Poliovirus vaccine-live

Vaccines

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 631-685

  Sutter, Roland W ^a   Kew, Olen M ^b   Cochi, Stephen L ^b  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 49849084916     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50030-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (563)

1. M Underwood (1789) A Treatise of Children with General Directions for Management of Infants from Birth 2nd ed. London: Matthews
2. Poliomyelitis Vaccine Evaluation Center (1957) Evaluation of the 1954 Field Trial of Poliomyelitis Vaccine Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers
3. World Health Assembly (1988) Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis by the Year 2000 Geneva: World Health Organization
4. JR Paul (1971) A History of Poliomyelitis New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
5. J Heine (1840) Beobachtungen über Lähmungszustände der unteren Extremitäten und deren Behandlung Stuttgart: Köhler
6. C West (1843) On some forms of paralysis incidental to infancy and childhood. London Med Gaz 32 829-836.
7. F Rilliet (1851) De la paralysie essentielle chez les enfants. Gaz Med Paris 6 681-704.
8. D de Boulogne (1855) De l'Electrisation Localisée et de son Application a la Physiologie, a la Pathologie et a la Thérapeutique Paris: Baillières
9. J von Heine (1860) Spinale Kinderlähmung Stuttgart: Cotta
10. JM Charcot (1872) Groupe des myopathies de cause spinal: paralysie infantile. Rev Phot Hop 4 1-36.
11. A Frey (1874) Ein Fall von subakuter Lähmung Erwachsener, wahrscheinlich Poliomyelitis. Berl Klin Wochenschr 11 549-566.
12. I Wickman (1907) Beiträge zur Kentniss der Heine-Medinschen Krankheit (Poliomyelitis acuta und verwandte Erkrankungen) Berlin: Karger
13. C Leegaard (1890) Die akute Poliomyelitis in Norwegen. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 53 145-262.
14. I Wickman (1905) Studien über Poliomyelitis acuta: Zugleich ein Beiträge zur Kentniss der Myelitis acuta. Arb Path Inst Univ Helsingfors. Vol. 1 Berlin: Karger
15. CS Caverly (1894–1895) Preliminary report of an epidemic of paralytic disease, occurring in Vermont, in the summer of 1894. Yale Med J i 1-5.
16. Lavinder CH, Freeman AW, Frost WH. Epidemiologic studies of poliomyelitis in New York City and the northeastern United States during the year 1916. Public Health Bull (Wash) 91, 1918.
17. K Landsteiner and E Popper (1908) Mikroskopische Präparate von einem menschlichen und zwei Affenrückenmarken. Wien Klin Wochenschr 21 1830.
18. FM Burnet and J Macnamara (1931) Immunological differences between strains of poliomyelitis virus. Br J Exp Pathol 12 57-61.
19. Committee on Typing of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (1951) Immunologic classification of poliomyelitis viruses: a cooperative program for the typing of one hundred strains. Am J Hyg 54 191-274.
20. JF Enders, TH Weller and FC Robbins (1949) Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissue. Science 109 85-87.
21. WM Hammon, LI Coriell and J Stokes (1952) Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis. I. Plan of controlled field tests and results of 1951 pilot study in Utah. J Am Med Assoc 150 739-749.
22. RW Sutter, MA Pallansch, LA Sawyer, et al. (1995) Defining surrogate serologic tests with respect to predicting protective vaccine efficacy: poliovirus vaccination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 754 289-299.
23. GC Brown, AS Rabson and JH Schieble (1955) The effect of gamma globulin on subclinical infection in familial associates of poliomyelitis cases: II. Serological studies and virus isolations from pharyngeal secretions. J Immunol 74 71-80.
24. DM Horstmann, RW McCollum and AD Mascola (1954) Viremia in human poliomyelitis. J Exp Med 99 355-369.
25. HW McKay, AR Fodor and UP Kokko (1963) Viremia following administration of live poliovirus vaccines. Am J Public Health 53 274-285.
26. N Nathanson and D Bodian (1962) Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. III. The effect of passive antibody on paralysis and viremia. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 111 198-220.
27. AB Sabin (1985) Oral poliovirus vaccine: history of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world. J Infect Dis 151 420-436.
28. P Drinker and LA Shaw (1929) Apparatus for prolonged administration of artificial respiration: I. A design for adults and children. J Clin Invest 7 229-247.
29. AB Sabin (1951) Paralytic consequences of poliomyelitis infection in different parts of the world and in different population groups. Am J Public Health 41 1215-1230.
30. M Greenberg, M Siegel and MC Magee (1950) Poliomyelitis in New York City, 1949. N Y State Med J 50 1119-1123.
31. AB Sabin (1949) Epidemiologic patterns of poliomyelitis in different parts of the world. In Poliomyelitis. Papers and Discussions Presented at the First International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 3-33.
32. AN Das (1932) A Study of the Trend of the Age Selection of Poliomyelitis in the United States Since 1910 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
33. G Olin (1951) The epidemiologic pattern of poliomyelitis in Sweden from 1905 to 1950. In Poliomyelitis: Papers and Discussions Presented at the Second International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 367-375.
34. JR Paul (1971) The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. A History of Poliomyelitis New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 308-323.
35. HF Hull, NA Ward, BP Hull, et al. (1994) Paralytic poliomyelitis: seasoned strategies, disappearing disease. Lancet 343 1331-1337.
36. CA de Quadros, BS Hersh, JM Olive, et al. (1997) Eradication of wild poliovirus from the Americas: acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, 1988–1995. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S37-S42.
37. World Health Organization. Progress towards interrupting wild poliovirus transmission, January 2006–May 2007 Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007; 82:245–251.
38. CA de Quadros (1997) Global eradication of poliomyelitis and measles: another quiet revolution. Ann Intern Med 127 156-158.
39. WH Foege (1993) A world without polio: ‘Future generations will know by history only.’. JAMA 270 1859-1860.
40. DM Horstmann (1949) Clinical aspects of acute poliomyelitis. Am J Med 6 592-605.
41. DM Horstmann (1955) Poliomyelitis: severity and type of disease in different age groups. Ann N Y Acad Sci 61 956-967.
42. JR Paul (1941) Clinical epidemiology of poliomyelitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 20 495-520.
43. HM Gelfand, DR LeBlanc, JP Fox and DP Conwell (1957) Studies on the development of natural immunity to poliomyelitis in Louisiana. II. Description and analysis of episodes of infection observed in study households. Am J Hyg 65 367-385.
44. G Draper (1917) Acute Poliomyelitis Philadelphia: Blakiston's
45. D Bodian (1959) Poliomyelitis: pathogenesis and histopathology. TM Rivers, FL Horsfall (Eds) Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 479-498.
46. D Bodian and DM Horstmann (1965) Polioviruses. FL Horsfall, I Tamm (Eds) Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man 4th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 430-473.
47. DM Morens, MA Pallansch and M Moore (1991) Polioviruses and other enteroviruses. RB Belshe (Eds) Textbook of Human Virology 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby 427-497.
48. AB Sabin (1986) Poliomyelitis. AI Braude, CE Davis, J Fierer (Eds) International Textbook of Medicine. Vol. II. Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1147-1161.
49. J Ramlow, M Alexander, R LaPorte, et al. (1992) Epidemiology of postpolio syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 136 769-786.
50. MC Dalakas, JL Sever, DL Madden, et al. (1984) Late post-poliomyelitis muscular atrophy: clinical, virological and immunological studies. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S562-S567.
51. MC Dalakas, H Bartfeld and LT Kurland (1995) The postpolio syndrome: advances in the pathogenesis and treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 753 1-412.
52. VR Racaniello (2001) Picornaviridae: the viruses and their replication. DM Knipe, PM Howley, DE Griffin, et al., (Eds) Fields Virology Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 685-722.
53. JL Melnick, A Ashkenazi, VC Midulla, et al. (1963) Immunogenic potency of MgCl 2-stabilized oral poliovaccine. JAMA 185 406-408.
54. C Armstrong (1939) The experimental transmission of poliomyelitis to the Eastern cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus hispidus. Public Health Rep 54 1719-1721.
55. D Bodian, IM Morgan and HA Howe (1949) Differentiation of types of poliomyelitis viruses. III. The grouping of fourteen strains into three basic immunologic types. Am J Hyg 49 234-245.
56. JF Kessel and CF Pait (1949) Differentiation of three groups of poliomyelitis virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 70 315-316.
57. AD Murdin, HH Lu, MG Murray and E Wimmer (1992) Poliovirus antigenic hybrids simultaneously expressing antigenic determinants from all three serotypes. J Gen Virol 73 607-611.
58. H Toyoda, MM Kohara, Y Kataoka, et al. (1984) Complete nucleotide sequences of all three poliovirus serotype genomes: implication for genetic relationship, gene function and antigenic determinants. J Mol Biol 174 561-585.
59. OM Kew, V Morris-Glasgow, M Landaverde, et al. (2002) Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Hispaniola associated with circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus. Science 296 356-359.
60. Liu HM, Zheng DP, Zhang LB, et al. Rapid divergence of wild type 1 poliovirus into separate lineages by recombination and mutation [abstr W34–6]. In Abstracts of the annual meeting of the American Society for Virology, Ft. Collins, CO, 2000, p 114.
61. JM Hogle, M Chow and DJ Filman (1985) Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution. Science 229 1358-1365.
62. PD Minor (1990) Antigenic structure of picornaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 161 121-154.
63. CL Mendelsohn, E Wimmer and VR Racaniello (1989) Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell 56 855-865.
64. DM Belnap, BM McDermott, DJ Filman, et al. (2000) Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus receptor bound to poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 73-78.
65. YN He, VD Bowman, S Mueller, et al. (2000) Interaction of the poliovirus receptor with poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 79-84.
66. PA Pipkin, DJ Wood, VR Racaniello and PD Minor (1993) Characterization of L cells expressing the human poliovirus receptor for the specific detection of polioviruses in vitro. J Virol Methods 41 333-340.
67. R Ren, F Constantini, EJ Gorgacz, et al. (1990) Transgenic mice expressing a human poliovirus receptor: a new model for poliomyelitis. Cell 63 353-362.
68. S Koike, C Taya, T Kurata, et al. (1991) Transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 951-955.
69. World Health Organization (1993) Maintenance and distribution of transgenic mice susceptible to human viruses: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 71 497-502.
70. MS Freistadt, DA Stoltz and KE Eberle (1995) Role of poliovirus receptors in the spread of infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 753 37-47.
71. M Gromeier and E Wimmer (1998) Mechanisms of injury-provoked poliomyelitis. J Virol 72 5056-5060.
72. VR Racaniello and R Ren (1996) Poliovirus biology and pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 206 305-325.
73. MS Freistadt, HB Fleit and E Wimmer (1993) Poliovirus receptor on human blood cells: a possible extraneural site of poliovirus replication. Virology 195 798-803.
74. D Bodian and RS Paffenbarger (1954) Poliomyelitis infection in households: frequency of viremia and specific antibody response. Am J Hyg 60 83-98.
75. JK Andrus, CA de Quadros, JM Olive, et al. (1992) Screening of cases of acute flaccid paralysis for poliomyelitis eradication: Ways to improve specificity. Bull World Health Organ 70 591-596.
