Juvenile delinquency, the juvenile courts and the settlement movement 1908-1950: Basil Henriques and Toynbee Hall

Twentieth Century British History

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 133-155

  Bradley, Katharine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CRIMINAL LAW; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIAL WORK; UNITED KINGDOM; URBAN POPULATION;

ADOLESCENT; CRIMINAL LAW; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; MALE; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; SOCIAL WORK; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 49849100591     PISSN: 09552359     EISSN: 14774674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/tcbh/hwm038     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. I am grateful to Pat Thane, John Davis, Sally Alexander and the journal's anonymous readers for commenting on earlier versions of this article.
2. See for example Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (London, 1983)
3. and Harry Hendrick, Images of Youth: Age, Class and the Male Youth Problem (Oxford, 1990).
4. Harry Hendrick, Child Wellfare, England 1872-1989 (London, 1994).
5. Victor Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender 1914-1948 (Oxford, 1987).
6. Abigail Wills, 'Delinquency, masculinity and citizenship in England 1950-1970', Past and Present, 187 (2005), 157-84.
7. Pamela Cox, Gender, Justice and Welfare: Bad Girls in Britain 1900-1950 (London, 2003), 3-10.
8. Anne Logan, 'A suitable person for suitable cases': The gendering of the juvenile courts in England, 1910-1939, Twentieth Century British History, 2 (2005), 129-45.
9. Logan, 'Suitable person', 131.
10. Logan, 'Suitable person', 132-3.
11. Logan, 'Suitable person', 139.
12. Wills, 'Delinquency and Masculinity', 167.
13. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 9-13.
14. The emphasis on the Victorian roots of the movement is clear in Asaa Briggs and Anne Macartney, Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years (London, 1984)
15. Standish Meacham, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform 1880-1914: The Search for Community (New Haven, 1981).
16. More recent examples include Seth Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (Princeton 2004)
17. Nigel Scotland, Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Mission Settlements in Late Victorian London (London, 2007).
18. For studies of the post 1918 settlements see Mark Freeman, '"No finer school than a settlement": The development of the educational settlement movement', History of Education 31 (2002), 245-62.
19. Barnett Research Centre at Toynbee Hall (hereafter BRC), 'Index of Residents of Toynbee Hall, compiled from Annual Reports 1885-1938'.
20. BRC, TOY/SPE/3/24 Newspaper Clippings 1888-1907, Tower Hamlets School Board Elections 1891.
21. Examples from above, (TOY/SPF/3/24) include, 'Toynbee Hall is evidently not the success...', Home and Abroad, 29 October 1889
22. 'Some of its critics - among them many well-known East End clergymen - complain that the young men to be found there are mostly prigs'; 'Hear, Say and See Written, Notes by a Parson's Pen', East End News, 30 September 1890
23. Letter W.M. Catmur to the Editor, 'Canon, Barnett and Toynbee Hall', Daily News, 20 September 1904
24. extended discussion in Katharine Bradley, 'Creating local elites: The university settlement movement, national elites and citizenship in East London 1884-1940', in Stefan Couperus, Christianne Smit and Dirk Jan Wolffram (eds), In Control of the City, Local Elites and the Dynamics of Urban Politics 1800-1960 (Leuven, 2007), 81-92.
25. For example, regular speakers at the settlement included Mrs Humphrey Ward, Sir John Gorst, J.A. Hobson, Sidney Lee, George Lansbury, Graham Wallas, John St. Lee Strachey and Lord Milner, TOY/SPE/3/24; see also London Metropolitan Archives, A/TOY/17/2 visitors' book 1885-1920.
26. Seth Koven, 'The Working Lads, Club', in, Andrew Parker (ed.), Nationalisms and Sexualities (London, 1992), 370-73.
27. Edward J. Urwick, Studies of Boy Life in our Cities (London, 1904).
28. By the 1930s, the London prisons had specialized functions. Holloway Prison took all women, whilst Brixton received adults on remand and debtors, Wandsworth took under 25 year olds with existing criminal records, Wormwood Scrubs took first offenders and young remand prisoners, whilst Pentonville took recidivists over the age of 25. Hubert Llewellyn Smith (ed.), 'The New Survey of London Life and Labour', Vol. IX, Life and Leisure (London, 1935), 370.
29. 'Lectures and Gymnastics in Prisons', Toynbee Hall Annual Report 1921-2, 19-20.
30. Annual Report 1921-2, 13-14.
31. Lilian Le Mesurier, Boys in Trouble: A Study of Adolescent Crime and Its Treatment (London, 1931).
32. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 12.
33. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 11-15.
34. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 21.
35. Hendrick, Child Welfare, 10.
36. A.G. Gardiner, John Benn and the Progressive Movement (London, 1925), 119.
37. Ada Chesterton, Women of the London Undenvorld (London, 1928), 19-20.
38. 'A Great New Enterprise', Toynbee Hall 1884-1925, 40th Annual Report January 1926, 6.
39. The Inner London Juvenile Court was referred to in a variety of ways by contemporaries, such as the East London or Toynbee Hall Juvenile Court. Here its official name, the Inner London Juvenile Court is used throughout for consistency.
40. NSPCC Archives, 209/8 'Sir William Clarke Hall', The Child's Guardian Vol. XLII (London, November 1932), 79.
41. NSPCC Archives, 209/8 'Sir William Clarke Hall', The Child's Guardian Vol. XLII (London, February 1932), 10.
42. Basil Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden (London, 1937), 233
