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1
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49749130325
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The labor force participation rate for 1968 is from the U.S. Census Bureau, Fertility Tables 2000, 2001, on the Internet at www.census. gov (visited Sept. 12, 2007). For an excellent overview of trends in maternity leave and employment from 1961 to 1995, see Kristin Smith, Barbara Downs, and Martin O'Connell, Maternity leave and employment patterns: 1961-1995, Current Population Reports (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001), pp. 70-79.
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The labor force participation rate for 1968 is from the U.S. Census Bureau, "Fertility Tables 2000," 2001, on the Internet at www.census. gov (visited Sept. 12, 2007). For an excellent overview of trends in maternity leave and employment from 1961 to 1995, see Kristin Smith, Barbara Downs, and Martin O'Connell, Maternity leave and employment patterns: 1961-1995, Current Population Reports (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001), pp. 70-79.
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2
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49749104528
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See Jane Lawler Dye, Fertility of American Women: June 2004, Current Population Reports, 2005, pp. 20-555, on the Internet at www. census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p2O-555.pdf (visited Dcc. 12, 2007): and Sharon Cohany and Emy Sok, 2007, Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants, Montbly Labor Review, February 2007, pp. 9-16.
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See Jane Lawler Dye, "Fertility of American Women: June 2004," Current Population Reports, 2005, pp. 20-555, on the Internet at www. census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p2O-555.pdf (visited Dcc. 12, 2007): and Sharon Cohany and Emy Sok, 2007, "Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants," Montbly Labor Review, February 2007, pp. 9-16.
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3
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0000412585
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The work-employment distinction among new mothers
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for a useful discussion of the distinction between labor force participation, employment, and being at work among new mothers. See
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See Jacob Alex Klerman and Arleen Leibowitz, 1994, "The work-employment distinction among new mothers," Journal of Human Resources, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 277-303, for a useful discussion of the distinction between labor force participation, employment, and being at work among new mothers.
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(1994)
Journal of Human Resources
, vol.24
, Issue.2
, pp. 277-303
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Alex Klerman, J.1
Leibowitz, A.2
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4
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49749089989
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The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, known by the acronym ECLS-B, is sponsored by the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences (DBS) Branch, Center for Population Research, NICHD; and the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Additional information about the study is available online at http://nces.ed.gov/ECLS/birth.asp (visited June 20, 2008).
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The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, known by the acronym ECLS-B, is sponsored by the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences (DBS) Branch, Center for Population Research, NICHD; and the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Additional information about the study is available online at http://nces.ed.gov/ECLS/birth.asp (visited June 20, 2008).
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6
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49749131100
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For a detailed description of the ECLS-B study design, see Bethel, Green, Kalton, and Nord, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), Methodology Report for the Nine-Month Data Collection (2001-02), 2: Sampling, NCES 2005-147 (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, 2005).
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For a detailed description of the ECLS-B study design, see Bethel, Green, Kalton, and Nord, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), Methodology Report for the Nine-Month Data Collection (2001-02), Volume 2: Sampling, NCES 2005-147 (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC, 2005).
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7
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49749132726
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Henceforth, 9-month, at 9 months, and by 9 months refer to 9 months after the birth of a child
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Henceforth, "9-month", "at 9 months", and "by 9 months" refer to 9 months after the birth of a child.
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8
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49749101916
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Information on the identity of employers is not available
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Information on the identity of employers is not available.
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9
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0026391556
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Prior empirical studies of postbirth employment include: Sonalde Desai and Linda Waite, Women's employment during pregnancy and after the first birth: Occupational characteristics and work commitment, American Sociological Review, 1991, 56 no. 4, pp. 551-66;
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Prior empirical studies of postbirth employment include: Sonalde Desai and Linda Waite, "Women's employment during pregnancy and after the first birth: Occupational characteristics and work commitment," American Sociological Review, 1991, vol. 56 no. 4, pp. 551-66;
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10
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0002210671
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Employment of new mothers and child care choice
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Arleen Leibowitz, Jacob Alex Klerman, and Linda Waite, "Employment of new mothers and child care choice," Journal of Human Resources, 1992, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 112-33.