76. V Dietz, M Lezana, C Garcia Sancho and R Montesano (1992) Predictors of poliomyelitis case confirmation at initial clinical evaluation: implications for poliomyelitis eradication in the Americas. Int J Epidemiol 21 800-806.
77. RJ Biellik, H Bueno, JM Olive and C de Quadros (1992) Poliomyelitis case confirmation: characteristics for use by national eradication programmes. Bull World Health Organ 70 79-84.
78. PA Patriarca, RW Linkins, RW Sutter and WA Orenstein (1993) Optimal schedule for the administration of oral poliovirus vaccine. E Kurstak (Eds) Measles and Poliomyelitis: Vaccine, Immunization, and Control Wien: Springer-Verlag 303-313.
79. JL Melnick (1990) Enteroviruses: polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses. BN Fields, DM Knipe, RM Chanock, et al., (Eds) Fields Virology 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press 549-605.
80. JL Melnick, CH Mordhorst and Y Pervikov (1989) Worldwide use of LBM combination pools for typing enteroviruses. Bull World Health Organ 67 327-332.
81. Immunization (2004) Vaccines and Biologicals Polio laboratory manual 4th edition Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO/IVB/04.10)
82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Developing and expanding contributions of the Global Laboratory Network for Poliomyelitis Eradication, 1997–1999. MMWR 49 156-160.
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Status of the Global Laboratory Network for Poliomyelitis Eradication. MMWR 46 692-694.
84. JP Alexander, HE Gary and MA Pallansch (1997) Duration of poliovirus excretion and its implications for acute flaccid paralysis surveillance: a review of the literature. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S176-S182.
85. DR Kilpatrick, B Nottay, CF Yang, et al. (1996) Group-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy. J Clin Microbiol 34 2990-2996.
86. DR Kilpatrick, B Nottay, CF Yang, et al. (1998) Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy. J Clin Microbiol 36 352-357.
87. HGAM van der Avoort, BP Hull, T Hovi, et al. (1995) Comparative study of five methods for intratypic differentiation of polioviruses. J Clin Microbiol 33 2562-2566.
88. AL van Wezel and AG Hazendonk (1979) Intratypic differentiation of poliomyelitis virus strains by strain-specific antisera. Intervirology 11 2-8.
89. L De, BK Nottay, CF Yang, et al. (1995) Identification of vaccine-related polioviruses by hybridization with specific RNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 33 562-571.
90. L De, CF Yang, E da Silva, et al. (1997) Genotype-specific RNA probes for the direct identification of wild polioviruses by blot hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 35 2834-2840.
91. GY Lipskaya, EA Chervonskaya, GI Belova, et al. (1995) Geographic genotypes (geotypes) of poliovirus case isolates from the former Soviet Union: relatedness to other known poliovirus genotypes. J Gen Virol 76 1687-1699.
92. CF Yang, L De, BP Holloway, et al. (1991) Detection and identification of vaccine-related polioviruses by the polymerase chain reaction. Virus Res 20 159-179.
93. CF Yang, L De, SJ Yang, et al. (1992) Genotype-specific in vitro amplification of sequences of the wild type 3 polioviruses from Mexico and Guatemala. Virus Res 24 277-296.
94. JS Balanant, S Guillot, A Candrea, et al. (1991) The natural genomic variability of poliovirus analyzed by a restriction fragment polymorphism assay. Virology 184 645-654.
95. LM Shulman, R Handsher, SJ Yang, et al. (2000) Resolution of the pathways of poliovirus type 1 transmission during an outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 38 945-952.
96. OM Kew, MN Mulders, GY Lipskaya, et al. (1995) Molecular epidemiology of polioviruses. Semin Virol 6 401-414.
97. P Albrecht, JC Enterline, EJ Boone and MJ Klutch (1983) Poliovirus and polio-antibody assay in Hep-2 and Vero cell cultures. J Biol Stand 11 91-97.
98. Expanded Programme on Immunization (1990) Report of a WHO Consultation on Polio Neutralization Antibody Assays, Nashville, TN, 5–6 December 1991 Geneva: World Health Organization
99. PN Bhatt, M Brooks and JP Fox (1955) Extent of infection with poliomyelitis virus in household associates of clinical cases as determined serologically and by virus isolation using tissue culture methods. Am J Hyg 61 287-301.
100. M Rovainen, M Agboatwalla, M Stenvik, et al. (1993) Intrathecal immune response and virus-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in laboratory diagnosis of acute poliomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 31 2427-2432.
101. C Pettit, LL Minnich, ZM Shehab and GC Ray (1987) Comparison between indirect immunofluorescence and microneutralization for detection of antibodies to polioviruses. J Clin Microbiol 25 1325-1326.
102. HL Hodes, R Berger, E Ainbender, et al. (1966) Study of viral antibodies by the paper-reactive virus method. Pediatrics 37 7-18.
103. AM Hagenaars, RW van Delft, J Nagel, et al. (1983) A modified ELISA technique for the titration of antibodies to polio virus as an alternative to a virus neutralization test. J Virol Methods 6 233-239.
104. JJ Esposito (1976) Detection of poliovirus antigens and antibodies: microindirect haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests for poliovirus types I, II, and III. Microbios 16 29-36.
105. D Wiechers (1995) Electrophysiology of acute polio revisited: utilizing newer EMG techniques in vaccine-associated disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 753 111-119.
106. MS Malzberg, JM Rogg, CA Tate, et al. (1993) Poliomyelitis hyperintensity of the anterior horn cells on MR images of the spinal cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol 161 863-865.
107. HGG Bernstein, JMP Clark and RE Tunbridge (1945) Acute anterior poliomyelitis among service personnel in Malta: account of epidemic. Br Med J 1 763-767.
108. FR Fraser (1913) A study of the cerebrospinal fluid in acute poliomyelitis. J Exp Med 18 242-251.
109. A Marx, J Glass and RW Sutter (2000) Differential diagnoses of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance. Epidemiol Rev 22 298-316.
110. DM Salisbury, ME Ramsay, JM White and DW Brown (1997) Polio eradication: surveillance implications for the United Kingdom. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S156-S159.
111. JM Olive, C Castillo, RG Castro and CA de Quadros (1997) Epidemiologic study of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children <15 years of age in Latin America. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S160-S164.
112. A Herceg, M Kennett, J Antony and H Longbottom (1996) Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Australia: the first year. Commun Dis Intell 20 403-405.
113. NR Grist and EG Bell (1970) Enteroviral etiology of the paralytic poliomyelitis syndrome. Arch Environ Health 21 382-387.
114. MK Voroshilova and MP Chumakov (1959) Poliomyelitis-like properties of AB-IV-Coxsackie A7 group of viruses. Prog Med Virol 2 106-170.
115. JL Melnick (1984) Enterovirus type 71 infections: a varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking paralytic poliomyelitis. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S387-S390.
116. P Dyken and N Krawiecki (1983) Neurodegenerative diseases in infancy and childhood. Ann Neurol 13 351-364.
117. JR Daube (1985) Electrophysiologic studies in the diagnosis and prognosis of motor neuron diseases. Neurol Clin 3 473-493.
118. GM McKhann, DR Cornbluth, T Ho, et al. (1991) Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of acute paralytic diseases of children and young adults in northern China. Lancet 338 593-597.
119. JT Weber, CL Hatheway and ME Louis St (1994) Botulism. PD Hoeprich, M Colin Jordan, AR Ronald (Eds) Infectious Diseases: A Treatise of the Infectious Process 5th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1185-1194.
120. PD Hoeprich (1994) Diphtheria. PD Hoeprich, M Colin Jordan, AR Ronald (Eds) Infectious Diseases: A Treatise of the Infectious Process 5th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 373-380.
121. RW Sutter, WA Orenstein and SG Wassilak (1994) Tetanus. PD Hoeprich, M Colin Jordan, AR Ronald (Eds) Infectious Diseases: A Treatise of the Infectious Process 5th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1175-1185.
122. A Leis, D Stokic, K Plok, et al. (2002) Acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with West Nile virus infection-Mississippi and Louisiana, July-August 2002. MMWR 51 825-828.
123. AA Leis, DS Stokic, JL Plok, et al. (2002) A polio-like syndrome from West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 347 1280-1281.
124. JD Glass, O Samuels and MM Rich (2002) Poliomyelitis due to West Nile Virus. N Engl J Med 347 1281-1282.
125. T Solomon, R Kneen, NM Dung, et al. (1998) Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus. Lancet 351 1094-1097.
126. HV Wyatt (1993) Poliomyelitis and infantile paralysis: changes in host and virus. Hist Phil Life Sci 15 357-396.
127. JR Paul, JT Riordan and JL Melnick (1951) Antibodies to three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera of North Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Hyg 54 275-285.
128. J Salk (1956) Requirements for persisting immunity to poliomyelitis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 69 105-114.
129. WL Aycock (1927) A milk-borne epidemic of poliomyelitis. Am J Hyg 7 791-803.
130. PM Bancroft, WE Engelhard and C Evans (1957) Poliomyelitis in Huskerville (Lincoln) Nebraska: studies indicating a relationship between clinically severe infection and proximate fecal pollution of water. JAMA 164 836-847.
131. DM Horstmann and JR Paul (1947) The incubation period in human poliomyelitis and its implications. J Am Med Assoc 135 11-14.
132. JL Melnick and N Ledinko (1953) Development of neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis virus during an epidemic period: the ratio of inapparent infection to clinical poliomyelitis. Am J Hyg 58 207-222.
133. K Penttinen, R Patiala and D Bremer (1961) The paralytic/infected ratio in a susceptible population during a polio type 1 epidemic. Ann Med Exp Fenn 39 195-202.
134. RH Bernier (1984) Some observations on poliomyelitis lameness surveys. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S371-S375.
135. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Prolonged poliovirus excretion in an immunodeficient person with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. MMWR 46 641-643.
136. OM Kew, RW Sutter, BK Nottay, et al. (1998) Prolonged replication of a type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient. J Clin Microbiol 36 2893-2899.
137. D Wood, RW Sutter and W Dowdle (2000) Stopping vaccination following poliomyelitis eradication: issues and challenges. Bull World Health Organ 78 847-857.
138. FO MacCallum (1971) The Role of Humoral Antibodies in Protection Against and Recovery from Bacterial and Virus Infections in Hypogammaglobulinemia (Medical Research Council Special Report Series, 310) London: Medical Research Council 72-85.
139. PD Minor (2001) Characteristics of poliovirus strains from long-term excretors with primary immunodeficiencies. Develop Biologicals 105 75-80.
140. J Martin, G Dunn, R Hull, et al. (2000) Evolution of the Sabin strain of type 3 poliovirus in an immunodeficient patient during the entire 637-day period of excretion. J Virol 74 3001-3010.
141. K Labadie, I Pelletier, A Saulnier, et al. (2004) Poliovirus mutants excreted by a chronically infected hypogammaglobulinemic patient establish persistent infections in human intestinal cells. Virology 318 66-78.
142. M Hara, Y Saito, T Komatsu, et al. (1981) Antigenic analysis of poliovirus isolated from a child with agammaglobulinemia. Microbiol Immunol 25 905-913.
143. W Abo, S Chiba, T Yamanaka, et al. (1979) Paralytic poliomyelitis in a child with agammaglobulinemia. Eur J Pediatr 132 11-16.
