Medicinal particles

Particle-Lung Interactions

Volumn , Issue , 2000, Pages 171-225

  Svartengren, Magnus ^a   Svartengren, Katharina ^b  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50049093807     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (251)

1. Jenne JW, Ahrens RC. Pharmacokinetics of beta-adrenergic compounds. In: Jenne JW, Murphy S, eds. Drug Therapy for Asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1987: 213.
2. Wolff RK, Dorato MA. Toxicological testing of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993; 23:343-369.
3. Pin I, Gibson PH, Kolendowicz R, Girgis-Gabardo A, Denburg JA, Hargreave FE, Dolovich J. Induced sputum cell characteristics in normal (N) and asthmatics (A) subjects. Thorax 1992; 47:25-29.
4. Smith CM, Anderson SD. Inhalation provocation tests using nonisotonic aerosols. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84:781-790.
5. Iredale MJ, Wanklyn SAR, Phillips IP, Krausz T, Ind PW. Non-invasive assessment of bronchial inflammation in asthma: no correlation between eosinophilia of induced sputum and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled hypertonic saline. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24:940-945.
6. Keefe MJ, Bennett WD, Dewitt P, Seal E, Strong AA, Gerrity R. The effect of ozone exposure on the dispersion of inhaled aerosol boluses in healthy human subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:23-30.
7. Heyder J, Blanchard JD, Feldman HA, Brain JD. Convective mixing in human respiratory tract: estimates with aerosol boli. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64:1273-1278.
8. McCawley M, Lippmann M. Development of an aerosol dispersion test to detect early changes in lung function. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1988; 49:357-366.
9. Anderson PJ, Blanchard JD, Brain JD, Feldman HA, McNamara JJ, Heyder J. Effect of cystic fibrosis on inhaled aerosol boluses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1317-1324.
10. Blanchard JD, Anderson PJ, Brain JD, McNamara J, Heyder J. Deposition and Clearance of Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract. Vienna: Facultas-Universitatsverlag 1987:151-156.
11. Martonen TB. Measurement of particle dose distribution in a model of a human larynx and tracheobronchial tree. J Aerosol Sci 1983; 14:11-22.
12. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Xue ZQ, Zhang Z. Motion of air within the human tracheobronchial tree. Particle Sci Technol 1994; 12:175-188.
13. Goldberg IS, Lourenço RV. Deposition of aerosols in pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 1973; 131:88-91.
14. Svartengren M, Anderson M, Philipson K, Camner P. Human lung deposition of particles suspended in air or in helium/oxygen mixture. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15: 575-585.
15. Pavia D, Thomson ML, Clarke SW, Shannon HS. Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung. Thorax 1977; 32:194-197.
16. Anderson M, Svartengren M, Dahlbäck M, Nerbrink O, Philipson K, Camner P. Human tracheobronchial deposition and effect of two cholinergic aerosols. Exp Lung Res 1993; 19:653-669.
17. Anderson M, Philipson K, Svartengren M, Camner P. Human deposition and clearance of 6-mm particles inhaled with an extremely low flow rate. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21:187-195.
18. Dolovich M, Ruffin R, Corr D, Newhouse MT. Clinical evaluation of a simple demand inhalation MDI aerosol delivery device. Chest 1983; 84:36-41.
19. Chua HL, Chambers CB, Newhouse MT. Upper respiratory tract salbutamol deposition following MDI or MDI 1 Aerochamber: effect of mouth rinsing on oropharyngeal clearance. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8:89.
20. Alderson PO, Biello DR, Gottschalk A, Hoffer PB, Kroop SA, Lee ME, Ramanna L, Siegel BA, Waxman AD. Tc-99m-DTPA aerosol and radioactive gases compared as adjuncts to perfusion scintigraphy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Radiology 1984; 153:515-521.
21. Baskin M, Abd A, Ilowite JS. Regional deposition of aerosolised pentamidine: effects of body position and breathing pattern. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:677-683.
22. O’Doherty MJ, Thomas SH, Bradbeer C, Nunan TO, Bateman NT. Does inhalation in the supine position increase deposition in the upper part of the lung? Chest 1990; 97:1343-1348.
23. Knight V, Gilbert BE. Aerosol treatment of respiratory viral disease. Lung 1990; suppl: 406-413.
24. Weibel ER. Morphometry of the Human Lung. New York: Academic Press, 1963: 136-143.
25. Hoffman W. Mathematical model for the post natal growth of the human lung. Respir Physiol 1982; 49:115-129.
26. Itoh H, Ishii Y, Maeda H, Todo G, Torizuka K, Smaldone GC. Clinical observations of aerosol deposition in patients with airways obstruction. Chest 1981; 80:837-840.
27. Sweeney TD, Brain JD, Leavitt SA, Godleski JJ. Emphysema alters the deposition pattern of inhaled particles in hamsters. Am J Pathol 1987; 128:19-28.
28. Becquemin MH, Swift DL, Bouchikhi A, Roy M, Teillac A. Particle deposition and resistance in the noses of adults and children. Eur Respir J 1991; 4:694-702.
29. Cederlund A, Camner P, Svartengren M. Nasal mucociliary transport before and after jogging. Phys Sportsmed 1987; 15:93-98.
30. Stahlhofen W, Gebhart J, Heyder J. Biological variability of regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1981; 42: 348-352.