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(1992)
Journal of Human Resources
, vol.27
, Issue.1
, pp. 112-133
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Leibowitz, A.1
Alex Klerman, J.2
Waite, L.3
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11
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49749088243
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Klerman and Leibowitz, The work-employment distinction among new mothers, 1994; Smith, Downs, and O'Connell, Maternhy leave and employment patterns, 2001; and Lawrence Berger and Jane Waldfogel, 2004, Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States, Journal of Population Economics, 17, pp. 331-49.
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Klerman and Leibowitz, "The work-employment distinction among new mothers," 1994; Smith, Downs, and O'Connell, Maternhy leave and employment patterns, 2001; and Lawrence Berger and Jane Waldfogel, 2004, "Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers in the United States," Journal of Population Economics, vol. 17, pp. 331-49.
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12
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0003827074
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Women's labor force attachment patterns and maternity leave: A review of the literature
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See also the literature review by, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC
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See also the literature review by Kristin Smith and Amara Bachu, "Women's labor force attachment patterns and maternity leave: A review of the literature," Working Paper-No. 32, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1999).
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(1999)
Working Paper-No. 32
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Smith, K.1
Bachu, A.2
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49749121371
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All proportions and estimates in this article are adjusted to account for oversampling of minority groups and complex survey design
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All proportions and estimates in this article are adjusted to account for oversampling of minority groups and complex survey design.
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14
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33845985270
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Trends in labor force participation in the United States
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See, for example, October
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See, for example, Abraham Mosisa and Steven Hipple, 2006, "Trends in labor force participation in the United States," Monthly Labor Review, October 2006, pp. 35-57.
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(2006)
Monthly Labor Review
, vol.2006
, pp. 35-57
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Mosisa, A.1
Hipple, S.2
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49749131099
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Results not shown (but available on request) indicated that mothers'work timing varied by the level of fathers' earnings and, as expected, that mothers'work rates were higher when fathers'earnings were lower
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Results not shown (but available on request) indicated that mothers'work timing varied by the level of fathers' earnings and, as expected, that mothers'work rates were higher when fathers'earnings were lower.
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49749112639
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Previous research has found consistently that eligibility for maternity leave increases with the level of maternal education
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Previous research has found consistently that eligibility for maternity leave increases with the level of maternal education.
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17
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0040824887
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See, for example, Rockville, MD, Westat
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See, for example, David Cantor, Jane Wildfogel, Jeffrey Kerwin, Mareena McKinley Wright, Kerry Levin, John Rauch, Tracey Hagerty, and Martha Stapleton Kudela, Balancing the Need of Families and Employers: Family and Medical Leave Surveys, 2000 Update (Rockville, MD, Westat, 2000).
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(2000)
Balancing the Need of Families and Employers: Family and Medical Leave Surveys, 2000 Update
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Cantor, D.1
Wildfogel, J.2
Kerwin, J.3
McKinley Wright, M.4
Levin, K.5
Rauch, J.6
Hagerty, T.7
Stapleton Kudela, M.8
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18
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49749140982
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See also Klerman and Leibowitz, The work-employment distinction among new mothers, 1994;
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See also Klerman and Leibowitz, "The work-employment distinction among new mothers," 1994;
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49749145157
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See, for example, Klerman and Leibowitz, The work-employment distinction among new mothers, 1994;
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See, for example, Klerman and Leibowitz, "The work-employment distinction among new mothers," 1994;
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49749095526
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See, for example, Berger and Waldfogel,Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers,2004; using data for 1988 to 1996 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, they find that 80 percent of women who were employed prebirth were working by 9 months, compared with just half of those who were not employed before giving birth.
