Civil society and international human rights: The commission to study the organization of peace and the origins of the UN human rights regime

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 607-630

  Mitoma, Glenn Tatsuya ^a,b  

^a CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; HUMAN RIGHTS; PEACEKEEPING; POLICY MAKING; POLITICAL POWER; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 49649119016     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0015     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. See ANN MARIE CLARK, DIPLOMACY OF CONSCIENCE: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND CHANGING HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS (2001).
2. Other important studies include MARGARET E. KECK & KATHRYN SIKKINK, ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS: ADVOCACY NETWORKS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (1998);
3. NGOS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: PROMISE AND PERFORMANCE (Claude E. Welch, Jr. ed., 2001).
4. In their recent studies, both Carol Anderson and Rowland Brucken note the important influence of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People on the one hand, and the American Bar Association on the other, in the formation of post-war US human rights policy. See CAROL ANDERSON, EYES OFF THE PRIZE: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, 1944-1955 (2003);
5. Rowland M. Brucken, A Most Uncertain Crusade: The United States, Human Rights and The United Nations, 1941-1954 (1999) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University), available at http:// proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=733092931 &sid=2&Fmt=2&clientld=5468&RQ T=309&VName=PQD.
6. See CLARK M. EICHELBERGER, ORGANIZING FOR PEACE: A PERSONAL HISTORY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1977);
7. Munich Concession Termed Betrayal, N.Y. TIMES, 14 Oct. 1938, at 17.
8. See EICHELBERGER, supra note 3, at 114.
9. ANTONIO GRAMSCI, SELECTIONS FROM THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS OF ANTONIO GRAMSCI 12 (Quintin Hoare & Geoffrey Nowell-Smith trans., eds., 1971).
10. See EICHELBERGER, supra note 3;
11. HAROLD JOSEPHSON, JAMES T. SHOTWELL AND THE RISE OF INTERNATIONALISM IN AMERICA (1975);
12. GRAMSI, supra note 5.
13. See EICHELBERGER, supra note 3;
14. JOSEPHSON, supra note 6;
15. Charles DeBenedetti, James T. Shotwell and the Science of International Politics, 89 POL. SCIENCE Q. 379 (1974).
16. JAMES T. SHOTWELL, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF JAMES T. SHOTWELL (1961).
17. See DeBenedetti, supra note 7, at 390, 393;
18. JOSEPHSON, supra note 6.
19. For a less than sympathetic, but still valuable treatment of the subject, see ROBERT H. FERRELL, PEACE IN THEIR TIME: THE ORIGINS OF THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT (1952).
20. See EICHELBERGER, supra note 3.
21. Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, Preliminary Report, in 1 BUILDING PEACE: REPORTS OF THE COMMISSION TO STUDY THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE, 1939-1972, at 4 (1973) [hereinafter CSOP].
22. Id. at 6.
23. Id. at 7.
24. Id.
25. CSOP, Preliminary Report, supra note 10.
26. See Press Release, CSOP, For Release Tuesday AM. (12 Nov. 1940), in Clark M. Eichelherger Papers, 1920-1991 [hereinafter Fichel- berger Papersl (available in the NewYork Public Library).
27. William T. R. Fox, "The Truth Shall Make You Free": One Student's Appreciation of Quincy Wright, 14 J. CONF. RES. 449, 450 (1970).
28. The fourth key organizer of the CSOP was Clyde Eagleton, NYU Professor of International Law and Executive Committee Member of the LNA. See Robert Hillmann, Quincy Wright and the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, in 4 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 485 (1998);
29. Fox, supra note 15;
30. William B. Ballis, Quincy Wright: An Appreciation, 14 J. CONF. RES. 453 (1970). Although James Shotwell was a considerable intellectual presence on the CSOP, the younger and more energetic Wright was far more deeply involved with nearly all aspects of its work.
