The changing bases of political conflict in Western Europe: The cases of Belgium and Austria

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 428-452

  Arwine, Alan ^a   Mayer, Lawrence ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASS; HUMAN RIGHTS; NATION STATE; NATIONAL IDENTITY; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; RELIGION;

AUSTRIA; BELGIUM; BENELUX; CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 49949099907     PISSN: 13537113     EISSN: 15572986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13537110802289803     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Ronald Inglehart, "The Silent Revolution: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Society," The American Political Science Review, Vol. LXV, No. 4 (December, 1971), pp. 991-1017.
2. Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977).
3. Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
4. Scott Flanagan, "Value Change in Industrial Society," American Political Science Review, Vol. 81, No. 4 (December, 1987).
5. Russell Dalton, Scott Flanagan, and Paul Beck, eds., Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
6. Seymour Lipset, "The End of Ideology," in Lipset, Political Man (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1963), pp. 439-456.
7. Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross National Perspectives (New York: The Free Press, 1967), pp. 50ff.
8. There is a large literature on the emergence of what these scholars identify as "the extreme right;" however, this literature does not tie these parties to permanent transformation in the culture and structure of the economy in Western societies. For example, Michael Minkenberg, "The New Right in Germany," European Journal of Political Research Vol. 22, No. 1, (1992), pp. 55-81.
9. Hans-Georg Betz, Radical Right Wing Populism in Western Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994).
10. Cf. Terry Givens, "The Role of Socioeconomic Variables in the Success of Radical Right Parties," in Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay, eds., Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe (New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 137-158.
11. Mark Steyn, American Alone: The End of Western Civilization as We Know It.
12. This is the main thesis of Eric Fromm, Escape From Freedom (New York: Avon Books, 1965).
13. Ashutosh Varshney, "Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality," Perspectives of Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 85-99.
14. James Carroll, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews, A History (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), p. 374. Carroll offers a thorough history of the progressive marginalization of the Jews in Western history.
15. Cf. the definitions in Margaret Canover, Populism (New York: Harcourt Brace and Janovich, 1981)
16. and Michael Coniff, Latin American Populism: A Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1982).
17. Sarah Wildman, "Dewinter's Tale," The New Republic (January 22, 2007), p. 11.
18. Herbert Kitschelt, The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comprative Analysis (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
19. Pippa Norris, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
20. George Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: The Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Schocken Books, 1981).
21. Norris, 2005.
22. Trevor Harrison, Of Passionate Intensity: Right Wing Populism and the Reform Party of Canada (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1995), chap. 2.
23. Anton Derks, "Populism and the Ambivalence of Egalitarianism: How do the Underprivileged Reconcile a Right Wing Party Preference with Their Socio-Economic Attitudes," World Political Science Review, Vol. 2, Issue 3 (2006), pp. 175-200: 176.
24. In subsequent drafts of this research, we project including the data from other Western countries in which populist parties of identity have enjoyed some success, for example, France and Canada, and others in which the potential emergence of such parties was impeded by structural factors, for example, Germany and the United States.
25. This latter group is the consequence of the fact that while the Flemish have traditionally been less urbanized and more bucolic than the Walloons, the large city of Brussels is located in the heart of Flanders.
26. Norris, p. 244.
27. Kitschelt, 1995, p. 51 argues that the FPO underwent such a transformation in the late 1980s.
28. Ingelhart, "The Silent Revolution," 1971, The Silent Revolution, 1980.
29. For example, Betz, 1994
30. Kitschelt, 1995
31. Norris, 2005.
32. Derks, 2006.