31. Yeates DB, Pitt BR, Spektor DM, Karron GA, Albert RE. Coordination of mucociliary transport in human trachea and intrapulmonary airways. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51:1057-1064.
32. Anderson M, Svartengren M, Philipson K, Camner P. Deposition in man of particles inhaled in air or helium-oxygen at different flow rates. J Aerosol Med 1990; 3: 209-216.
33. Svartengren M, Anderson M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Mouth and throat deposition of 3.6 mm radiolabelled particles in asthmatics. J Aerosol Med 1991; 4: 313-321.
34. Vogt FC. The incidence of candidiasis with use of inhaled corticosteroids. Am Allergy 1979; 43:205-210.
35. Williams AJ, Baghat MS, Stableforth DE, Cayton RM, Shenoi PM, Skinner C. Dysphonia caused by inhaled steroids: recognition of a characteristic laryngeal abnormality. Thorax 1983; 38:813-821.
36. Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Pannall PR, Cain HJ, Leckie WJH. Effect of orally administered beclomethasone dipropionate on calcium absorption from the gut in normal subjects. Thorax 1993; 48:890-893.
37. Svartengren K, Lindestad PA, Svartengren M, Philipson K, Bylin G, Camner P. Added external resistance reduces oropharyngeal deposition and increases lung deposition of aerosol particles in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 32-37.
38. Ericsson CH, Svartengren K, Svartengren M, Mossberg B, Philipson K, Blomquist M, Camner P. Repeatability of airway deposition and tracheobronchial clearance rate over three days in chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1886-1893.
39. Svartengren K, Lindestad PA, Svartengren M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Deposition of inhaled particles in the mouth and throat of asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:1467-1473.
40. Bowes SM, Swift DL. Deposition of inhaled particles in the oral airway during oronasal breathing. Aerosol Sci Technol 1989; 11:157-167.
41. Svartengren K, Anderson M, Svartengren M, Philipson K, Camner P. Oropharyngeal deposition of 3.5-mm particles inhaled through an elongated mouthpiece. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:1556-1559.
42. Dolovich M. Characterisation of medical aerosols: physical and clinical requirements for new inhalers. Aerosol Sci Technol 1995; 22:392-399.
43. Lippmann M, Albert RE. The effects of particle size on the regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in the human respiratory tract. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1969; 30: 257-275.
44. Lippmann M, Albert RE, Peterson HT. The regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in man. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled Particles III. Old Woking, UK: Unwin Bros 1971:105-120.
45. Camner P, Philipson K. Human alveolar deposition of 4 mm Teflon particles. Arch Environ Health 1978; 33:181-185.
46. Svartengren M, Linnman L, Philipson K, Camner P. Regional deposition in human lung of 2.5 mm particles. Exp Lung Res 1987; 12:265-279.
47. Gerrity TR, Lee PS, Hass FJ, Marinelli A, Werner P, Lourenço RV. Calculated deposition of inhaled particles in the airway generations of normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 1979; 47:867-873.
48. Palmes ED, Lippmann M. Influence of respiratory air space dimensions on aerosol deposition. Inhal Particles 1975; 4(1):127-136.
49. Svartengren M, Philipson K, Linnman L, Camner P. Airway resistance and deposition of particles in the lung. Exp Lung Res 1984; 7:257-269.
50. Svartengren M, Philipson K, Camner P. Individual differences in regional deposition of 6-mm particles in humans with induced bronchoconstriction. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15:139-149.
51. Anderson M, Svartengren M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Deposition in asthmatics of particles inhaled in air or helium-oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 524-528.
52. Smaldone GC, Perry RJ, Bennett WD, Messina MS, Zwang J, Ilowite J. Interpretation of ''24 hour lung retention” in studies of mucociliary clearance. J Aerosol Med 1988; 1:11-20.
53. Stahlhofen W, Gebhart J, Rudolf G, Scheuch G. Measurement of lung clearance with pulses of radioactive-labelled aerosols. J Aerosol Sci 1986; 17:333-336.
54. Scheuch G, Philipson K, Falk R, Anderson M, Svartengren M, Stahlhofen W, Camner P. Retention of particles inhaled in boli with and without induced bronchoconstriction. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21:901-916.
55. Scheuch G, Kreyling W, Haas F, Stahlhofen W. The clearance of polystyrene particles from human intrathoracic airways. J Aerosol Med 1993;6(suppl):47.
56. Schurch S, Gehr P, Im Hof V, Geiser M, Green F. Surfactant displaces particles toward the epithelium in airways and alveoli. Respir Physiol 1990; 80:17-32.
57. Gehr P, Geiser M, Im Hof V, Schurch S, Waber U, Baumann M. Surfactant and inhaled particles in the conducting airways: structural, stereological and biophysical aspects. Microsc Res Technol 1993; 26:423-436.
58. Bennett WD, Chapman WF, Lay JC, Gerrity TR. Pulmonary clearance of inhaled particles 24 to 48 hours post deposition: effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Aerosol Med 1993; 6:53-62.
59. Kreyling WG, Blanchard JD, Godleski JJ, Häusermann S, Heyder J, Schulz H, Sweeney TD, Takenaka S. Shallow aerosol bolus inhalation in beagle dogs: sites of retention and clearance. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8:82.
60. Wolff RK, Tillquist H, Muggenburg BA, Harkema JR, Mauderly JL. Deposition and clearance of radiolabeled particles from small ciliated airways in beagle dogs. J Aerosol Med 1989; 2:261-270.