144. N Khetsuriani, DR Prevots, L Quick, et al. (2003) Persistence of vaccine-derive poliovirus among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. J Infect Dis 188 1845-1852.
145. Park RE, Yang C-F, Yang S-J, et al. Molecular characterization of divergent Sabin 2-derived isolates from patients with paralysis. Presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Virology, 18 July 2002; Lexington, KY, 2002.
146. SA Misbah, PA Lawrence, JB Kurtz and HM Chapel (1991) Prolonged faecal excretion of poliovirus in a nurse with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. Postgraduate Med J 67 301-303.
147. A Bellmunt, G May, R Zell, et al. (1999) Evolution of a poliovirus type 1 during 5.5 years of prolonged enteral replication in an immunodeficient patient. Virology 265 178-184.
148. CA Maclennan, G Dunn, P Wood, et al. (2001) Chronic infection with vaccine-derived neurovirulent poliovirus in a common variable immunodeficiency and implications for world health. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(Suppl), S304-S305.
149. C MacLennon, G Dunn, AP Huissoon, et al. (2004) Failure to clear persistent vaccine-derived neurovirulent poliovirus infection in an immunodeficient man. Lancet 363 1509-1513.
150. S Hidalgo, M Garcia Erro, D Cisterna, et al. (2003) Paralytic poliomyelitis caused by a vaccine-derived poliovirus in an antibody-deficient Argentinean child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22 570-572.
151. L Fiore, A Plebani, G Buttinelli, et al. (2004) Search for poliovirus long-term excretors among patient affected by agammaglobulinemia. Clin Immunol 111 98-102.
152. J Martin (2006) Vaccine-derived poliovirus from long-term excretors and the end game of polio eradication. Biologicals 34 117-122.
153. Taiwan Polio Eradication Certification Committee National Documentation for Maintenance of Poliomyelitis Eradication in Taiwan for the Period July 2000–December 2001. Taipei, Taiwan Polio Eradication Certification Committee, April 2000.
154. C-F Yang, H-Y Chen, J Jorba, et al. (2005) Intratypic recombination among lineages of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus emerging during chronic infection of an immunodeficient patient. J Virol 79 12623-12634.
155. J Martin, K Odoom, G Tuite, et al. (2004) Long-term excretion of vaccine-derived poliovirus by a healthy child. J Virol 78 13839-13847.
156. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) Laboratory surveillance for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses, January 2003–June 2004. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 990-993.
157. P Tharmaphornpilas (2005) Vaccine-derived poliovirus, Thailand, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 11 777-778.
158. Western Pacific Regional Office Basic Health information on poliomyelitis (revised as of 06 December 2005). 2005. Online. Available at: http://www.wpro.who.int/information_sources/databases/regional_statistics/rstat_poliomyelitis.htm Accessed January 19, 2006
159. World Health Organization (2005) Poliovirus surveillance report, January-September 2005. Polio Lab Network Quarterly Update 11 3-4.
160. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Poliovirus infections in four unvaccinated children—Minnesota, August–Octorber 2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 1-3.
161. PA Patriarca, RW Sutter and PM Oostvogel (1997) Outbreaks of poliomyelitis, 1976–1995. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S165-S172.
162. AB Bradford Hill and J Knowelden (1950) Inoculation and poliomyelitis: a statistical investigation in England and Wales in 1949. Br Med J 2 1-6.
163. RW Sutter, PA Patriarca, AJM Suleiman, et al. (1992) Attributable risk of DTP (diphtheria-tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine) injection in provoking paralytic poliomyelitis during a large outbreak in Oman. J Infect Dis 165 444-449.
164. SM Lambert (1936) A yaws campaign and an epidemic of poliomyelitis in Western Samoa. J Trop Med Hyg 39 41-46.
165. RF Korns, RM Albrecht and FB Locke (1952) The association of parenteral injections with poliomyelitis. Am J Public Health 42 153-169.
166. J Trueta and R Hodes (1954) Provoking and localising factors in poliomyelitis: an experimental study. Lancet 1 998-1001.
167. DM Horstmann (1950) Acute poliomyelitis: relation of physical activity at the time of onset to the course of the disease. J Am Med Assoc 142 236-241.
168. M Talmey (1916) Predisposing factors in infantile paralysis. N Y Med J 104 202-204.
169. WL Aycock (1941) Frequency of poliomyelitis in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 225 405-408.
170. N Nathanson and D Bodian (1961) Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. I. The effect of neural block on a neurotropic and a pantropic strain. II. Viremia and the effect of antibody. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 108 308-333.
171. M Gromeier, D Solcki, DD Patel and E Wimmer (2000) Expression of the human poliovirus receptor/CD155 gene during development of the central nervous system: implications for the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. Virology 74 7381-7390.
172. S Ohka, WX Yang, E Terada, et al. (1998) Retrograde transport of intact poliovirus through the axon via the fast transport system. Virology 250 67-75.
173. WL Aycock (1942) Tonsillectomy and poliomyelitis. I. Epidemiological considerations. Medicine (Baltimore) 21 65-94.
174. AB Sabin (1938) Experimental poliomyelitis by the tonsillopharyngeal route with special reference to the influence of tonsillectomy on the development of bulbar paralysis. J Am Med Assoc 111 605-610.
175. H von Magnus and JL Melnick (1948) Tonsillectomy in experimental poliomyelitis. Am J Hyg 48 113-125.
176. PL Ogra (1971) Effect of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on nasopharyngeal antibody response to poliovirus. N Engl J Med 284 59-64.
177. PL Ogra and DT Karzon (1971) Formation and function of poliovirus antibody in different tissues. Prog Med Virol 13 156-193.
178. H Bernkopf, J Medalie and M Yekutiel (1957) Antibodies to poliomyelitis virus and socioeconomic factors influencing their frequency in children in Israel. Am J Trop Med 1957 697-703.
179. SR Pal, G Banerjee and BK Aikat (1966) Serological investigation on endemicity of poliomyelitis in Calcutta and in a neighboring rural area. Indian J Med Res 54 507-511.
180. RW Sutter, PA Patriarca, AJM Suleiman, et al. (1993) Paralytic poliomyelitis in Oman: association between regional differences in attack rate and variations in antibody responses to oral poliovirus vaccine. Int J Epidemiol 22 936-944.
181. TA Swartz, P Skalska, CG Gerichter and WC Cockburn (1972) Routine administration of oral polio vaccine in a subtropical area: factors possibly affecting sero-conversion. J Hyg (Camb) 70 719-726.
182. CN Herndon and RG Jennings (1951) A twin-family study of susceptibility to poliomyelitis. Am J Hum Genet 3 17-46.
183. W van Eden, GG Persijn, H Bijerk, et al. (1983) Differential resistance to paralytic poliomyelitis controlled by histocompatibility leukocyte antigens. J Infect Dis 147 422-426.
184. HV Wyatt (1975) Is poliomyelitis a genetically-determined disease? I. A genetic model. Med Hypotheses 1 35-42.
185. DR Prevots, M Ciofi, A Sallabanda, et al. (1998) Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Albania, 1996: high attack rate among adults and apparent interruption of transmission following nationwide mass vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 26 419-425.
186. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Outbreak of poliomyelitis-Cape Verde, 2000. MMWR 49 1070.
187. W Allmond, JE Froeschle and NB Gilloud (1967) Paralytic poliomyelitis in large laboratory primates. Am J Epidemiol 85 229-239.
188. J Goodall (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe Boston: Belknap Press of Harvard University 92-94.
189. TC Ruch (1967) Diseases of Laboratory Primates London: WB Saunders 408-410.
190. WR Dowdle and ME Birmingham (1997) The biologic principles of poliovirus eradication. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S286. S292
191. PEM Fine (1993) Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev 15 265-302.
192. PEM Fine and IAM Carneiro (1999) Transmissibility and persistence of oral polio vaccine viruses: implications for the global poliomyelitis initiative. Am J Epidemiol 150 1001-1021.
193. J Furesz, RE Armstrong and G Contreras (1978) Viral and epidemiological links between poliomyelitis outbreaks in unprotected communities in Canada and the Netherlands [letter]. Lancet 2 1248.
194. LR Schonberger, J Kaplan, R Kim-Farley, et al. (1984) Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S424-S426.
195. PA Patriarca, PF Wright and TJ John (1991) Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries: review. Rev Infect Dis 13 926-939.
196. RW Sutter, PA Patriarca, S Brogan, et al. (1991) Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Oman: evidence for widespread transmission among fully vaccinated children. Lancet 338 715-720.
197. N El-Sayed, Al-Jorfs, K Hennessey, et al. (2007) Survey of poliovirus antibodies during the final stage of polio eradication in Egypt. Vaccine 25 5062-5070.
198. JL Melnick (1994) Live attenuated poliovirus vaccines. SA Plotkin, EA Mortimer (Eds) Vaccines 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 155-204.
199. MW Otten, MS Deming, KO Jaiteh, et al. (1992) Epidemic poliomyelitis in The Gambia following the control of poliomyelitis as an endemic disease. I. Descriptive findings. Am J Epidemiol 135 381-392.
200. H Afif, RW Sutter, OM Kew, et al. (1997) Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Gizan, Saudi Arabia: cocirculation of wild type 1 polioviruses from three separate origins. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S71-S75.
201. MR Reichler, A Abbas, S Kharabsheh, et al. (1997) Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in a highly immunized population in Jordan. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S62-S70.
202. JL Melnick, M Benyesh-Melnik, R Pena and M Yow (1961) Effectiveness of Salk vaccine: analysis of virologically confirmed cases of paralytic and nonparalytic poliomyelitis. JAMA 175 1159-1162.
203. M Bottiger (1984) Long-term immunity following vaccination with killed poliovirus vaccine in Sweden, a country with no circulating poliovirus. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S548-S551.
204. K Lapinleimu (1984) Elimination of poliomyelitis in Finland. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S456-S460.
205. VP Grachev (1984) Long-term use of oral poliovirus vaccine from Sabin strains in the Soviet Union. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S321-S322.
206. N Nathanson (1984) Epidemiologic aspects of poliomyelitis eradication. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S308-S312.
207. AB Sabin (1962) Oral poliovirus vaccine-recent results and recommendations for optimum use. R Soc Health J 82 51-59.
208. PM Strebel, RW Sutter, SL Cochi, et al. (1992) Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis 14 568-579.
209. RR Cruz (1984) Cuba: mass polio vaccination program. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S408-S412.
210. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases! Monitoring System. 2006 Global Summary. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2006 (WHO/IVB/2006).
211. DL Heymann, K Murphy, M Brigaud, et al. (1987) Oral poliovirus vaccine in tropical Africa: greater impact on incidence of paralytic disease than expected from coverage surveys and seroconversion rates. Bull World Health Organ 65 495-501.
212. JB Risi (1984) The control of poliomyelitis in Brazil. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S400-S403.
213. EJ Hatziandreu, CS Palmer, MT Halpern and RE Brown (1994) A Cost Benefit Analysis of OPV: Final Report Arlington, VA: Battelle
214. KM Thompson and RJ Tebbens (2007) Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis: an economic analysis. Lancet 369 1363-1371.
215. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1990. MMWR 39 1-61.
