Policy initiatives to address low-income households' nutritional needs in the UK

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 289-300

  Dowler, Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Food and nutritional needs; Policy initiatives; UK low income households

Indexed keywords

IRON; MAGNESIUM; MINERAL; POTASSIUM; VITAMIN; ZINC;

BUDGET; CHILD NUTRITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; COST; DIET; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FOOD AVAILABILITY; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PREFERENCE; FOOD QUALITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; UNITED KINGDOM; CATERING SERVICE; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; ORGANIZATION; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS;

CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; FOOD SUPPLY; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; NUTRITION POLICY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; POLICY MAKING; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 49649107823     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665108008586     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (147)

1. Davey Smith G & Brunner E (1997) Socio-economic differentials in health: the role of nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 56, 75-90.
2. James WPT, Nelson M, Ralph A & Leather S (1997) The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. Br Med J 314, 1545-1549.
3. Dowler E (2001) Inequalities in diet and physical activity in Europe. Public Health Nutr 4, 701-709.
4. Dowler E, Caraher M & Lincoln P (2007) Inequalities in food and nutrition: challenging 'lifestyles'. In Challenging Health Inequalities: from Acheson to 'Choosing Health', pp. 127-155 (E Dowler and N Spencer, editors). Bristol: Policy Press.
5. Brewer M, Browne J & Sutherland H (2006) What Will it Take to End Child Poverty? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
6. Whelan CT, Layte R & Maître B (2003) Persistent income poverty and deprivation in the European Union: An analysis of the first three waves of the European Community Household Panel. J Soc Policy 32, 1-18.
7. McKendrick JH, Mooney G, Dickie J & Kelly P (editors) (2007) Poverty in Scotland 2007. London: CPAG.
8. Child Poverty Action Group (2007) Poverty: the facts. http://www.cpag.org.uk/publications/extracts/PtheFsumm07.pdf
9. New Policy Institute (2008) The poverty site. www.poverty.org.uk/
10. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2008) Research, policy and practice. www.jrf.org.uk/research-and-policy/
11. Department for Work and Pensions (2008) Child poverty. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/childpoverty/
12. Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research (2008) Poverty. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/
13. Anderson AS (2007) Nutrition interventions in women in low-income groups in the UK. Proc Nutr Soc 66, 25-32.
14. Dowler E & Dobson B (1997) Nutrition and poverty in Europe: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc 56, 51-62.
15. New Policy Institute (2008) Choice of low income thresholds. http://www.poverty.org.uk/summary/income%20intro.shtml
16. Gordon D, Adelman L, Ashworth K et al. (2000) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation; available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/185935128X.pdf
17. Dorling D, Rigby J, Wheeler B, Ballas D, Thomas B, Fahmy E, Gordon D & Lupton R (2007) Poverty, Wealth and Place in Britain, 1968 to 2005. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
18. Church J (2004) Income. In Focus on Social Inequalities 2004, pp. 41-54 (P Babb, J Martin and P Haezewindt, editors). London: The Stationery Office; available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/ fosi2004/SocialInequalities_full.pdf
19. New Policy Institute (2008) Persistent low income. http://www.poverty. org.uk/03d/index.shtml
20. Dowler E, Turner S & Dobson B (2001) Poverty Bites: Food, Health and Poor Families. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
21. Dowler E (1997) Budgeting for food on a low income: the case of lone parents. Food Policy 22, 405-417.
22. Dowler E & Calvert C (1997) Budgeting for food on state benefits: poor lone parents in the United Kingdom. In Poverty and Food in Welfare Societies, pp. 307-315 (B Köhler, E Feichtinger, E Barlösius and E Dowler, editors). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung.
23. Palmer G, MacInnes T & Kenway P (2007) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2007. http://www.poverty.org.uk/reports/mpse%202007.pdf
24. New Policy Institute and Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2008) The poverty site. http://www.poverty.org.uk/index.htm
25. Department of Food, Environment and Rural Affairs (2007) Family Food - A Report on the 2005-06 Expenditure and Food Survey. London: The Stationery Office.
26. Gregory J, Collins DL, Davies PSW, Hughes JM & Clarke PC (1995) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Children Aged 1.5 to 4.5 Years. London: H. M. Stationery Office.