61. Bohning DE, Atkins HL, Cohn SH. Long-term particle clearance in man: normal and impaired. Ann Occup Hyg 1982; 26:259-271.
62. Kreyling WG, Schumann G, Ortmaier A, Ferron GA, Karg E. Particle transport from the lower respiratory tract. J Aerosol Med 1988; 1:351-370.
63. Philipson K, Falk R, Camner P. Long-term lung clearance in humans studied with Teflon particles labeled with chromium-51. Exp Lung Res 1985; 9:31-42.
64. Philipson K, Falk R, Gustafsson J, Camner P. Long-term lung clearance of 195Aulabeled Teflon particles in humans. Exp Lung Res 1996; 22:65-83.
65. Brain JD. Lung macrophages. How many kinds are there? What do they do? Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137:507-509.
66. Oberdörster G, Ferrin J, Morrow PE. Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): a possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp Lung Res 1992; 18:87-104.
67. Barnes PJ, Basbaum B, Nadel JA. Autoradiographic localisation of autonomic receptors in airway smooth muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127:758-762.
68. Barnes PJ. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Life Sci 1993; 52:521-527.
69. Mak JC, Barnes PJ. Autoradiographic visualisation of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and guinea pig lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:1559-1568.
70. Deffebach ME, Charan NS, Lakshminarayan S, Butler J. The bronchial circulation. Small, but a vital attribute of the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:463-481.
71. Persson CGA, Erjefält I, Alkner U, Baumgarten C, Greiff L, Gustafsson B, Luts A, Pipkorn U, Sundler F, Svensson C, Wollmer P. Plasma exudation as a first line respiratory mucosal defence. Clin Exp Allergy 1991; 21:17-24.
72. Ryrfeldt A. The bronchial circulation-a significant local distribution system in the lung, in inhalation therapy? J Aerosol Med 1990; 3:165-168.
73. Wagner EM. The role of the tracheobronchial circulation in aerosol clearance. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8:1-5.
74. Wollmer P, Hultquist C, Jonson B, Eklund G. Relationship between the site of deposition and efficacy of inhaled terbutaline studied with radioactive aerosols. J Soc Nucl Med 1987; 26:270-271.
75. Dahlbäck M, Mattsson H, Prytz M, Hjertberg E, Tunek A, Miller-Larson A, Brattsand R. Uptake of a glucocorticoid budesonide, in rat airways and lung after inhalation and intravenous infusion. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:(S18):381.
76. Miller-Larsson A, Mattsson H, Ohlsson S, Hjertberg E, Tunck A, Dahlbäck M, Brattsand R. Prolonged release from the airway tissue of glucocorticoids budesonide and fluticasone propionate as compared to beclomethasone dipropionate and hydrocortisone [abstr]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:A466.
77. Parsons GH, Kramer GC, Link DP, Lantz BMT, Gunter RA, Green JF, Cross CE. Studies of reactivity and distribution of bronchial blood flow in sheep. Chest 1985; 87(suppl 5):182s.
78. Deffebach M, Agostoni P, Lakshminarayan S, Kirk W, Butler J. Prostacyclin (PGI2) increases bronchial blood flow in the dog. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:A162.
79. Lakshminarayan S, Jindal SK, Kirk W, Butler J. Increases in bronchial blood flow following bronchoconstriction with methacholine and prostaglandin F2b in dogs. Chest 1985; 87(suppl 5):183s-184s.
80. Long WM, Sprung CL, El Fawal H, Yerger LD, Eyre P, Abraham WM, Wanner A. Effects of histamine on bronchial artery blood flow and bronchomotor tone. J Appl Physiol 1985; 254-261.
81. Deffebach ME, Lakshminarayan S, Kirk W, Butler J. Bronchial circulation and cyclooxygenase products in acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63:1083-1988.
82. Kuwano K, Bosken CH, Paré PD, Bai TR, Wiggs BR, Hogg JC. Small airways dimensions in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1220-1225.
83. Charan NB, Turk GM, Dhand R. The role of bronchial circulation in the lung abscess. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131:121-124.
84. Pearse DB, Wagner EM. Role of the bronchial circulation in ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1994; 76:259-265.
85. Michel RP, Hakim TS, Petsikas D. Segmental vascular resistance in postobstructive pulmonary vasculopathy. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69:1022-1032.
86. Kelly L, Kolbe J, Mitzner W, Spannhake EW, Bromberger-Barnea B, Menkes H. Bronchial blood flow affects recovery from constriction in dog lung periphery. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60:1954-1959.
87. Wagner EM, Mitzner WA. Bronchial circulatory reversal of methacholine-induced airway constriction. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69:1220-1224.
88. Csete ME, Chediak AD, Abraham WM, Wanner A. Airway blood flow modifies allergic airway smooth muscle contraction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:59-63.
89. Lorino AM, Meignan M, Bouissou P, Atlan G. Effects of sustained exercise on pulmonary clearance of aerosolised 99mTc-DTPA. Am Physiol Soc 1989; 67:2055-2059.
90. Monaghan P, Provan I, Murray C, Mackey DWJ, Van der Wall H, Walker BM, Jones PD. An improved radionuclide technique for the detection of altered pulmonary permeability. J Nucl Med 1991; 32:1945-1949.
91. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:225-244.
92. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. Lancet 1965; 1:775-781.
93. Burrows B, Bloom JW, Traver GA, Cline MG. The course and prognosis of different forms of chronic airways obstruction in a sample from the general population. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1309-1314.
94. Barnes PJ. New concepts in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83:1013-1026.
95. Cosio M, Ghezzo H, Hogg JC, Corbin R, Loveland M, Dosman J, Macklem PT. The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary-function tests. N Engl J Med 1977; 298:1277-1281.
96. Eberg RV, Terracio MJ. Observation of the secretion on the surface of the bronchioles with the scanning electron microscope. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972; 111:4-11.
97. Green FHY, Harji S, Butt JC, Li F, Ruff M, Karkhanis A, Hessel P, Perry S. Regional distribution of airway smooth muscle in asthma. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8:94.
98. Camner P, Mossberg B, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance and chronic obstructive lung disease. Scand J Respir Dis 1973; 54:272-281.
99. Mossberg B, Strandberg K, Philipson K, Camner P. Tracheobronchial clearance and chronic obstructive lung disease. Scand J Respir Dis 1976; 57:281-289.
100. Camner P, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance in smoking discordant twins. Arch Environ Health 1972; 25:60-63.
101. Matthys H. Definition and assessment of asthma. Lung 1990; 168:51-56.
102. Mossberg B, Philipson K, Camner P. Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with emphysema associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand J Respir Dis 1978; 59:1-7.
103. Stahlhofen W, Rudolf G, James AC. Intercomparison of experimental regional aerosol deposition data. J Aerosol Med 1989; 2:285-308.
104. Thomson ML, Pavia D. Particle penetration and clearance in the human lung. Arch Environ Health 1974; 29:214-219.
105. Yeates DB, Gerrity TR, Garrad CS. Particle deposition and clearance in the bronchial tree. Ann Biomed Eng 1981; 9:577-592.
106. Svartengren M, Anderson M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Regional deposition of 3.6 mm particles in subjects with mild to moderately severe asthma. J Aerosol Med 1990; 3:197-207.
107. Agnew JE, Pavia D, Clarke SW. Airways penetration of inhaled radioaerosol: an index to small airways function? Eur J Respir Dis 1981; 62:239-255.
108. Ruusa J, Svartengren M, Philipson K, Camner P. Tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance in immotile cilia syndrome patients. J Aerosol Med 1993; 6: 89-98.
109. Mossberg B, Afzelius BA, Eliasson R, Camner P. On the pathogenesis of obstructive lung disease. A study on the immotile-cilia syndrome. Scand J Respir Dis 1978; 59:55-65.
110. Pavia D, Agnew JE, Sutton PP, Lopez-Vidriero MT, Currie DC, Cole PJ, Clarke SW. Impaired mucus clearance in patients with chronic bronchial sepsis, sinusitis and dextrocardia. Respiration 1988; 53:187-196.
111. Svartengren K, Philipson K, Svartengren M, Nerbrink O, Camner P. Clearance in smaller airways of inhaled 6-mm particles in subjects with immotile-cilia syndrome. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21:667-682.
112. Svartengren M, Anderson M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Regional deposition of 3.6 mm particles and lung function in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71:2238-2243.
113. Anderson M, Svartengren M, Bylin G, Philipson K, Camner P. Deposition in asthmatics of particles inhaled in air or helium-oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 524-528.
114. Svartengren K, Philipson K, Svartengren M, Anderson M, Camner P. Tracheobronchial deposition and clearance in small airways in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:1123-1129.
115. Stout SA, Derendorf H. Local treatment of respiratory infections with antibiotics. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987; 21:322-329.
116. Odio W, Vanlaer E, Klastersky J. Concentrations of gentamicin in bronchial secretions after intramuscular and endotracheal administration. J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 15:518-524.
117. Ilowite JS, Niederman MS, Fein AM. Delivery of topical antibiotics: pharmacokinetics and clinical problems. Semin Respir Infect 1992; 6:158-167.
118. Ilowite JS, Baskin MI, Sheetz MS, Abd AG. Delivered dose and regional distribu tion of aerosolised pentamidine using different delivery systems. Chest 1991; 99: 1139-1144.
119. Slauson DO, Lay JC, Castleman WL, Neilsen NR. Acute inflammatory lung injury retards pulmonary particle clearance. Inflammation 13:185-199, 1989.
120. Englund JA, Piedra PA, Jefferson LS, Wilson SZ, Taber LH, Gilbert BE. Highdose, short-duration ribavirin aerosol therapy in children with suspected respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Pediatr 1990; 117:313-320.
121. Smith DW, Frankel IR, Mathers LH, Tang ATS, Ariagno RL, Prober CG. A controlled trial of aerosolised ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:24-29.
122. Frank A, Dash CH. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in acute infections of the respiratory tract. Respiration 1985; 48:122-126.
123. Jarstrand C, Camner P, Philipson K. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and tracheobronchial clearance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110:415-419.
124. Camner P, Jarstrand C, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance 5-15 months after infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 1978; 10:33-35.
125. Lidman C, Tynell E, Berglund O, Lindbäck S. Aerosolised pentamidine versus i.v. pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Infection 1993; 21:146-149.
126. Lidman C, Berglund O, Tynell E, Lindbäck S, Elvin K. Aerosolised pentamidine as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: efficacy, mortality and morbidity. AIDS 1994; 8:935-939.