43. and L.L. Loewe, Basil Henriques, a Portrait. Based on his diaries, letters and speeches as collated by his widow, Rose Henriques (London, 1976), 72.
44. J.A.R. Pimlott, Toynbee Hall: Fifty Years of Social Progress, 1884-1934 (London, 1935), 245.
45. W. Clarke Hall and Arnold H. Pretty, The Children Act 1908: Being the Third Edition of the Law relating to Children (London, 1909), 111.
46. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 21-2.
47. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 70-3.
48. BRC, Image Bank, Internal views: Juvenile court room images (ca. 1938).
49. Toynbee Hall Annual Report 1935-8, 30.
50. Alexander Carr-Saunders, Hermann Mannheim and Edmund C., Rhodes, Young Offenders: An Enquity into Juvenile Delinquency, Vol. VII (Cambridge, 1942).
51. Briggs and Macartney, Toynbee Hall, 84 and 87.
52. Leon Radzinowicz, 'Mannheim, Hermann (1889-1974)', rev., in H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/ 31406, accessed on 17 August 2007].
53. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders, 75.
54. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders, 75.
55. There were no real differences between the controls and delinquents in terms of their home backgrounds, although Carr-Saunders et al. noted that the control group were weighted slightly more towards 'fair' family homes and the delinquents to 'poor'. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders, 81.
56. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders, 92.
57. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders, 110.
58. Jerry White, The Worst Street in North London: Campbell Bunk, Islington Between the Wars (London, 1986),
59. and Raphael Samuel, East End Underworld: Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding (London, 1981).
60. E. St. John Catchpool, Candles in the Darkness (London, 1966), 116.
61. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, 2.
62. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 24.
63. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 21.
64. Saran McCabe, 'Henriques, Sir Basil Lucas Quixano (1890-1901)' H.C. rev., in H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/ article/33821 accessed on July 8, 2005];
65. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 17-23.
66. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 25.
67. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 26-7.
68. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 29.
69. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 35.
70. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 38-46.
71. Loewe, Basil Henriques, 71.
72. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden, 277.
73. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate: Thoughts on the Work of the Juvenile Court (London, 1950).
74. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 5-6.
75. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 63.
76. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 63-4.
77. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 71.
78. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 71.
79. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 69-70.
80. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 72-73.
81. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 82.
82. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 73.
83. Llewellyn Smith, New Survey, Vol. IX, 298-99.
84. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 84-5.
85. Llewellyn Smith, New Survey, Vol. IX, 296.
86. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 62.
87. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 83.
88. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 59.
89. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 61.
90. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 61.
91. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 61-2.
92. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 38 and 53-55.
93. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 57.
94. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 57.
95. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 57-8.
96. 'A temptation to youth', The Times, 12 September 1949, 5.
97. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Magistrate, 23.
98. British Film Institute, Children on Trial, (Home Office/Crown Film Unit, 1946), Jack Lee (dir).
99. BRC, TOY/DEP/7/1 Correspondence on the closure of the Juvenile Delinquent Court 1950-1953, Basil Henriques to Mallon, 2 June 1950.
100. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Henriques, 1 June 1950.
101. TOY/DEP/7/1 Basil Henriques to Mallon, 2 June 1950.
102. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to J.E. Hoare, Bedford Institute Association, 4 July 1951.
103. Toynbee Hall Annual Report 1935-8, 30.
104. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to J.E. Hoare, Bedford Institute Association, 4 July 1951.
105. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Henriques, 11 September 1952.
106. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Sir John Anderson, 4 September 1951.
107. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Sir John Anderson, 4 September 1951.
108. TOY/DEP/7/1 correspondence Mallon and EC. Johnson, New Scotland Yard, 12 June 1951 and memorandum of meeting between Johnson, Mr Strachan (receivers New Scotland Yard), Mallon and McNulty, 20 June 1951.
109. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to J.E. Hoare, 4 July 1951.
110. TOY/DEP/7/1 Chuter Ede to Clement Attlee, 30 August 1950.
111. TOY/DEP/7/1 Clement Attlee to Mallon, 31 August 1950.
112. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Anderson, 4 September 1951.
113. TOY/DEP/7/1 Chuter Ede to Attlee, 30 August 1950.
114. TOY/DEP/7/1 Mallon to Chuter Ede 6 September 1950, and reply of 7 September 1950.
115. TOY/DEP/7/1 Henriques to Mallon, 8 April 1953.