216. World Health Organization (1981) Poliomyelitis in 1980. Parts 1 and 2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 56 329-332. 337–341
217. D Kubli, R Steffen and M Schar (1987) Importation of poliomyelitis in industrialised nations between 1975 and 1984: evaluation and conclusions for vaccination recommendations. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295 169-171.
218. PM Oostvogel, JK van Wijngaarden, HGAM van der Avoort, et al. (1994) Poliomyelitis in an unvaccinated community in the Netherlands, 1992–1993. Lancet 344 665-670.
219. A Bernal, A Garcia-Saiz, A Liacer, et al. (1987) Poliomyelitis in Spain, 1982–1984: virologic and epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 126 69-76.
220. Centers for Disease Control (1979) Poliomyelitis-Pennsylvania, Maryland. MMWR 28 49-50.
221. RB Aylward, D Porta, L Fiore, et al. (1997) Unimmunized gypsy populations and implications for the eradication of poliomyelitis in Europe. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S86-S88.
222. NM Mulders, AM van Loon, HGAM van der Avoort, et al. (1995) Molecular characterization of a wild poliovirus type 3 epidemic in the Netherlands (1992 and 1993). J Clin Microbiol 33 3252-3256.
223. World Health Organization (1992) Poliomyelitis outbreak, Bulgaria. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 67 336-337.
224. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Imported poliovirus causing poliomyelitis-Bulgaria, 2001. MMWR 50 1033-1035.
225. PM Strebel, A Aubert-Cambiescu, N Ion-Nedelcu, et al. (1994) Paralytic poliomyelitis in Romania, 1984–1992: evidence for a high risk of vaccine-associated disease and reintroduction of wild-virus infection. Am J Epidemiol 140 1111-1124.
226. OM Kew and N Nathanson (1995) Molecular epidemiology of viruses. Semin Virol 6 357-358.
227. R Rico-Hesse, MA Pallansch, BK Nottay and OM Kew (1987) Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes. Virology 160 311-322.
228. OM Kew, BK Nottay, R Rico-Hesse and M Pallansch (1990) Molecular epidemiology of wild poliovirus transmission. E Kurstak, RG Marusyk, FA Murphy, MHV van Regenmortel (Eds) Applied Virology Research Virus Variability, Epidemiology and Control Vol 2 New York: Plenum 1-221.
229. MN Mulders, GY Lipskaya, HGAM van der Avoort, et al. (1995) Molecular epidemiology of wild poliovirus type in Europe, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. J Infect Dis 171 1399-1405.
230. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission. MMWR 50 222-224.
231. OM Kew and MA Pallansch (2002) The mechanism of polio eradication. BL Semler, E Wimmer (Eds) Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses Washington, DC: ASM Press 481-491.
232. H Yoshida, J Li, T Yoneyama, et al. (1997) Two major strains of type 1 wild poliovirus circulating in Indochina. J Infect Dis 175 1233-1237.
233. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002) Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication-Egypt, 2001. MMWR 51 305-307.
234. FP Pinheiro, OM Kew, MH Hatch and CM da Silveira (1997) Eradication of wild poliovirus from the Americas: wild poliovirus surveillance-laboratory issues. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S43-S49.
235. A Netter (1915) Serotherapie de la poliomyélite. Nos résultats chez 30 malades: indications, techniques, incidents possibles. Bull Acad Med Paris 74 403-423.
236. JR Paul (1971) Convalescent serum therapy. A History of Poliomyelitis New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 190-199.
237. S Flexner and PA Lewis (1910) Experimental poliomyelitis in monkeys: active immunization and passive protection. JAMA 54 1780-1782.
238. HM Gelfand, JP Fox, DR LeBlanc and L Elveback (1960) Studies on the development of natural immunity to poliomyelitis in Louisiana: V. Passive transfer of polio antibody from mother to fetus, and natural decline and disappearance of antibody in the infant. J Immunol 85 46-55.
239. WM Hammon, LL Coriell and PF Wehrle (1953) Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis. IV. Final report of results based on clinical diagnosis. JAMA 151 1272-1285.
240. National Advisory Committee for the Evaluation of Gamma Globulin in the Prophylaxis of Poliomyelitis (1954) An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Gamma Globulin in the Prophylaxis of Paralytic Poliomyelitis as Used in the United States 1953 (Publication No 358) Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service
241. Department of Drugs (1991) Drug Evaluations: Annual 1991 Milwaukee: American Medical Association
242. KM O'Neal, MA Pallansch, JA Winkelstein, et al. (1988) Chronic group A coxsackievirus infection in agammaglobulinemia: demonstration of genomic variation of serotypically identical isolates persistently excreted by the same patient. J Infect Dis 157 183-186.
243. LE Davis, D Bodian, D Price, et al. (1977) Chronic progressive poliomyelitis secondary to vaccination of an immunodeficient child. N Engl J Med 297 214-245.
244. S Flexner and PA Lewis (1910) Experimental poliomyelitis in monkeys: seventh and eighth notes. J Am Med Assoc 54 1789.
245. PH Romer (1911) Die epidemische Kinderlähmung (Heine-Medinsche Krankheit) Berlin: Springer
246. M Brodie and A Goldblum (1931) Active immunization against poliomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med 53 885-893.
247. M Brodie (1932) Active immunization against poliomyelitis. J Exp Med 56 493-505.
248. M Brodie and WH Park (1935) Active immunization against poliomyelitis. N Y State J Med 35 815-818.
249. M Brodie and WH Park (1935) Active immunization against poliomyelitis. JAMA 105 1089-1093.
250. JA Kolmer (1935) Susceptibility and immunity in relation to vaccination in acute anterior poliomyelitis. JAMA 105 1956-1963.
251. JP Leake (1936) Poliomyelitis following vaccination against this disease. JAMA 105 2152.
252. H Koprowski, GA Jervis and TW Norton (1952) Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus. Am J Hyg 55 108-126.
253. CP Li, M Schaeffer and DB Nelson (1955) Experimentally produced variants of poliomyelitis virus combining in vivo and in vitro techniques. Ann N Y Acad Sci 61 902-910.
254. JL Melnick (1953) Variation in poliomyelitis virus on serial passage through tissue culture. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 18 178-179.
255. AB Sabin, WA Hennessen and J Winsser (1954) Studies on variants of poliomyelitis virus. I. Experimental segregation and properties of avirulent variants of three immunologic types. J Exp Med 99 551-576.
256. Poliomyelitis (1958) Papers and Discussions Presented at the 4th International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott
257. Poliomyelitis (1961) Papers and Discussions Presented at the 5th International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott
258. Pan American Health Organization (1960) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization
259. Pan American Sanitary Bureau (1959) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau
260. AB Sabin (1959) Present position of immunization against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccines. Br Med J 1 663-680.
261. H Koprowski (1961) Live poliomyelitis virus vaccines. JAMA 178 1151-1155.
262. JR Paul (1961) Status of vaccination against poliomyelitis, with particular reference to oral vaccination. N Engl J Med 264 651-658.
263. H Koprowski (1960) The 10th anniversary of the development of live poliovirus vaccine. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization
264. AB Sabin (1957) Properties and behaviour of orally administered attenuated poliovirus vaccine. JAMA 164 1216-1223.
265. JL Melnick (1960) Problems associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine. Am J Public Health 50 1013-1031.
266. JL Melnick (1960) Tests for safety of live poliovirus vaccine. Acad Med N J Bull 6 146-167.
267. JL Melnick, M Benyesh-Melnick and JC Brennan (1959) Studies on live poliovirus vaccine: its neurotropic activity in monkeys and its increased neurovirulence after multiplication in vaccinated children. JAMA 171 1165-1172.
268. JL Melnick (1954) Attenuation of poliomyelitis viruses on passage through tissue culture. Fed Proc 13 505.
269. R Murray, R Kirschstein, G van Hoosier and S Baron (1959) Comparative virulence for rhesus monkeys of poliovirus strains used for oral administration. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau 39-64.
270. GD Westrop, KA Wareham, DMA Evans, et al. (1989) Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine. J Virol 63 1338-1344.
271. A Nomoto, T Omata, H Toyoda, et al. (1982) Complete nucleotide sequence of the attenuated poliovirus Sabin 1 genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 5793-5797.
272. MJ Bouchard, DH Lam and VR Racaniello (1995) Determinants of attenuation and temperature sensitivity in type 1 poliovirus Sabin strain. J Virol 69 4972-4978.
273. T Omata, M Kohara, S Kuge, et al. (1986) Genetic analysis of the attenuation phenotype of poliovirus type 1. J Virol 58 348-358.
274. N Kawamura, M Kohara, S Abe, et al. (1989) Determinants in the 5′ noncoding region of poliovirus Sabin 1 RNA that influence the attenuating phenotype. J Virol 63 1302-1309.
275. M Tardy-Panit, B Blondel, A Martin, et al. (1993) A mutation in the RNA polymerase of the poliovirus type 1 contributes to attenuation in mice. J Virol 67 4630-4638.
276. AJ Macadam, SR Pollard, G Ferguson, et al. (1993) Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain of poliovirus in primates. Virology 192 18-26.
277. R Ren, EG Moss and VR Racaniello (1991) Identification of two determinants that attenuate vaccine-related type 2 poliovirus. J Virol 65 1377-1382.
278. AB Sabin and LR Boulger (1973) History of Sabin attenuated poliovirus oral live vaccine strains. J Biol Stand 1 115-118.
279. AJ Macadam, C Arnold, J Howlett, et al. (1989) Reversion of the attenuated and temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the Sabin type 3 strain poliovirus in vaccinees. Virology 172 408-414.
280. J Tatem, C Weeks-Levy, A Georgiu, et al. (1992) A mutation present in the amino terminus of Sabin 3 poliovirus VP1 potein is attenuating. J Virol 66 3194-3197.
281. GD Westrop, KA Wareham, DMA Evans, et al. (1989) Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine. J Virol 63 1338-1344.
282. A Macadam, G Ferguson, C Arnold and PD Minor (1991) An assembly defect as a result of an attenuating mutation in the capsid proteins of the poliovirus type 3 vaccine strain. J Virol 65 5225-5231.
283. E Wimmer, CU Hellen and X Cao (1993) Genetics of poliovirus. Ann Rev Genet 27 353-436.
284. Martin J, Minor PD. Characterization of CHAT and Cox type 1 live-attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains. J Virol 76:5339–5349.
285. N Kitamura, BL Semler, PG Rothberg, et al. (1981) Primary structrure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature 291 547-553.
286. VR Racaniello and D Baltimore (1981) Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 78 4887-4891.
287. G Stanway, PJ Hughes, RC Mountford, et al. (1984) Comparison of the complete nucleotide sequences of the genomes of the neurovirulent poliovirus P3/Leon/37 and its attenuated Sabin vaccine derivative P3/Leon 12a1b. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 81 1539-1543.
288. VR Racaniello and D Baltimore (1981) Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells. Science 214 916-919.
289. PD Minor and JW Almond (2002) Poliovirus vaccines: molecular biology and immune response. BL Semler, E Wimmer (Eds) Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses Washington, D.C.: ASM Press 381-390.
290. M Gromeier, L Alexander and E Wimmer (1996) Internal ribosomal entry site substitution eliminates neurovirulence in intergeneric poliovirus recombinants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 93 2370-2375.