127. Nybo Jensen BN, Nielsen TL, Backer V, Nelsing S, Simonsen L, Flaschs H, Gaub J, Höjlyng N, Nielsen JO, Mathiesen L, Skinhöj P. Aerosolised pentamidine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a controlled, randomised trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:472-477.
128. Guinet F, Pialoux G, Trotot P, Chauvelle MT, Feuillie V, Sansonetti PH, Dupont B. Prophylaxie de la pneumocystose pulmonaire associée a l’ínfection vih par aérosols de pentamidine. Presse Med 1994; 23:1747-1752.
129. Ng VL, Geaghan SM, Leoung G, Shiboski S, Fahy J, Schnapp LY, Yajko DH, Hopenell PC, Hadley WK. Lack of effect of prophylactic aerosolised pentamidine on detection of Pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117:493-496.
130. Katial R, Honeycutt W, Oswald SG. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as focal bibasilar uptake on gallium scan during aerosolised pentamidine prophylactics. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:1038-1040.
131. Leoung GS, Feigal DW, Montgomery AB, et al. Aerosolised pentamidine for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:769-775.
132. Montaner JSG, Lawson LM, Gervais A, Hyland RH, Chan CK, Falutz JM. Aerosol pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of AIDS related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:948-953.
133. Milic-Emili J, Henderson J, Dolovich M, Trop D, Kaneko K. Regional distribution of inspired gas in the lung. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21:749-759.
134. Jules-Elysee K, Stover D, Zaman M, Bernard E, White D. Aerosolised pentamidine:effect on diagnosis and presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:750-757.
135. O’Riordan TG, Baughman RP, Dohn MN, Smaldone GC. Lobar pentamidine levels and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following aerosolised pentamidine. Chest 1994; 105:53-56.
136. Smaldone GC, Dickinson GD, Marcial E, Young E, Seymour J. Deposition of aerosolised pentamidine and failure of Pneumocystis prophylaxis. Chest 1992; 101:82-87.
137. O’Riordan TG, Smaldone GC. Regional deposition and regional ventilation during inhalation of pentamidine. Chest 1994; 105:395-401.
138. Thomas SHL, O’Doherty MJ, Page CJ, Nunan TO, Bateman NT. Which apparatus for inhaled pentamidine? A comparison of pulmonary deposition via eight nebulisers. Eur Respir J 1991; 4:616-622.
139. O’Doherty MJ, Thomas S, Page C, Barlow D, Bradbeer C, Nunan TO, Bateman NT. Differences in relative efficiency of nebulisers for pentamidine administration. Lancet 1988; 2:1283-1286.
140. Kilburn KH. The innocuousness and possible therapeutic use of aerosol amphotericin B. Am Rev Respir Dis 1959; 80:441-442.
141. Sahni PS. Pulmonary moniliasis. J Pediatr 1957; 50:484-486.
142. Ikemoto H. Treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma with amphotericin B. Arch Intern Med 1965; 115:598-601.
143. Eisenberg RS, Oatway WH. Nebulization of amphotericin B. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 193:289-292.
144. Diot P, Rivoire B, Le Pape A, Lemarie E, Dire D, Furet Y, Breteau M, Smaldone GC. Deposition of amphotericin B aerosols in pulmonary aspergilloma. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1263-1268.
145. Erkkilä S, Fröseth B, Hellström PE, Kaltiokallio K, Taskinen E, Viljanen A, Viljanen B, Selroos O. Inhaled budesonide influences cellular and biochemical abnormalities in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 5:106-110, 1988.
146. Spiteri MA, Newman SP, Clarke SW, Poulter LW. Inhaled corticosteroids can modulate the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2:218-224, 1989.
147. Spiteri MA, Poulter LW, Clarke SW. Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a comparison of their immunological and clinical effects. Thorax 1991; 46:322.
148. Alberts C, van der Mark THW, Jansen HM, the Dutch study group on pulmonary sarcoidosis. Inhaled budesonide in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Eur Respir J 1995; 5:682-688.
149. Ueda S, Kawamura K, Ashima K. Lung surfactant-TA in treatments for adult patients suffering from prolonged hypoxemia. Jpn Soc Biol Interface Sci 1988; 19: 60-77.
150. Richman PS, Sprague RG, Robertson B, Merrit TA, Curstedt T. The adult respiratory distress syndrome: first trials with surfactant replacement. Eur Respir J 1989; 2(suppl 3):109S-111S.
151. Nosaka S, Sakai T, Yonekura M, Yoshikawa K. Surfactant for adults with respiratory failure. Lancet 1990; 336:947-948.
152. Van Daal GJ, So KL, Gommes D. Intratracheal surfactant administration restores gas exchange in experimental adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with viral pneumonia. Anesth Analg 1991; 72:589-595.
153. Lachmann B. Animal models and clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement in adult respiratory distress symptom. Eur Respir J 1989; 2(suppl 3):98S-103S.
154. Kobayshi T, Grossman G, Robertson B, Ueda T. Effects of artificial and natural surfactant supplementation in immature newborn rabbits. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34:216-221.
155. Li WZ, Chen WM, Kobayashi T. Aerosolised surfactant reverses respiratory failure in lung lavaged rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38:82-88.
156. Lewis JF, McCaig L. Aerosolised versus instilled exogenous surfactant in a nonuniform pattern of lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1187-1193.