31. Draft Statement (11 July 1940), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
32. CSOP Draft Statement (19 July 1940), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
33. Steven J. Bucklin, The Wilsonian Legacy in Political Science: Denna F. Fleming, Frederick L. Schuman, and Quincy Wright (1993) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Iowa), available at http:// proquest.umi.com/ pqdweb?did=744473091&sid=1&Fmt= 2&clientld=5468&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
34. QUINCY WRIGHT, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE WORLD ORDER 18 (1942).
35. Id.
36. Quincy Wright, Suggested Outline of Topics for the Third Phase of the Studies of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace (27 Mar. 1942), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
37. see WRIGHT, supra note 18.
38. See WRIGHT, supra note 18, at 14;
39. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, in FOUR ESSAYS ON LIBERTY 118 (1969).
40. See WRIGHT, supra note 18.
41. Clark M. Eichelberger, Confidential Notes on Interview with the President (7 Sept, 1939), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
42. Brucken, supra note 2;
43. SHOTWELL, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY, supra note 8.
44. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The Annual Message to the Congress (16 ]an. 194 1), in 9 THE PUBLIC PAPERS AND ADDRESSES OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT 672 (Samuel I. Rosenman ed., 1941).
45. Although most of the speech was drafted by aides, the Four Freedoms formulation had been devised by the President. As early as July 1940, he spoke of "five freedoms" (freedom of information being separated from freedom of expression) essential to the re-establishment of world peace. See Roosevelt Names 5 Basic Freedoms of Any Just Peace, N.Y. TIMES, 6 Jul. 1940, at 1;
46. Elizabeth Kopelman Borgwardt, An Intellectual History of the Atlantic Charter: Ideas, Institutions, and Human Rights in American Diplomacy, 1941-1946 (2002) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University), available at http://proquest.umi.com/ pqdweb?did=764939051&sid=5&Fmt= 2&clientld=5468&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
47. Joint Statement by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill (14 Aug. 1941), in U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, 1 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1941, at 368 (1958).
48. Draft Declaration of Allied Unity, Declaration of United Nations, in U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: THE CONFERENCES AT WASHINGTON, 1941-1942 AND CASABLANCA, 1943, at 376-77 (1968).
49. Churchill credits Roosevelt with inventing the term "United Nations" at the last minute, a name that became the most common wartime designation for the anti-Axis alliance. WINSTON S. CHURCHILL, THE GRAND ALLIANCE 683-84 (1950).
50. PAUL GORDON LAUREN, THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: VISIONS SEEN 145, 327 (1998).
51. RUTH B. RUSSELL, A HISTORY OF THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER: THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES, 1940-1945, at 41-42 (1958).
52. President's Bill of Rights Speech, N.Y. TIMES, 16 Dec. 1941, at 30.
53. Id.
54. Cordell Hull, Secretary of State to President Roosevelt (19 Dec. 1947), in U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, 1 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1942, GENERAL, THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH, THE FAR EAST 4 (1960);
55. Franklin Roosevelt, President Roosevelt to the Secretary of State (27 Dec. 1941), in U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1942, GENERAL; THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH; THE FAR EAST, at 14 (1960).
56. James T. Shotwell, America After the War, Address Delivered Over the Columbia Broadcasting System (13 Dec. 1941), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14 (transcript available at Container 152, Folder CSOP-1941-42).
57. Id.
58. Id.
59. Leo Pasvolsky to Clark M. Eichelberger (8 July 1942), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
60. Clark M. Eichelberger, No Title, Personal Meeting Minutes (30 Oct. 1942), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
61. U.S. Dep't of State, Draft Constitution of the International Organization, (n.d. [1942]), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
62. EICHELBERGER, supra note 3;
63. RUSSELL, supra note 29;
64. Brucken, supra note 2.
65. See Brucken, supra note 2;
66. RUSSELL, supra note 29.
67. EICHELBERGER, supra note 3;
68. SHOTWELL, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY, supra note 8;
69. Quincy Wright, Draft of The United Nations and The Organization of Peace (11 Nov. 1942), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
70. CSOP, Third Report, in 1 BUILDING PEACE: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE, 1939-1972, at 32 (1943).