291. YV Svitkin, T Pestova, SV Maslova and VI Agol (1988) Point mutations modify the response of poliovirus RNA to a translation initiation factor: a comparison of neurovirulent and attenuated strains. Virology 166 394-404.
292. Y Svitkin, N Cammack, PD Minor and JW Almond (1990) Translation deficiency of the Sabin type 3 poliovirus genome: association with an attenuating mutation C472-U. Virology 175 103-109.
293. AR Muzychenko, GY Lipskaya, SV Maslova, et al. (1991) Coupled mutations in the 5’-untranslated region of the Sabin poliovirus strains during in vivo passage: structural and functional implications. Virus Res 21 111-122.
294. AA Haller, SR Stewart and BL Semler (1996) Attenuation stem-loop lesions in the 5’ noncoding region of poliovirus RNA: neuronal cell-specific translation defects. J Virology 70 1467-1474.
295. VI Agol, SG Drozdov, TA Ivannikova, et al. (1989) Restricted growth of attenuated poliovirus strains in cultured cells of a human neuroblastoma. J Virology 63 4034-4038.
296. N La Monica and VR Racaniello (1989) Differences in replication of attenuated and neurovirulent polioviruses in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. J Virology 63 2357-2360.
297. AL Gutierrez, M Denova-Ocampo, VR Racaniello and RM del Angel (1997) Attenuating mutations in the poliovirus 5’ untranslated region alter its interaction with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. J Virology 71 3826-3833.
298. S Guest, E Pilipenko, K Sharma, et al. (2004) Molecular mechanisms of attenuation of the Sabin strain of poliovirus type 3. J Virology 78 11097-11107.
299. SE Kauder and VR Racaniello (2004) Poliovirus tropism and attenuation are determined after internal ribosome entry. J Clin Invest 113 1743-1753.
300. GV Rezapkin, L Fan, DM Asher, et al. (1999) Mutations in Sabin 2 strain of poliovirus and stability of attenuated phenotype. Virology 258 152-160.
301. DJ Filman, R Syed, M Chow, et al. (1989) Structural factors that control conformational transitions and serotype specificity in type 3 poliovirus. EMBO Journal 8 1567-1579.
302. M Gromeier and A Nomoto (2002) Determinants of poliovirus pathogenesis. BL Semler, E Wimmer (Eds) Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses Washington, D.C.: ASM Press 367-379.
303. A Horwitz, M Martins da Silva and AN Bica (1961) Large-scale field studies with live attenuated polioviruses in the Americas. Proceedings of the Fifth International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 221-227.
304. HR Cox, VJ Cabasso, FS Markham, et al. (1959) Immunologic response to trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau 229-248.
305. MK Voroshilova (1961) Influence of dose and schedule of oral immunization of people with live poliovirus vaccine on antibody response. Proceedings of the Fifth International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 296-303.
306. JD Verlinde and JB Wilterdink (1959) A small-scale trial on vaccination and revaccination with live attenuated polioviruses in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau 355-366.
307. VM Caceres and RW Sutter (2001) Sabin monovalent oral polio vaccines: review of past experiences and their potential use after polio eradication. Clin Infect Dis 33 531-541.
308. J Embil, L Gervais, C Hermandez Miyares and G Cardelle (1960) Use of attenuated live poliovirus vaccine in Cuban children. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 365-370.
309. AC Kimball, RN Barr, H Bauer, et al. (1960) Minnesota studies with oral poliomyelitis vaccine: community spread of orally administered attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 161-173.
310. S Krugman, J Warren, MS Eiger, et al. (1960) Immunization of newborn infants with live attenuated poliovirus vaccine. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 315-321.
311. JR Paul, DM Horstmann, JT Riordan, et al. (1960) The capacity of live attenuated polioviruses to cause human infection and to spread within families. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 174-184.
312. AJH Tomlinson and J Davies (1961) Trial of live attenuated poliovirus vaccine: a report to the Public Health Laboratory Service from the Poliomyelitis Vaccines Committee of the Medical Research Council. Br Med J 2 1037-1044.
313. MK Voroshilova, VI Zhevandrova, EA Tolskaya, et al. (1960) Virologic and serologic investigations of children immunized with trivalent live vaccine from A. B. Sabin's strains. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 240-265.
314. VM Zhdanov, MP Chumakov and AA Smorodintsev (1960) Large-scale practical trials and use of live poliovirus vaccine in the USSR. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 576-588.
315. M Ramos Alvarez, S.F. Gomez Santos F, LR Rivera and O Mayes (1959) Viral and serological studies in children immunized with live poliovirus vaccine-preliminary report of a large trial conducted in Mexico. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau 483-494.
316. M Ramos Alvarez, ME Bustamante and R Alvarez Alba (1960) Use of Sabin's live poliovirus vaccine in Mexico: results of a large-scale trial. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization 386-409.
317. HE Robertson, MS Acker, HO Dillenberg, et al. (1962) Community-wide use of a ‘balanced’ trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin): a report of the 1961 trial at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Can J Public Health 53 179-191.
318. Food and Drug Administration (1991) Additional standards for viral vaccines; poliovirus vaccine live oral; final rule (21 CFR Part 630). Fed Reg 56 21418-21438.
319. Public Health Service. Public Health Service Regulations: Biological Products. Title 42, Part 73. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1967.
320. PA Patriarca, F Laender, G Palmeira, et al. (1988) Randomised trial of alternative formulations of oral poliovaccine in Brazil. Lancet 1 429-433.
321. World Health Organization (1991) Report of the 13th Global Advisory Group Meeting, Cairo, 14–18 October 1990 Geneva: World Health Organization
322. Lederle Laboratories. Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral Trivalent [package insert]. Pearl River, NY, Lederle Laboratories, 1993.
323. Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization (1995) International List of Availability of Vaccines and Sera Geneva: World Health Organization
324. I Domok (1984) Experiences associated with the use of live poliovirus vaccine in Hungary, 1959–1982. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S413-S418.
325. BD Schoub, S Johnson, J McAnererney, et al. (1988) Monovalent neonatal polio immunization-α strategy for the developing world. J Infect Dis 157 836-839.
326. World Health Organization (2004) Conclusions and recommendations of the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 21–22 September 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 401-407.
327. World Health Organization (1990) Requirements for Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Oral). Requirements for Biological Substances No. 7 (Revised 1989) Geneva: World Health Organization
328. C Wallis and JL Melnick (1961) Stabilization of poliovirus by cations. Tex Rep Biol Med 19 683-700.
329. I Petersen and H von Magnus (1964) Polio neutralization tests with MgCl 2-stabilized virus. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 61 652-653.
330. J Yofe, N Goldblum, E Eylan and JL Melnick (1962) An outbreak of poliomyelitis in Israel in 1961 and the use of attenuated type 1 vaccine in its control. Am J Hyg 76 225-238.
331. H Mirchamsy, A Shafyi, M Mahinpour and P Nazari (1978) Stabilizing effect of magnesium chloride and sucrose on Sabin live polio vaccine. Dev Biol Stand 41 255-257.
332. JB Milstien, SM Lemon and PF Wright (1997) Development of a more thermostable poliovirus vaccine. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S247-S253.
333. Expanded Programme on Immunization (1994) The Vaccine Vial Monitor Geneva: World Health Organization
334. Y Ghendon (1993) WHO recommendations on potential use of a new poliomyelitis vaccine. Dev Biol Stand 78 133-139.
335. V Vonka, Z Janda, J Simon, et al. (1967) A new type 3 attenuated poliovirus for possible use in oral poliovirus vaccine. Prog Med Virol 9 204-255.
336. JL Melnick, G Berencsi, S Biberi-Moroeanu, et al. (1972) WHO collaborative studies on poliovirus type 3 strains isolated during the 1968 poliomyelitis epidemic in Poland. Bull World Health Organ 47 287-294.
337. OM Kew and BK Nottay (1984) Molecular epidemiology of polioviruses. Rev Infect Dis 6(Suppl 2), S499-S504.
338. OM Kew, L De, CF Yang, et al. (1993) The role of virologic surveillance in the global initiative to eradicate poliomyelitis. E Kurstak (Eds) Control of Virus Diseases New York: Marcel Dekker 215-246.
339. J Martin, GL Ferguson, DJ Wood and PD Minor (2000) The vaccine origin of the 1968 epidemic of the type 3 poliomyelitis in Poland. Virology 278 42-49.
340. N Nathanson and SD Horn (1992) Neurovirulence tests of type 3 poliovirus vaccine manufactured by Lederle Laboratories, 1964–1988. Vaccine 10 469-474.
341. Brown F, Lewis BP, (eds). Poliovirus attenuation: molecular mechanisms and practical aspects. Dev Biol Stand 78:1–187, 1993.
342. JC de la Torre, C Giacchetti, BL Semler and JJ Holland (1992) High frequency of single-base transitions and extreme frequency of precise multiple-base reverse mutations in poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 2531-2535.
343. JW Drake (1993) Rates of spontaneous mutations among RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 4171-4175.
344. E Domingo and JJ Holland (1997) RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annu Rev Microbiol 51 151-178.
345. KM Chumakov, LP Norwood, ML Parker, et al. (1992) RNA sequence variants in live poliovirus vaccine and their relation to neurovirulence. J Virol 66 966-970.
346. VR Racaniello and D Baltimore (1981) Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells. Science 214 915-919.
347. M Kohara, S Abe, S Kuge, et al. (1986) An infectious cDNA clone of the poliovirus Sabin strain could be used as a stable repository and inoculum for the oral live vaccine. Virology 151 21-30.
348. M Kohara, T Omata, T Kameda, et al. (1985) In vitro phenotypic markers of a poliovirus recombinant constructed from infectious cDNA clones of the neurovirulent Mahoney strain and the attenuated Sabin 1 strain. J Virol 53 786-792.
349. JR Paul, JT Riordan and JL Melnick (1951) Antibodies to three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera from North American Eskimos. Am J Hyg 54 275-285.
350. AB Sabin (1956) Transitory appearance of type 2 neutralizing antibody in patients infected with type 1 poliomyelitis virus. J Exp Med 96 99-106.
351. WM Hammon and EH Ludwig (1957) Possible protective effect of previous type 2 infection against paralytic poliomyelitis due to type 1 virus. Am J Hyg 66 274-280.
352. S Bogger-Goren, K Baba, P Hurly, et al. (1982) Antibody response to varicella-zoster virus after natural and vaccine-induced infection. J Infect Dis 146 260-265.
353. DM Horstmann, EM Opton, R Klemperer, et al. (1964) Viremia in infants vaccinated with oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin). Am J Hyg 79 47-63.
354. JL Melnick, RO Proctor, AR Ocampo, et al. (1966) Free and bound virus in serum after administration of oral poliovirus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 84 329-342.
355. M Benyesh-Melnick, JL Melnick, WE Rawls, et al. (1967) Studies on the immunogenicity, communicability and genetic stability of oral poliovaccine administered during the winter. Am J Epidemiol 86 112-136.
356. AM McBean, ML Thoms, P Albrecht, et al. (1988) Serologic response to oral polio vaccine and enhanced-potency inactivated polio vaccines. Am J Epidemiol 128 615-628.