157. Knowles MR, Olivier KN, Hohneker KW, Robinson J, Bennet WD, Boucher RD. Pharmacological treatment of abnormal ion transport in the airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis. Chest 1995; 107(suppl):71S-76S.
158. Turpin SW, Knowles MR, Treatment of pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. In: Davis PB, ed. Cystic Fibrosis. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1993:277-344.
159. Kavanaugh, RE, Unadkat JD, Smith AL. Drug disposition in cystic fibrosis. In: Davis PB, ed. Cystic Fibrosis. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1993:91-136.
160. Martonen T, Katz I, Cress W. Aerosol deposition as a function of airway disease: cystic fibrosis. Pharm Res 1995; 12:96-102.
161. Hodson M. Antibiotic treatment. Aerosol therapy. Chest 1988; 94(suppl 2):156S-160S.
162. Smith AL, Ramsey B. Aerosol administration of antibiotics. Respiration 1995; 62(suppl 1):19-24.
163. Hodson ME, Penketh ARL, Batten JC. Aerosol carbenicillin and gentamicin treatment, of Pseudomonas aeroginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1981; 2:1137-1139.
164. Jensen T, Pedersen SS, Garne S, Heilmann C, Hoiby N, Koch C. Colistin inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections. Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 19:831-838.
165. Valerius NH, Koch C, Hoiby N. Prevention of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in cystic fibrosis by early treatment. Lancet 1991; 338:725-726.
166. Wilson FE. Acute respiratory failure secondary to polymyxin inhalation. Chest 1981; 79:237-239.
167. Touw DJ, Brimicombe RW, Hodson ME, Heijerman HGM, Bakker W. Inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1594-1604.
168. Zach MS. Discussion. Chest 1988; 94(suppl 2):160S-161S.
169. Steinkamp G, Tümmler B, Gappa M, Albus A, Potel J, Döring G, von der Hardt H. Long-term tobramycin aerosol therapy in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1989; 6:91-98.
170. Tomkiewicz RP, App EM, Zayas JG, Ramirez O, Church N. Boucher RC, Knowles MR, King M. Amiloride inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1002-1007.
171. Bennett W, Olivier K, Zemen K, et al. Acute effect of aerosolized uridine 5¢-triphosphate (UTP) 1/2 amiloride on mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:A670.
172. Köhler D. Aerosols for systemic treatment. Lung 1990; 168(suppl):677-684.
173. Graham JR, Malvea BP, Gramm HF. Aerosol ergotamine tartrate for migraine and Horton’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1960; 263:802-804.
174. Köhler D, Schlüter KJ, Kerp L, Matthys H. Nicht radioaktives Verfahren zur Messung der Lungenpermeabilität: inhalation von Insulin. Atemwegs Lungenkr 1987; 13:230-232.
175. Schlüter KJ, Köhler D, Enzmann F, Kerp L. Pulmonary administration of human insulin in volunteers and type I-diabetes. Diabetes 1984; 33(suppl):298.
176. Wigley M, Londona JH, Scott HW, Shipp JC, Waldmann RH. Insulin across respiratory mucosa by aerosol delivery. Diabetes 1971; 20:552-556.
177. Bick RL, Ross ES. Clinical use of intrapulmonary heparin. Semin Thromb Hemost 1985; 11:213-221.
178. Mahadoo J, Hiebert M, Wright CJ, Jaques LB. Vascular distribution of intratracheally administered heparin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 370:650-655.
179. Neri Serneri GG, Rovelli F, Gensini GF, Pirelli S, Carnovali M, Fortini A. Effectiveness of low-dose heparin in prevention of myocardial reinfarction. Lancet 1987; 1:937-942.
180. Engelberg H. Heparin and the atherosclerosis process. Pharmacol Rev 1984; 36: 91-110.
181. Minti B, Jordan C, Jones JG. Rapid improvement in abnormal pulmonary epithel permeability after stopping cigarettes. Br Med J 1981; 282:1183-1186.
182. Shulman AG. Heparin for prevention of atherosclerosis. N Engl Med 1988; 319: 1154-1155.
183. Huchon GJ. Respiratory clearance of solutes. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1986; 22:495-510.
184. Jacobs MP, Baughman RP, Hughes J, Fernandez-Ulloa M. Radioaerosol lung clearance in patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 687-689.
185. Pavia D, Bateman JRM, Clarke SW. Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles. Bull Eur Physiopathol 1980; 16:335-366.
186. Oberdörster G. Lung clearance of inhaled insoluble and soluble particles. J Aerosol Med 1988; 1:289-305.
187. Schiessle W, Frey D. Bronchoskopische Beobachtungen nach Inhalation von Farbstoffen bei normalen und krankhaften Verhältnissen im Atemtrakt. In: Nückel H, Schattauer FK, eds. Fortschritte der Biologischen Aerosol-Forschung. Stuttgart, 1962.
188. Kelly L, Kolbe J, Mitzner W, Spannhake EW, Bromberger-Barnea B, Menkes H. Bronchial blood flow affects recovery from constriction in dog lung periphery. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60:1954-1959.
189. Brown AR, Pickrell JA. Propellant-driven aerosols for delivery of proteins in the respiratory tract. J Aerosol Med 1995; 8:43-58.