27. Finch S (1998) National Diet and Nutrition Survey People Aged 65 Years and Over. vol. 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: The Stationery Office.
28. Gregory JR (2000) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Young People Aged 4-18 Years. vol. 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: The Stationery Office.
29. Hoare J, Henderson L, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Birch M, Swan G & Farron M (2004) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years. vol. 5: Summary Report. London: The Stationery Office.
30. Acheson D (1998) Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health. London: Department of Health.
31. Bartley M (2004) Health Inequality: An Introduction to Theories, Concepts and Methods. Cambridge: Policy Press.
32. Graham H (2007) Unequal Lives: Health and Socioceonomic Inequalities. Maidenhead, Berks.: Open University Press.
33. Press V & Mwatsama M (2004) Nutrition and Health Toolkit, London: National Heart Forum; available at www.heartforum.org.uk/ Publications_NHFreports_NutritionToolkit.aspx
34. Wrieden WL, Barton KL, Armstrong J & McNeill G (2006) A Review of Food Consumption and Nutrient Intakes from National Surveys in Scotland: Comparison to the Scottish Dietary Targets. Aberdeen: Food Standards Agency Scotland.
35. Nelson M, Ehrens B, Bates B, Church S & Boshier T (2007) Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. Summary of Key Findings. London: The Stationery Office.
36. Holmes B, Dick K & Nelson M (2007) A comparison of four dietary assessment methods in materially deprived households in England. Public Health Nutr (Epublication ahead of print version).
37. Nelson M, Ehrens B, Bates B, Church S & Boshier T (2007) Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. vol. 2: Food Consumption Nutrient Intake. London: The Stationery Office; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/ multimedia/pdfs/lidnsvol02
38. Nelson M, Ehrens B, Bates B, Church S & Boshier T (2007) Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. vol. 3: Nutritional Status Physical Activity Economic, Social and Other Factors. London: The Stationery Office; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/lidnsvol03.pdf
39. Tingay R, Tan C, Tan N, Tang S, Teoh P, Wong R & Gulliford M (2003) Food insecurity and low income in an English inner city. J Public Health 25, 156-159.
40. Hitchman C, Christie I, Harrison M & Lang T (2004) Inconvenience Food: The Struggle to Eat Well on a Low Income. London: Demos; available at http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/inconveniencefood
41. Save the Children (2007) Robbing Peter to Pay Paul: How Limited Access to Affordable Credit Hurts Children Living in Poverty. Briefing. London: Save the Children; available at http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/en/docs/ robbing-peter.pdf.
42. McKendrick JH, Cunningham-Burley S & Backett-Milburn K (2003) Life in Low Income Families in Scotland. University of Edinburgh: Centre for Research on Families and Relationships.
43. House of Commons Health Committee (2004) Obesity. Third Report of Session 2003-4. vol. 1: Report, Together with Formal Minutes. HC 23-1. London: The Stationery Office; available at http://www.publications. parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/23/23.pdf.
44. Wardle J, Waller J & Jarvis MJ (2002) Sex differences in the association of socioeconomic status with obesity. Am J Public Health 92, 299-304.
45. Drewnowski A & Specter SE (2004) Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 6-16.
46. Okasha M, McCarron P, McEwen J, Durnin J & Davey Smith G (2003) Childhood social class and adulthood obesity: findings from the Glasgow Alumni Cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 57, 508-509.
47. Lobstein T & Millstone E (2006) Policy Options for Responding to Obesity: Evaluation the Options. Brighton: Science & Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex; available at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/ documents/porgrow_complete.pdf
48. Stamatakis E, Primatesta P, Chinn S, Rona R & Flascheti E (2005) Overweight and obesity trends from 1974-2003 in English children: what is the role of socio-economic factors? Arch Dis Child 90, 999-1004.
49. Kinra S, Nelder RP & Lewendon GJ (2000) Deprivation and childhood obesity: a cross sectional study of 20,973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom. J Epidemiol Community Health 54, 456-460.
50. Kinra S, Baumer JH & Davey Smith G (2005) Early growth and childhood obesity: a historical cohort study. Arch Dis Child 90, 1122-1127.
51. Pickett KE, Kelly S, Brunner E, Lobstein T & Wilkinson RG (2005) Wider income gaps, wider waistbands? An ecological study of obesity and income inequality. J Epidemiol Community Health 59, 670-674.
52. Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Pamuk ER & Heath CW Jr (1998) Are geographic regions with high income inequality associated with risk of abdominal weight gain? Soc Sci Med 47, 1-6.
53. Ellaway A, Anderson A & Macintyre S (1997) Does area of residence affect body size and shape? Int J Obes (Lond) 21, 304-308.