357. WHO Collaborative Study Group on Oral and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines (1995) Response to an Infant Immunization Schedule Combining Oral and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines: Compared With Either Vaccine Alone. Results of a Randomized Trial in The Gambia, Oman, and Thailand. Final Report Geneva: World Health Organization
358. WHO Collaborative Study Group on Oral and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines (1997) Combined immunization of infants with oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines: results of a randomized trial in The Gambia, Oman, and Thailand. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S215-S227.
359. World Health Organization Collaborative Study Group on Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (1995) Factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: a prospective evaluation in Brazil and The Gambia. J Infect Dis 171 1097-1106.
360. DL Posey, RW Linkins, MJ Oliveria, et al. (1997) The effect of diarrhea on oral poliovirus vaccine failure in Brazil. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S258-S263.
361. S Zaman, B Carlsson, A Morikawa, et al. (1993) Poliovirus antibody titres, relative affinity, and neutralizing capacity in maternal milk. Arch Dis Child 68 198-201.
362. SS Ogra, DI Weintraub and PL Ogra (1978) Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk: interaction with the intestinal immunity of the neonate. Adv Exp Med Biol 107 95-107.
363. EL Palmer, GW Gary, R Black and ML Martin (1980) Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum immunoglobulins A and G. J Med Virol 5 123-129.
364. PA Patriarca, RW Linkins and RW Sutter (1993) Poliovirus vaccine formulations. E Kurstak (Eds) Measles and Poliomyelitis: Vaccine, Immunization, and Control Wien: Springer-Verlag 265-277.
365. NC Grassly, J Wenger, S Durrani, et al. (2007) Protective efficacy of a monovalent oral type 1 poliovirus vaccine: a case-control study. Lancet 369 1356-1362.
366. RW Sutter and PA Patriarca (1993) Inactivated and live, attenuated poliovirus vaccines: mucosal immunity. E Kurstak (Eds) Measles and Poliomyelitis: Vaccines, Immunization and Control Wien: Springer-Verlag 279-294.
367. AA Smorodintsev, EF Davidenkova, AI Drobyshevskaya, et al. (1959) Results of a study of the reactogenic and immunogenic properties of live antipoliomyelitis vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 20 1053-1074.
368. O Nishio, Y Ishihara, K Sakae, et al. (1984) The trend of acquired immunity with live poliovirus vaccine and the effect of revaccination: follow-up of vaccinees for ten years. J Biol Stand 12 1-10.
369. Z Janda, E Adam and V Vonka (1967) Properties of a new type 3 attenuated poliovirus. VI. Alimentary tract resistance in children fed previously with type 3 Sabin vaccine to reinfection with homologous and heterologous type 3 attenuated poliovirus. Arch Virusforsch 20 87-98.
370. VD Soloviev (1961) Problems connected with live polio vaccine. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Poliomyelitis Conference Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 403-410.
371. RD Rossen, JA Kasel and RB Couch (1971) The secretory immune system: its relation to respiratory viral infections. Prog Med Virol 13 194-238.
372. IM Onorato, JF Modlin, AM McBean, et al. (1991) Mucosal immunity induced by enhanced-potency inactivated and oral polio vaccines. J Infect Dis 163 1-6.
373. PL Ogra, M Fishaut and MR Gallagher (1980) Viral vaccination via the mucosal routes. Rev Infect Dis 2 352-369.
374. JWG Smith, JA Lee, WB Fletcher, et al. (1976) The response of oral poliovaccine in persons aged 16–18 years. J Hyg (Camb) 76 235-247.
375. PL Ogra (1970) Distribution of echovirus antibody in serum, nasopharynx, rectum and spinal fluid after natural infection with echovirus type 6. Infect Immun 2 150-155.
376. M Rovainen and T Hovi (1988) Cleavage of VP1 and modification of antigenic site 1 of type 2 polioviruses by intestinal trypsin. J Virol 62 3536-3539.
377. VI Agol and SG Drozdov (1993) Russian contribution to OPV. Biologicals 21 321-325.
378. AB Sabin (1987) Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio. Perspect Biol Med 31 57-64.
379. MP Chumakov, MK Voroshilova, SG Drozdov, et al. (1961) Some results of the work on mass immunization in the Soviet Union with live poliovirus vaccine prepared from Sabin strains. Bull World Health Organ 25 79-91.
380. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994) Certification of poliomyelitis eradication-the Americas, 1994. MMWR 43 720-722.
381. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Certification of poliomyelitis eradication-Western Pacific Region, October 2000. MMWR 50 1-3.
382. World Health Organization (2002) Certification of poliomyelitis eradication, European region, June 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 77 221-223.
383. JH Hale, M Doraisingham, K Kanagaratnam, et al. (1959) Large-scale use of Sabin type 2 attenuated poliovirus vaccine in Singapore during a type 1 poliomyelitis epidemic. Br Med J 1 1537-1549.
384. J Knowelden, JH Hale, PS Gardner and JH Lee (1961) Measurement of the protective effect of attenuated poliovirus vaccine. Br Med J 1 1418-1420.
385. JP Fox, HM Gelfand, DR LeBlanc and DF Rowan (1958) The influence of natural and artificially induced immunity on alimentary infections with polioviruses. Am J Public Health 48 1181-1192.
386. H Koprowski, TW Norton, GA Jervis, et al. (1956) Clinical investigations of attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus: use as a method of immunization of children with living virus. JAMA 160 954-966.
387. JR Paul, DM Horstmann and JC Niederman (1959) Immunity in poliomyelitis infection: observations in experimental epidemiology. VA Najjar (Eds) Immunity and Virus Infection New York: John Wiley 233-245.
388. V Skovranek and K Zacek (1961) Oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin) in Czechoslovakia: effectiveness of nationwide use in 1960. JAMA 176 524-526.
389. SA Plotkin and H Koprowski (1959) Epidemiological studies on the safety and efficacy of vaccination with the CHAT strain of attenuated poliovirus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Live Poliovirus Vaccines Washington, DC: Pan American Sanitary Bureau 419-436.
390. SM Rangelova (1984) Control of poliomyelitis in Bulgaria: experiences of two decades. Prog Med Virol 31 183-211.
391. DX Dong (1984) Immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine in China. Prog Med Virol 31 168-182.
392. MS Deming, KO Jaiteh, MW Otten, et al. (1992) Epidemic poliomyelitis in The Gambia following the control of poliomyelitis as an endemic disease. II. Clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 135 393-408.
393. DM Horstmann, J Emmons, L Gimpel, et al. (1973) Enterovirus surveillance following a community-wide oral poliovirus vaccination program: a seven-year study. Am J Epidemiol 97 173-186.
394. AB Sabin, M Ramos-Alvarez, J Alvarez-Amezquita, et al. (1960) Live, orally given poliovirus vaccine-effect of rapid mass immunization on population under conditions of massive enteric infections with other viruses. JAMA 173 1521-1526.
395. RT Chen, S Hausinger, AS Dajani, et al. (1996) Seroprevalence of antibody against poliovirus in inner-city preschool children: implications for vaccination policy in the United States. JAMA 275 1639-1645.
396. ME Ramsay, NT Begg, J Ghandi and D Brown (1994) Antibody response and viral excretion after live polio vaccine or a combined schedule of live and inactivated polio vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13 1117-1121.
397. Orenstein WA, Wassilak SGF, DeForest A, et al. Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies among Massachusetts schoolchildren [abstr 512]. In: Abstracts of the 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, September 28–October 1, 1988, p 198.
398. PW Kelley, BP Petruccelli, P Stehr-Green, et al. (1991) The susceptibility of young adult Americans to vaccine-preventable infections: a national serosurvey of US army recruits. JAMA 266 2724-2729.
399. WHO Consultative Group (1969) Evidence on the safety and efficacy of live poliomyelitis vaccines currently in use, with special reference to type 3 poliovirus. Bull World Health Organ 40 925-945.
400. TR Oberhofer, GC Brown and AS Monto (1975) Seroimmunity to poliomyelitis in an American community. Am J Epidemiol 101 333-339.
401. DM Horstmann (1979) Maxwell Finland lecture: Viral vaccines and their ways. Rev Infect Dis 1 502-516.
402. VJ Cabasso, H Nozell, JM Rueggsegger and HR Cox (1966) Poliovirus antibody three years after oral trivalent vaccine (Sabin strains). J Pediatr 68 199-203.
403. RD Krugman, GE Hardy, C Sellers, et al. (1977) Antibody persistence after primary immunization with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Pediatrics 60 80-82.
404. WE Rousseau, GR Noble, GE Tegtmeier, et al. (1973) Persistence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies eight years after immunization with live attenuated virus vaccine. N Engl J Med 289 1357-1359.
405. M Fortuin, N Maine, M Mendy, et al. (1995) Measles, polio and tetanus toxoid antibody levels in Gambian children aged 3 to 4 years following routine vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 326-329.
406. KR Stratton, CJ Howe and RB Johnston (1994) Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality Washington, DC: National Academy Press
407. L Terry (1962) The Association of Cases of Poliomyelitis with the Use of Type 3 Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccines Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
408. WHO Collaborative Study Group (1982) The relationship between persisting spinal paralysis and poliomyelitis vaccine-results of a ten-year enquiry. Bull World Health Organ 60 231-242.
409. WHO Collaborative Study Group (1976) The relationship between acute and persisting spinal paralysis and poliomyelitis vaccine (oral): results of a WHO enquiry. Bull World Health Organ 53 319-331.
410. K Esteves (1988) Safety of oral poliomyelitis vaccine: results of a WHO enquiry. Bull World Health Organ 66 739-746.
411. AB Sabin (1964) Commentary on report on oral poliomyelitis vaccine. JAMA 190 52-55.
412. AB Sabin (1981) Paralytic poliomyelitis: old dogmas and new perspectives. Rev Infect Dis 3 543-564.
413. HV Wyatt (1973) Poliomyelitis in hypogammaglobulinemics. J Infect Dis 128 802-806.
414. DR Prevots, RW Sutter, PM Strebel, et al. (1994) Completeness of reporting for paralytic poliomyelitis, United States, 1980 through 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148 479-485.
415. LN Alexander, JF Seward, TA Santibanez, et al. (2004) Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA 292 1696-1701.
416. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Imported vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis–United States 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 97-99.
417. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: introduction of a sequential vaccination schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 46(RR-3), 1–25.
418. RW Sutter and DR Prevots (1994) Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis among immunodeficient persons. Infect Med 11 426. 429–430 435–438
419. PM Strebel, N Ion-Nedelcu, AL Baughman, et al. (1995) Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine-a risk factor for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. N Engl J Med 332 500-506.
420. HS Izurieta, RW Sutter, AL Baughman, et al. (1995) Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States: no evidence of elevated risk after simultaneous intramuscular injections with vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 840-846.
421. JK Andrus, PM Strebel, CA de Quadros and JM Olive (1995) Risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in Latin America, 1989–91. Bull World Health Organ 73 33-40.
422. KA Kohler, K Banerjee, WG Hlady, et al. (2002) Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in India during 1999: decreased risk despite massive use of oral polio vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 80 210-216.
423. B. Vaccines and Biologicals (2003) Report of the interim meeting of the technical consultative group (TCG) on the global eradication of poliomyelitis, Geneva, November 9–11, 2002 Geneva: World Health Organization
424. CM Wilfert, RH Buckley, T Mohanakumar, et al. (1977) Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system echovirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 296 1485-1489.
