless}şi{dotless}nda Yeni Bir Şey Yok, Hakkari ve Kuzey Irak Daǧlari{dotless}ndaki Askerler (2003), Harmony, Ankara
37. Price S.V. War and Tropical Forests: Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict (2003), Food Products Press (Haworth Press), New York
38. Prins E. Use of low cost Landsat ETM+ to spot burnt villages in Darfur, Sudan. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 29 4 (2008) 1207-1214
39. Raleigh, C., Hegre, H., 2005. Introducing ACLED: an armed conflict location and event dataset. Paper presented to the Conference on "Disaggregating the Study of Civil War and Transnational Violence," University of California Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation, San Diego, CA, 7-8 March 2005.
40. Richards P. New war: an ethnographic approach. In: Richards P. (Ed). No Peace No War, An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts (2005), James Curry and Ohio University Press, Oxford 1-21
41. Richards P., and Ruivenkamp G. Seeds and Survival: Crop Genetic Resources in War and Reconstruction in Africa (1997), IPGRI, Rome
42. Roth J., and Taylan K. Die Turkei - Republik Unter Wolfen (1981), Verlag Lamuv, Bornheim
43. Şahan, T., Bali{dotless}k, U., 2005. İtirafçi{dotless}. Bir JİTEM'ci Anlatti{dotless}. Aram, İstanbul.
44. Sperling L. The effects of the Rwandan war on crop production and varietal diversity: a comparison of two crops. AgREN Network Paper 75 (1997) 19-30
45. Sperling L. The effect of civil war on Rwanda's bean seed systems and unusual bean diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 10 6 (2001) 989-1009
46. State Statistics Institute [Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü], 1990. General Population Count [Nüfus Genel Sayimi], Ankara.
47. State Statistics Institute [Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü], 2000. General Population Count [Nüfus Genel Sayimi], Ankara.
48. Steinberg M.K., Height C., Mosher R., and Bampton M. Mapping massacres GIS and state terror in Guatemala. Geoforum 37 1 (2006) 62-68
49. Stichting Nederland-Koerdistan, 1995. Forced Evictions and Destruction of Villages in Dersim (Tunceli) and the Western part of Bingöl, Turkish-Kurdistan, September-November 1994. Stichting Nederland-Koerdistan, Amsterdam. www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Forced_evacuations.pdf.
50. Tomes R.R. Relearning counterinsurgency warfare. Parameters 34 1 (2004) 16-28
51. Tunceli and Kopdaǧ Project. n.d. (Web site no longer available).
52. Tunceli Sendikalar Platformu, 1996. Tunceli Sendikalar Platformun raporu. İlimizin sorunlari{dotless}. In: Dersim, Tunceli Kültür ve Dayanişma Derneǧi Yayi{dotless}n Organi{dotless}, Yi{dotless}l 2 Sayi{dotless} 4, Ekim, pp. 17-26.
53. Turner M.D. Methodological reflections on the use of remote sensing and geographic information science in human ecological research. Human Ecology 31 2 (2003) 255-279
54. van Etten J. Changes in farmers' knowledge of maize diversity in highland Guatemala, 1927/37-2004. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2 12 (2004)
55. van Hoeve, E., Klaasse, A., 2001. Images of war: an analysis of war-related land use changes by integrating expert knowledge and remote sensing. Thesis Report GIRS-2001-30, Wageningen University.
56. White P. Primitive Rebels or Revolutionary Modernizers? The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey (2000), Zed, London, New York
57. Yüce M.C. Doǧu'da Yükselen Güneş (1999), Zelal, Ankara