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See, for example, Berger and Waldfogel,"Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers,"2004; using data for 1988 to 1996 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, they find that 80 percent of women who were employed prebirth were working by 9 months, compared with just half of those who were not employed before giving birth.
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24
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49749092579
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Cantor and others, in Bolancing the Need of Families and Employers, 2000, find that black women have higher rares of leave coverage than white women. This probably reflects the fact that black women are more likely than white women to work in large firms, be covered by a union, work for the Federal, State, or local government, and work full time; all of which would make them more likely to be covered by maternity leave policies (authors'analyses of the 2000 and 2001 Current Population Survey; detailed results available on request).
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Cantor and others, in Bolancing the Need of Families and Employers, 2000, find that black women have higher rares of leave coverage than white women. This probably reflects the fact that black women are more likely than white women to work in large firms, be covered by a union, work for the Federal, State, or local government, and work full time; all of which would make them more likely to be covered by maternity leave policies (authors'analyses of the 2000 and 2001 Current Population Survey; detailed results available on request).
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49749090345
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Berger and Waldfogel, Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers, 2004, using data from the NLSY, show that women with maternity leave rights are more likely to work in the first year but less likely to work during the first few months after a birth.
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Berger and Waldfogel, "Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers," 2004, using data from the NLSY, show that women with maternity leave rights are more likely to work in the first year but less likely to work during the first few months after a birth.
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26
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49749105487
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The regression models also control for other family type, a small category that includes households in which the mother is not married, cohabiting, or single. This study does not report the results for this category because the cell size is very small (approximately 100).
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The regression models also control for "other family type," a small category that includes households in which the mother is not married, cohabiting, or single. This study does not report the results for this category because the cell size is very small (approximately 100).
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27
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0033125869
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A similar finding was reported by Jacob Alex Klerman and Arleen Leibowitz, Job continuity among new mothers, Demography, 1999, 36, no. 2, pp. 145-55, in their analyses of women in 1900 from the NLSY and the June Current Population Survey.
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A similar finding was reported by Jacob Alex Klerman and Arleen Leibowitz, "Job continuity among new mothers," Demography, 1999, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 145-55, in their analyses of women in 1900 from the NLSY and the June Current Population Survey.
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49749091954
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and Berger and Waldfogel, Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers,2004.
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and Berger and Waldfogel, "Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers,"2004.
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31
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49749141915
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See, for example, Berger and Waldfogel, Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers, 2004, who find that women bearing a second or later child generally return to work more quickly than those bearing their first child.
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See, for example, Berger and Waldfogel, "Maternity leave and the employment of new mothers," 2004, who find that women bearing a second or later child generally return to work more quickly than those bearing their first child.
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32
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49749128299
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Klerman and Leibowitz, Tob continuity among new mothers, 1999, suggest that after the birth of their first child, when women choose either to continue working or not to continue working, those who choose to go back to work are more likely to work after subsequent births as well.
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Klerman and Leibowitz, "Tob continuity among new mothers," 1999, suggest that after the birth of their first child, when women choose either to continue working or not to continue working, those who choose to go back to work are more likely to work after subsequent births as well.
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33
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0025584686
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Child care and women's return to work after childbirth
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On the importance of childcare in women's employment decisions postbirth, see
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On the importance of childcare in women's employment decisions postbirth, see Jacob Alex Klerman and Arleen Leibowitz, "Child care and women's return to work after childbirth," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 1999, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 284-92;
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(1999)
American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings
, vol.80
, Issue.2
, pp. 284-292
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Alex Klerman, J.1
Leibowitz, A.2
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35
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49749140627
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See Michael Baker and Kevin Milligan, 2007, Maternity employment, breastfeeding, and health: Evidence from maternity leave mandates, NBER Working Paper No. 13188, on the Internet at www.nber.
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See Michael Baker and Kevin Milligan, 2007, "Maternity employment, breastfeeding, and health: Evidence from maternity leave mandates," NBER Working Paper No. 13188, on the Internet at www.nber.
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