190. Weissman DN, Bice DE, Crowell RE, Schuyler MR. Intrapulmonary antigen deposition in the human lung: local responses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 607-614.
191. Dahl R, Ringdal N, Ward SM, Stampone P, Donnel D. Equivalence of asthma control with new CFC-free formulation HFA-134a beclomethasone dipropionate and CFC beclomethasone dipropionate. Br J Clin Pract 1997; 51:11-15.
192. Tansey I. The technical transition to CFC-free inhalers. Br J Clin Pract 1997; 89(suppl):22-27.
193. Tobin MJ, Jenouri G, Danta I, Kim C, Watson H, Sackner MA. Response to bronchodilator drug administration by a new reservoir aerosol delivery system and a review of other auxilliary systems. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126:670-675.
194. Pauwels R, Lamont H, Hidinger K, Straeten MVD. Influence of an extension tube on the bronchodilator efficacy of terbutaline delivered from a metered dose inhaler. Respiration 1984; 45:61-66.
195. Pedersen S. Aerosol treatment of bronchoconstriction in children with or without a tube spacer. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1328-1330.
196. Morris J, Milledge JS, Moszoro H, Higgins A. The efficacy of drug delivery by a pearshaped spacer and metered dose inhaler. Br J Dis Chest 1984; 78:383-389.
197. Kim CS, Eldrige MA, Sackner MA. Oropharyngeal deposition and delivery aspects of metered-dose inhaler aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:157-164.
198. Newman SP, Clark AR, Talaee N, Clarke SW. Pressurised aerosol deposition in the human lung with and without an “open” spacer device. Thorax 1989; 44:706-710.
199. Vidgren P, Vidgren M, Paronen P, Vainio P, Nuutinen J. Effects of Inspirease holding chamber on the deposition of metered dose inhalation aerosols. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1991; 3:419-425.
200. Barry PW, O’Callaghan C. Poor output of salbutamol from a spacer device: effect of spacer static charge and multiple actuations (abstr). Thorax 1994; 49:402P.
201. Callaghan CO, Lynch J, Cant M, Robertsson C. Improvement in sodium cromoglycate delivery from a spacer device by use of an antistatic lining, immediate inhalation, and avoiding multiple actuations of drug. Thorax 1993; 48:603-606.
202. Everard ML, Clark AR, Milner AD. Drug delivery from holding chambers with attached facemask. Arch Dis Child 1992; 62:580-585.
203. Newman S, Steed K, Hooper G, Källén A, Borgström L. Comparison of gamma scintigraphy and a pharmacokinetic technique for assessing pulmonary deposition of terbutaline sulphate delivered by pressurised metered dose inhaler. Pharmacol Res 1995; 12:231-236.
204. Oldaeus G, Kubista J, Stahl E. Comparison of Bricanyl turbuhaler and Ventolin rotahaler in children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995; 74:34-37.
205. Borgström L, Bondesson E, Morén F, Trofast E, Newman SP. Lung deposition of budesonide inhaled via Turbuhaler: a comparison with terbutaline sulphate in normal subjects. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:69-73.
206. Vidgren M, Paronen P, Vidgren P. In vivo evaluation of the new multiple dose powder inhaler and the Rotahaler using the gamma scintigraphy. Acta Pharm Nord 1990; 1:3-10.
207. Köhler D. Problematik der dosisgenauen. Inhalation, dargestellt am Beispiel des Pari Provocations testgerätest. Pneumologie 1991; 45 (suppl 2):659-669 [in German with English summary].
208. Everard ML, Clark AR, Milner AD. Drug delivery from jet nebulisers. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:586-591.
209. Clay MM, Clarke SW. Effect of nebulised aerosol size on lung deposition in patients with mild asthma. Thorax 1987; 42:190-194.
210. Dahlström K, Larsson P. Lung deposition and systemic availability of budesonide inhaled as nebulized suspension from different nebulizers (abstr). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:A339.
211. Gonzalez-Rothi RJ, Schreier H. Pulmonary delivery of liposome-encapsulated drugs in asthma therapy. Clin Immunother 1995; 4:331-337.
212. Schreier H, Gonzalez-Rothi RJ, Stecenko A. Pulmonary delivery of liposomes. J Control Release 1993; 24:209-223.
213. Taylor KMG, Farr SJ. Liposomes for drug delivery to the respiratory tract. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1993; 19:123-142.
214. Taylor KMG, Taylor G, Kellaway IW, Stevens J. The influence of liposomal encapsulation on sodium cromoglycate pharmacokinetics in man. Pharmacol Res 1989; 6:633-636.
215. Thomas DA, Myers MA, Wichert B, Schreier H, Gonzales-Rothi RJ. Acute effects of liposome aerosol inhalation on pulmonary function in healthy human volunteers. Chest 1991; 99:1268-1270.
216. Gilbert BE, Six HR, Wilson SZ, Wyde PR, Knight V. Small particle aerosols of enviroxime-containing liposomes. Antiviral Res 1988; 9:355-365.
217. Myers MA, Niven R, Straub L, Soucy DW, Niven RW, Kaltenbach M, Hoodi CI, Schreier H, Gonzales-Rothi RJ. Pulmonary effects of chronic exposure to liposome aerosols in mice. Exp Lung Res 1993; 19:1-19.
218. Martin F. Development of lipsosomes for aerosol delivery: recent preclinical and clinical results. J Liposome Res 1990; 1:407-429.