425. JB Ziegler and R Penny (1975) Fatal echo 30 virus infection and amyloidosis in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3 347-352.
426. DS Hodes and DV Espinoza (1981) Temperature sensitivity of isolates of echovirus type 11 causing chronic meningoencephalitis in an agammaglobulinemic patient. J Infect Dis 144 377.
427. KC Gorson and AH Ropper (2001) Nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis simulating Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 58 1460-1464.
428. Technical Consultative Group to the World Health Organization on the Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis (2002) ‘Endgame’ issues for the global polio eradication initiative. Clin Infect Dis 34 72-77.
429. AJ Macadam, SR Pollard, G Ferguson, et al. (1993) Genetic basis of attenuation of the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain of poliovirus in primates. Virology 192 18-26.
430. VI Agol (1997) Recombination and other genomic rearrangements in picornaviruses. Semin Virol 8 77-84.
431. NS Cuervo, S Guillot, N Romanenkova, et al. (2001) Genomic features of intratypic recombinant Sabin poliovirus strains excreted by primary vaccinees. J Virol 75 5740-5751.
432. MM Georgescu, F Delpeyroux and R Crainic (1995) Tripartite genome organization of a natural type 2 vaccine/nonvaccine recombinant poliovirus. J Gen Virol 76 2343-2348.
433. JE Martin, E Samoilovich, G Dunn, et al. (2002) Isolation of an intertypic poliovirus capsid recombinant from a child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. J Virol 76 10921-10928.
434. NJ Cammack, A Philipps, G Dunn, et al. (1989) Intertypic genomic rearrangements of poliovirus strains in vaccinees. Virology 167 507-514.
435. AJ Macadam, C Arnold, J Howlett, et al. (1989) Reversion of the attenuated and temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the Sabin type 3 strain of poliovirus in vaccinees. Virology 172 408-414.
436. PD Minor and G Dunn (1988) The effect of sequences in the 5′ non-coding region on the replication of polioviruses in the human gut. J Gen Virol 69 1091-1096.
437. H Yoshida, H Horie, K Matsuura, et al. (2002) Prevalence of vaccine-derived poliovirus in the environment. J Gen Virol 83 1107-1110.
438. T Yoneyama, A Hagiwar, M Hara and H Shimojo (1982) Alteration in oligonucleotide fingerprint patterns of the viral genome in poliovirus type 2 isolated from paralytic patients. Infect Immun 37 46-53.
439. C Yang, T Naguib, S Yang, et al. (2003) Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt from 1983–1993. J Virol 77 8366-8377.
440. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Circulation of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus-Egypt, 1982–1993. MMWR 50 41-42. 51
441. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Acute flaccid paralysis associated with circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus-Philippines. MMWR 50 874-875.
442. H Shimizu, B Thortley, FJ Paladin, et al. (2004) Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001. J Virol 78 13512-13521.
443. World Health Organization (2002) Paralytic poliomyelitis in Madagascar, 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 77 241-242.
444. D Rousset, M Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, R Razafindratsimandresy, et al. (2003) Recombinat vaccine-derived poliovirus in Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis 9 885-887.
445. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004) Laboratory surveillance for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses, January 2003–June 2004. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 990-993.
446. World Health Organization (2005) Poliovirus surveillance report, January-September 2005. Polio Lab Network Quarterly 11 3-4.
447. Thorley B, Paladin F, Shimizu H. Paper presented at the XIIth International Congress of Virology, Paris, 27 July–1 August 2002.
448. HM Liu, DP Zheng, LB Zhang, et al. (2000) Molecular evolution of a type 1 wild-vaccine poliovirus recombinant during widespread circulation in China. J Virol 74 11153-11161.
449. OM Kew, RW Sutter, EM de Gourville, et al. (2005) Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame for global polio eradication. Annu Rev Microbiol 59 587-635.
450. Vaccines and Biological Division. Seventh Meeting of the Technical Consultative Group (TCG) on the Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis, 9–11 April, 2002 (WHO/V&B/02.12). Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.
451. OM Kew, PF Wright, VI Agol, et al. (2004) Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: Current state of knowledge. Bull World Health Organ 82 16-23.
452. BE Eddy, GS Borman, WH Berkeley and RD Young (1961) Tumors induced in hamsters by injection of rhesus monkey kidney cell extracts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 107 191-197.
453. EA Mortimer, ML Lepow, E Gold, et al. (1981) Long-term follow up of persons inadvertently inoculated with SV40 as neonates. N Engl J Med 305 1517-1518.
454. K Shah and N Nathanson (1976) Human exposure to SV40: review and comment. Am J Epidemiol 103 1-12.
455. AM Lewis and W Egan (1997) Meeting report. Workshop on simian virus 40 (SV40): a possible human polyomavirus. Biologicals 25 355-358.
456. HD Strickler, PS Rosenberg, SS Devesa, et al. (1998) Contamination of poliovirus vaccines with simian virus 40 (1955–1963) and subsequent cancer rates. JAMA 279 292-295.
457. JS Butel and JA Lednicky (1999) Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40: implications for human infections and disease. J Natl Cancer Institute 91 119-134.
458. JS Butel (2000) Simian virus 40, poliovirus vaccines, and human cancer: research progress versus media and public interest. Bull World Health Organ 78 195-197.
459. K Stratton, DA Almario and MC McCormick (Eds) (2002) Immunization Safety Review: SV40 Contamination of Polio Vaccine and Cancer Washington, DC: National Academy Press
460. DL Paulin and JA DeCaprio (2006) Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer? J Clin Oncol 24 4356-4365.
461. EA Engels (2005) Does simian virus 40 causes non-Hogkin lymphoma? A review of the laboratory and epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Invest 23 529-536.
462. EA Engels, HA Katki, NM Nielson, et al. (2003) Cancer incidente in Denmark following exposure to poliovirus vaccine contaminated with simian virus 40. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 532-539.
463. DE Rollison, WF Page, H Crawford, et al. (2004) Case-control study of cancer among US Army veterans exposed to simian virus 40-contaminated adenovirus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 160 317-324.
464. M Uhari, M Rantala and M Niemela (1989) Cluster of childhood Guillain-Barré cases after an oral polio vaccine campaign. Lancet 2 440-441.
465. E Kinnunen, M Farkkila, T Hovi, et al. (1989) Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome during a nationwide oral poliovirus campaign. Neurology 39 1034-1036.
466. H Rantala, JD Cherry, WD Shields and M Uhari (1994) Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: relationship of oral polio vaccine administration to occurrence. J Pediatr 124 220-223.
467. E Kinnunen, O Junttila, J Haukka and T Hovi (1998) Nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign and the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 147 69-73.
468. American Academy of Pediatrics (1997) Poliovirus infections. G Peter (Eds) 1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 424-433.
469. DM Salisbury and NT Begg (Eds) (1996) Immunisation against Infectious Disease. 1996 ed. Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Home and Health Department, DHHS (Northern Ireland) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office
470. IM Onorato, PM Strebel and RW Sutter (1998) Immunizations, vaccine-preventable diseases, and HIV infection. GP Wormser (Eds) AIDS and Other Manifestations of HIV Infection, 3rd ed Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 745-758.
471. RW Ryder, MJ Oxtoby, M Mvula, et al. (1993) Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr 122 697-702.
472. Vernon A, Okwo B, Lubamba N, Miaka MB. Paralytic poliomyelitis and HIV infection in Kinshasa, Zaire. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, CA, June 20–24, 1990.
473. N Ion-Nedelcu, A Dobrescu, PM Strebel and RW Sutter (1994) Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and HIV infection [letter]. Lancet 343 51-52.
474. I Chitsike and R van Furth (1999) Paralytic poliomyelitis associated with live oral poliomyelitis vaccine in child with HIV infection in Zimbabwe: case report. BMJ 318 841-843.
475. KA Hennessey, H Lago, E Diomande, et al. (2005) Poliovirus vaccine shedding among persons with HIV in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. J Infect Dis 192 2124-2128.
476. T Harjulehto-Mervaala, T Aro, VK Hiilesmaa, et al. (1993) Oral polio vaccination during pregnancy: no increase in the occurrence of malformations. Am J Epidemiol 138 407-414.
477. T Harjulehto-Mervaala, T Aro, VK Hiilesmaa, et al. (1994) Oral polio vaccination during pregnancy: lack of impact on fetal development and perinatal outcome. Clin Infect Dis 18 414-420.
478. JA Myaux, L Unicomb, RE Besser, et al. (1996) Effect of diarrhea on the humoral response to oral polio vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 204-209.
479. JC Cameron, D Walsh, AR Finlayson, et al. (2006) Oral polio vaccine and intussusception: a data linkage study using records for vaccination and hospitalization. Am J Epidemiol 163 528-533.
480. MA Galindo Sardinas, A Zambrano Cardenas, G Coutin Marie, et al. (2001) Lack of association between intussusception and oral poliovirus vaccine in Cuba. Europ J Epidemiol 17 783-787.
481. American Academy of Pediatrics (1997) 1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics
482. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 49(RR-5), 1-22.
483. JF Modlin, NA Halsey, ML Thoms, et al. (1997) Humoral and mucosal immunity in infants induced by three sequential inactivated poliovirus vaccine-live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine immunization schedules. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S228-S234.
484. Immunization (2006) Vaccines and Biologicals WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2006 global summary Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO/IVB/2006)
485. EE Lasch, Y Abed, O Marcus, et al. (1985) Combined live and inactivated poliovirus vaccine to control poliomyelitis in a developing country-five years after. Dev Biol Stand 65 137-143.
486. H Faden, JF Modlin, ML Thoms, et al. (1990) Comparative evaluation of immunization with live attenuated and enhanced-potency poliovirus vaccines in childhood: systemic and local immune response. J Infect Dis 162 1291-1297.
487. Blatter MM, Starr S. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Combination DTP/eIPV Vaccine Presented in a Dual Chamber Syringe, in 2-Month-Old Infants. Swiftwater, PA, Connaught Laboratories, 1993.
488. NA Halsey, MM Blatter and G Bader (1994) Safety and Immunogenicity of a Combination DTP/IPV Vaccine Administered to Infants in a Dual Chamber Syringe Swiftwater, PA: Connaught Laboratories
489. N Halsey, M Blatter, G Bader, et al. (1997) Inactivated poliovirus vaccine alone or sequential inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccine in two-, four-, and six-month-old infants with combination Haemophilus influenzae type b/hepatitis B vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 675-679.
490. N Ion-Nedelcu, PM Strebel, F Toma, et al. (1997) Sequential use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines: Dolj district, Romania, 1992–1994. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S241-S246.
491. BJ Moriniere, FPL van Loon, PH Rhodes, et al. (1993) Immunogenicity of a Supplemental dose of oral versus inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Lancet 341 1545-1550.
492. T Tulchinsky, Y Abed, R Handsher, et al. (1994) Successful control of poliomyelitis by a combined OPV/IPV polio vaccine program in the West Bank and Gaza, 1978–1993. Isr J Med Sci 30 489-494.
493. N Goldblum, CB Gerichter, TH Tulchinsky and JL Melnick (1994) Poliomyelitis control in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip: changing strategies with the goal of eradication in an endemic area. Bull World Health Organ 72 783-796.
494. PE Slater, WA Orenstein, A Morag, et al. (1990) Poliomyelitis outbreak in Israel in 1988: a report with two commentaries. Lancet 335 1192-1198.