71. See RUSSEL, supra note 29, at 134.
72. Id.
73. Lloyd C. Gardner, The Atlantic Charter: Idea and Reality, 1942-1944, in THE ATLANTIC CHAPTER 45, 46 (Douglas Brinkley and David R. Facey-Crowther eds., 1994).
74. EICHELBERGER, supra note 3, at 208.
75. Brucken, supra note 2;
76. RUSSELL, supra note 29;
77. Gardner, supra note 41;
78. EICHELBERGER, supra note 3.
79. LAUREN, supra note 28, at 174.
80. See Dumbarton Oaks: Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization, 7 Oct. 7944, in PILLARS OF PEACE 45 (Army Information School, 1946), available at http:// www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1944/441007a.html.
81. LAUREN, supra note 28;
82. Manley O. Hudson, Weight of Meetings of 29 Oct., 12 Nov., and 25-26 Nov. 1944 (9 Dec. 1944), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
83. See EICHELBERGER, supra note 3.
84. For an account of this remarkable public relations effort on the part of the CSOP and others, see DOROTHY B. ROBINS, EXPERIMENT IN DEMOCRACY: THE STORY OF U.S. CITIZEN ORGANIZATIONS IN FORGING THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1971).
85. Clark M. Eichelberger, Fundamentals of a Continuing Organization of the United Nations (12 Oct. 1943), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
86. CSOP, Part III: International Safeguard of Human Rights, in FOURTH REPORT 24 (1944).
87. William A. Neilson to Clark M. Eichelberger (20 Oct. 1944), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
88. Quincy Wright to Gark M. Eichelberger (15 Feb. 1945), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
89. John W. Davis, Statement on CBS (5 Feb. 1945), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
90. A Third World War Can Be Prevented Now!, True Comics Magazine, 1945, available in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
91. ROBINS, supra note 47.
92. STEPHEN C. SCHLESINGER, ACT OF CREATfON: THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS 125 (2003);
93. see ROBINS, supra note 47.
94. See SCHLESINGER, supra note 54, at 122;
95. Clark M. Eichelberger, Members of the Commission at the United Nations Conference (1945), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14.
96. Letter from Walter White to W.E.B. DuBois and Mary McLeod Bethune (5 May 1945), in Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (available in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.) (on file with author);
97. ROBINS, supra note 47;
98. Edward R. Stettinius, Stettinius Diary, Dec. 1944 to 3 July 1945 (11-17 Mar. 1945), in Records of Harley A. Notter [hereinafter Notter Records] (available in General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, College Park, MD).
99. Henry A. Atkinson to Edward R. Stettinius (2 May 1945), in Notter Records, supra note 56.
100. Id.
101. Id.
102. Id.
103. Clark M. Eichelberger to Members of the CSOP (5 May 1945), in Eichelberger Papers, supra note 14;
104. EICHELBERGER, supra note 3;
105. White, supra note 56, at Group IV,
106. ROBINS, supra note 47;
107. SHOTWELL, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY, supra note 8;
108. ANDERSON, supra note 2, at 46.
109. Edward R. Stettinius, 1 Stettinius Diary (2 May 1945) - San Francisco Conference: 23 Apr. Midnight to 31 May 1945, in Notter Records, supra note 56;
110. White, supra note 56, at Group IV;
111. ROBINS, supra note 47;
112. Brucken, supra note 2;
113. SHOTWELL, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY, supra note 8;
114. ANDERSON, supra note 2.
115. UNCIO Minutes, CONS Four Min 4, 4 May 1945, 12:15 p.m. (4 May 1945), in Papers of Leo Pasvolsky (manuscript available in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.).
116. Id.
117. UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT, 3 DOCUMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (1945). There is no small irony in the fact that South Africa was a principal proponent of making human rights a central concern of the United Nations. More than any other nation, the Union of South Africa would be accused in all manner of UN proceedings for violating the human rights of its citizens.
118. LAUREN, supra note 28.
119. Edward R. Stettinius, Stettinius Diary, Entry 26 (26 May 1945), in Notter Records, supra note 56;
120. Brucken, supra note 2.