219. Vidgren M, Waldrep JC, Arppe J, Black M, Rodarte JA, Cole W, Knight V. A study of 99mtechnetium-labelled beclomethasone dipropionate dilauroylphosphatidyl-choline liposome aerosol in normal volunteers. Int J Pharm 1995; 115:209-216.
220. Schreier H, Mobley N, Concessio N, et al. Formulation and in vitro performance of liposome powder aerosols. STP Pharm Sci 1994; 4:38-44.
221. Thomas SHL. O’Doherty MJ, Fidler HM, Page CJ, Treacher DF, Nunan T. Pulmonary deposition of a nebulised aerosol during mechanical ventilation. Thorax 1993; 48:154-159.
222. Manthous CA, Hall JB. Administration of therapeutic aerosols to mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1994; 106:560-571.
223. O’Doherty MJ, Thomas SHL, Page CG, Treacher DF, Nunan TO. Delivery of a nebulized aerosol to a lung model during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:383-388.
224. O’Riordan TG, Greco MJ, Smaldone PRJ. Nebulizer function during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1117-1122.
225. Fuller HD, Dolovich MB, Posmituck G, Wong Pack W, Newhouse MT. Pressurised aerosol versus jet aerosol delivery to mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:440-444.
226. Bishop MJ, Larson RP, Buschman DL. Metered dose inhaler aerosol characteristics are affected by the endotracheal tube actuator/adapter used. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:1263-1265.
227. Rao JL, Harwood RJ, Groff JL. Evaluation of a reservoir device for metered-dose bronchodilator delivery to intubated adults. Chest 1992; 102:924-930.
228. Gold MI. Treatment of bronchospasm during anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1975; 54: 783-786.
229. Sprague DH. Treatment of intraoperative bronchospasm with nebulized isoetharine. Anesthesiology 1977; 46:222-224.
230. MacIntyre NR, Silver RM, Miller CW, Schuler F, Coleman RE. Aerosol delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:81-84.
231. Gay PC, Patel HG, Nelson SB, Gilles B, Huvmayr RD. Metered dose inhalers for bronchodilator delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1991; 99:66-71.
232. Fernandez A, Lazaro A, Garcia A, Aragon C, Cerda E. Bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on mechanical ventilation: utilisation of metered-dose inhalers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:164-168.
233. Farhangfar R, Safirstein B, Khan MA. Comparison of the efficacy of albuterol delivered as metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with that of a nebulizer in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (abstr). Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:A60.
234. Gutierrez CJ, Nelson R. Short-term bronchodilation in mechanically ventilated patients receiving metaproterenol via small volume nebulizer (SVN) or metered-dose inhaler (MDI). Respir Care 1988; 33:910-913.
235. Hess D, Fillman D, Daugherty A, Rexrode WO, Smoker JM, Rhoads JE. Use of metered dose inhalers in intubated patients. Respir Care 1989; 34:1027-1033.
236. Bakow ED, Galgon P, Bachman V, Lucke J. beta-Agonist delivery in-line with a ventilator circuit by either metered dose inhaler or updraft nebulizer in a distal or proximal position. Respir Care 1989; 34:1027-1029.
237. Manthous CA, Schmidt GA, Hall JB, Wood LDH. Metered dose inhaler versus nebulized albuterol for the treatment of bronchospasm in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1567-1571.
238. Dhand R, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Response to bronchodilator administration by metered dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated patients with COPD (abstr). Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:A895.
239. Everard ML, Stammers J, Hardy JG, Milner AD. New aerosol delivery system for neonatal ventilator circuits. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:826-830.
240. Grigg J, Arnon S, Jones T, Clarke A, Silverman M. Delivery of therapeutic aerosols to intubated babies. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:25-30.
241. Rio MG, Gerhardt T, Hehre D, Feller R, Bancalari E. Effect of beta-agonist nebulization on lung function in neonates with increased pulmonary resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986; 2:287-291.
242. Rao S, Wilson B, Brooks RC. Acute effects of nebulization of N-acetylcysteine on pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 102:17-20.
243. Zandstra DF, Stoutenbeck CP, Miranda DR. Effect of mucolytic and bronchodilator aerosol therapy on airway resistance in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1985; 11:316-318.
244. Durbin CD. Aerosol therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 1994; 106: 336-337.
245. Wong BJ, Hargreave FE. Bioequivalence of metered-dose inhaled medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92:373-379.
246. Nelson HS. Adrenergic therapy for bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77:771-785.
247. Twentyman, OP, Finnerty JP, Holgate ST. The inhibitory effect of nebulized albuterol on the early and late asthmatic reactions and increase in airway responsiveness provoked by inhaled allergen in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:782-787.
248. Britton JR, Hanley SP, Garrett HV, Hadfield JW, Tattersfield AE. Dose related effects of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on airway calibre and reactivity in subjects with asthma. Thorax 1988; 43:300-305.
249. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY. Comparative effects of inhaled salbutamol, sodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergen-induced early asthmatic responses, late asthmatic responses, and increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79:734-740.
250. Wong BJO, Dolovich J, Ramsdale EH, et al. Formoterol compared to beclomethasone and placebo on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1156-1160.
251. Phillips GD, Richards R, Scott VL, Holgate ST. Sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium inhibit bronchoconstriction provoked by adenosine 5-monophosphate in atopic and non-atopic asthma [abstr]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137(suppl): 29.