495. TA Swartz and R Handsher (1993–1994) Israel in the elimination phase of poliomyelitis-achievements and remaining problems. Public Health Rev 21 99-106.
496. S Rishpon (2006) Recent improvements in polio and pertussis vaccination policy in Israel, 2005. Isr Med Assoc J 8 319-321.
497. P Hanlon, L Hanlon, V Marsh, et al. (1987) Serological comparisons of approaches to polio vaccination in The Gambia. Lancet 1 800-801.
498. RW Sutter, AJM Suleiman, PG Malankar, et al. (1997) Sequential use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine in Oman. J Infect Dis 175(suppl 1), S235-S240.
499. H Faden, L Duffy, M Sun and C Shuff (1993) Long-term immunity to poliovirus in children immunized with live attenuated and enhanced-potency inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccines. J Infect Dis 168 452-454.
500. OM Kew, BK Nottay, MH Hatch, et al. (1981) Multiple genetic changes can occur in the oral poliovaccines upon replication in humans. J Gen Virol 56(pt 2), 337-347.
501. AJ Cann, G Stanway, PJ Hughes, et al. (1984) Reversion to virulence of the live attenuated Sabin type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine. Nucleic Acids Res 12 7787-7792.
502. SR Pollard, G Dunn, N Cammack, et al. (1989) Nucleotide sequence of a neurovirulent variant of the type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine. J Virol 63 4949-4951.
503. DMA Evans, G Dunn, PD Minor, et al. (1985) Increased neurovirulence associated with a single nucleotide change in a noncoding region of Sabin type 3 poliovaccine genome. Nature 314 548-550.
504. G Dunn, NT Begg, N Cammack and PD Minor (1990) Virus excretion and mutation by infants following primary vaccination with live oral poliovaccine from two sources. J Med Virol 32 92-95.
505. JM Tatem, C Weeks-Levy, SJ Mento, et al. (1991) Oral poliovirus vaccine in the United States: molecular characterization of Sabin type 3 after replication in the gut of vaccinees. J Med Virol 35 101-109.
506. PL Ogra, HS Faden, R Abraham, et al. (1991) Effect of prior immunity on the shedding of virulent revertant virus in feces after oral immunization with live attenuated poliovirus vaccines. J Infect Dis 161 191-194.
507. R Abraham, P Minor, G Dunn, et al. (1993) Shedding of virulent poliovirus revertants during immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine after prior immunization with inactivated polio vaccine. J Infect Dis 168 1105-1109.
508. AD Murdin, L Barreto and S Plotkin (1996) Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: past and present experience. Vaccine 14 735-746.
509. D De-Xiang, H Xi-Min, L Wan-Jun, et al. (1986) Immunisation of neonates with trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (Sabin). Bull World Health Organ 64 853-860.
510. N Halsey and A Galazka (1985) The efficacy of DTP and oral poliomyelitis immunization schedules initiated from birth to 12 weeks of age. Bull World Health Organ 63 1151-1169.
511. AM Galazka, BA Lauer, RH Henderson and J Keja (1984) Indications and contraindications for vaccines used in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Bull World Health Organ 62 357-366.
512. LY Weckx, BJ Schmidt, AA Hermann, et al. (1992) Early immunization of neonates with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 70 85-91.
513. T Goodman, N Dalmiya, B deBenoist and W Schultink (2000) Polio as a platform: using national immunization days to deliver vitamin A supplements. Bull World Health Organ 78 305-314.
514. P Ching, M Birmingham, T Goodman, et al. (2000) The childhood mortality impact of integrating vitamin A supplements with immunization campaigns. Am J Public Health 90 1526-1529.
515. ME Birmingham, RB Aylward, SL Cochi and HF Hull (1997) National Immunization Days: state of the art. J Infect Dis 175(suppl 1), S183-S188.
516. Expanded Programme on Immunization (1997) Field Guide for Supplementary Activities Aimed at Achieving Polio Eradication Geneva: World Health Organization
517. MR Reichler, S Kharabsheh, P Rhodes, et al. (1997) Increased immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine administered in mass vaccination campaigns compared with the routine vaccination program in Jordan. J Infect Dis 175(suppl 1), S198-S204.
518. G Richardson, RW Linkins, M Eames, et al. (1995) Immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine administered in mass campaigns versus routine immunization programs. Bull World Health Organ 73 769-777.
519. MS Deming, RW Linkins, KO Jaiteh and HF Hull (1997) The clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine in The Gambia by season of vaccine administration. J Infect Dis 175(suppl 1), S254-S257.
520. World Health Organization (2006) Resurgence of wild poliovirus type 1 transmission and effect of importation into polio-free countries, 2002–2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 63-68.
521. SL Cochi, HF Hull, RW Sutter, et al. (1997) Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative: status report. J Infect Dis 175(suppl 1), 1-292.
522. WR Dowdle and DR Hopkins (Eds) (1998) The Eradication of Infectious Diseases: Report of the Dahlem Workshop on the Eradication of Infectious Diseases Chichester: John Wiley
523. RA Goodman, KL Foster, FL Throwbridge and JP Figueroa (1998) Global disease elimination and eradication as public health strategies: proceedings of a conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 23–25 February 1998. Bull World Health Organ 76(suppl), S1-S162.
524. F, Fenner, DA Henderson, I Arita, Z Jezek and ID Ladnyi (1988) Smallpox and its eradication Geneva: World Health Organization
525. JM Lane, FL Ruben, JM Neff and JD Millar (1970) Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968: results of ten statewide surveys. J Infect Dis 122 303-309.
526. Vaccines & Biologicals Department (2004) Report of the interim meeting of the Technical Consultative Group (TCG) on the Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis, Geneva, 13–14 November 2002 Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO/V&B/03.04).
527. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Poliomyelitis Prevention in the United States. Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49(RR-5), 1-22.
528. MA Miller, RW Sutter, PM Strebel and SC Hadler (1996) Cost-effectiveness of incorporating inactivated poliovirus vaccine into the routine childhood immunization schedule. JAMA 276(12), 967-971.
529. CF Yang, T Naguib, SJ Yang, et al. (2003) Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt from 1983–1993. J Virol 77 8366-8377.
530. OM Kew, RW Sutter, EM deGourville, et al. (2005) Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication. Ann Rev Microbiology 59 587-635.
531. Technical Consultative Group to the World Health Organization on the Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis. ‘Endgame’ issues for the global polio eradication initiative. Clin Infect Dis 34 72-77.
532. Vaccines and Biologicals. Report of an Informal Consultation on the Identification and Management of Vaccine-derived Polioviruses (VDPVs) Geneva: World Health Organization
533. Polio Eradication Initiative. Conclusions and Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 21–22 September 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79:401–408, 2004.
534. WR Dowdle and ME Birmingham (1997) The biologic principles of poliovirus eradication. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1), S286-S292.
535. RJ Duintjer Tebbens, MA Pallansch, OM Kew, et al. (2006) Risks of paralytic disease due to wild or vaccine-derived poliovirus after eradication. Risk Analysis 26 1471-1505.
536. PEM Fine and S Ritchie (2006) Perspective: Determinants of severity of poliovirus outbreaks in the post eradication era. Risk Analysis 26 1533-1540.
537. J Cello, AV Paul and E Wimmer (2002) Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science 297 1016-1018.
538. Polio Eradication Initiative. Cessation of Routine Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) use after Global Polio Eradication. Framework for National Policy Makers in OPV-using Countries Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO/POL/05.02).
539. World Health Organization (2004) Introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine into oral poliovirus vaccine-using countries. WHO Position Paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 241-250.
540. World Health Organization (2006) Inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) following oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) cessation. Supplemental WHO Position Paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81 137-144.
541. Q Huang, G Greening, MG Baker, et al. (2005) Persistence of oral polio vaccine virus after its removal from the immunisation schedule in New Zealand. Lancet 366 394-396.
542. PEM Fine, RW Sutter and WA Orenstein (2001) Stopping a polio outbreak in the post-eradication era. F Brown (Eds) Progress in Polio Eradication: Vaccine Strategies for the End Game. Development in Biology Basel: Karger 129-147. 105
543. N Sangrujee, VM Cáceres and SL Cochi (2004) Cost analysis of post-polio certification immunization policies. Bull World Health Organization 82(1), 9-15.
544. Polio Eradication Initiative (2005) Conclusions and Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 11–12 October 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 80 410-416.
545. Supply Division (2003) Summary Report—IPV Request for Commercial Indication Copenhagen, Denmark: UNICEF
546. OM Kew (2006) What role for inactivated poliovirus vaccine in the eradication endgame. J Infect Dis 193 1341-1343.
547. Polio Eradication Initiative (2008) WHO Global Action Plan to Minimize Poliovirus Facility-Associated Risk in the Post Eradication/OPV Era Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
548. DL Heymann, RW Sutter and BA Aylward (2005) A global call for new polio vaccines. Nature 434 699-700.
549. BA Aylward, RW Sutter and DL Heymann (2005) OPV cessation—the final step to a ‘polio-free’ world. Science 310 625-626.
550. I Arita, M Nakane and F Fenner (2006) Is polio eradication realistic. Science 312 852-853.
551. L Roberts (2006) Polio eradication: Is it time to give up. Science 312 832-835.
552. Expanded Programme on Immunization (1995) Report of the First Meeting of the Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis (WHO/EPI/GEN/95.6) Geneva: World Health Organization
553. Department of Vaccines and Biologicals (2001) Certification of Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis, Washington, DC, 28–29 March 2001 (WHO/V&B/01.15) Geneva: World Health Organization
554. Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization (1998) Report of the Second Meeting of the Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis, Geneva, 1 May 1997 (WHO/EPI/GEN 98.03) Geneva: World Health Organization
555. Department of Vaccines and Biologicals (1999) WHO Global Action Plan for Laboratory Containment of Wild Polioviruses (WHO/V&B/99.32) Geneva: World Health Organization
556. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Global progress toward laboratory containment of wild polioviruses, June 2001. MMWR 50 620-623.
557. MN Mulders, JHJ Reimerink, MPG Koopmans, et al. (1997) Genetic analysis of wild poliovirus importations into the Netherlands (1979–1995). J Infect Dis 176 617-624.
558. M Pallansch and M Staples (2002) Wild poliovirus found in stored potential infectious materials. Polio Lab Network Q Update 8 1-2.
559. World Health Organization (2003) Wild poliovirus type 2—reference strain isolated in India. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78 88.
560. NA Halsey, J Pinto, F Espinosa-Rosales, et al. (2004) Search for poliovirus carriers among people with primary immune deficiency diseases in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Bull World Health Organ 82 3-8.
561. EJ Asturias, LF Grazioso, S Luna-Fineman, et al. (2006) Poliovirus excretion in Guatemalan adults and children with HIV infection and children with cancer. Biologicals 34 109-112.
562. AJ Khan, H Gebreselassie, EJ Asturias, et al. (2006) No evidence for prolonged excretion of poliovirus in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Guatemala. Biologicals 34 113-116.
563. E Savilahti, T Klemola, B Carlsson, et al. (1988) Inadequacy of mucosal IgM antibodies in selective IgA deficiency: excretion of attenuated polio viruses is prolonged. J Clin Immunol 8 89-94.