54. Government Office for Science (2007) Foresight. Tackling Obesities: Future Choices - Summary of Key Messages. London: Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills; available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Obesity/ obesity_final/20.pdf
55. Crotty P & Germov J (2004) Food and class. In A Sociology of Food and Nutrition: The Social Appetite, 2nd ed., pp. 241-62 (J Germov and L Williams, editors). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
56. Dahl E, Fritzell J, Lahelma E., Martikainene P, Kunst A & Mackenbach JP (2006) Welfare state regimes and health inequalities. In Social Inequalities in Health: New Evidence and Policy Implications, pp. 193-222 (J Siegrist and M Marmot, editors). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Kawachi I (1999) Social capital and community effects on population and individual health. Ann New York Acad Sci 896, 120-130.
58. Martin KS, Rogers, BL, Cook JT & Joseph HM (2004) Social capital is associated with decreased risk of hunger. Soc Sci Med 58, 2645-2654.
59. Cabinet Office Social Exclusion Task Force (2008) Social exclusion task force. http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/social_exclusion_task_force/
60. Graham H & Kelly M (2004) Health Inequalities: Concepts, Frameworks and Policy. London: Health Development Agency.
61. Goode J, Callender C & Lister R (1998) Purse or Wallet? Gender Inequalities and Income Distribution within Families on Benefits. London: Policy Studies Institute; summary findings available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/ knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/spr468.asp
62. Lister R (2005) The links between women's and children's poverty, Poverty 121, 9-12.
63. Morris J, Donkin A, Wonderling D, Wilkinson P & Dowler E (2000) A minimum income for healthy living. J Epidemiol Community Health 54, 885-889.
64. Lynch JW, Smith GD, Kaplan GA & House JS (2000) Income inequality and mortality: importance to health of individual income, psychosocial environment and material conditions. Br Med J 320, 1200-1204.
65. Wilkinson RG (1997) Socioeconomic determinants of health: Health inequalities: relative or absolute material standards? Br Med J 314, 591-595.
66. Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K & Prothrow-Smith D (1997) Social capital, income inequality and mortality. Am J Public Health 87, 1491-1498.
67. Baum FE & Ziersch AM (2003) Social capital. J Epidemiol Community Health 57, 320-323.
68. Food Standards Agency (2007) FSA publishes findings of the Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey. Press release Sunday 15 July 2007. http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2007/jul/lidns
69. Donkin AJM, Dowler EA, Stevenson SJ & Turner SA (2000) Mapping access to food in a deprived area: the development of price and availability indices. Public Health Nutr 3, 31-38.
70. Rex D & Blair A (2003) Unjust des(s)erts: food retailing and neighbourhood health in Sandwell. Int J Retail Distribution Manag 31, 459-465.
71. Rampton L (2002) Food Access and Social Exclusion in London: A Research Report, Framework and Action Plan for London. Report to the Greater London Authority. London: GLA.
72. O'Neill M (2005) Putting Food Access on the Radar: How to Target and Prioritise Communities at Risk. London: National Consumer Council.
73. Scottish Community Diet Project (2005) On Track. Glasgow: SCDP; available at http://www.communityfoodandhealth.org.uk/fileuploads/scdp-ontrack. pdf
74. Food Standards Agency (2008) Accessing healthy food: A national assessment and sentinel mapping study of food retailing in Scotland (SO4005). http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/science/research/researchinfo/devolvedadmins/ scotlandresearch/scotlandresearch/ScotlandProjectList/s04005/S04005r/ (accessed February 2008).
75. Cummins S & Macintyre S (2002) 'Food deserts': evidence and assumption in health policy making. Br Med J 325, 436-438.
76. Wrigley N (2002) Food deserts in British cities: policy context and research priorities. Urban Stud 39, 2029-2040.
77. White M, Bunting J, Williams E, Raybould S, Adamson A & Mathers JC (2004) Do 'Food Deserts' Exist? A Multilevel, Geographical Analysis of the Relationship Between Retail Food Access, Socio-Economic Position and Dietary Intake. London: Food Standards Agency.
78. Kempson E & Bennett F (1997) Local Living Costs, London: Policy Studies Institute; summary available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/ findings/socialpolicy/pdf/sp123.pdf
79. Government Statistical Service (1999) Households below average income. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/hbai/hbai99.html
80. Modlock S (2008) Winners and losers in the energy bill lottery. http://uk.biz.yahoo.com/15012008/389/winnerslosers-energy-bill-lottery.html
81. BBC News (2003) Water rates to 'rise regionally'. http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/england/cumbria/3103524.stm
82. Dowler E (2003) Food and poverty in Britain: Rights and responsibilities. In The Welfare of Food: Rights and Responsibilities in a Changing World, pp. 140-159 (E Dowler and C Jones Finer, editors). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
83. Parker H (editor) (1998) Low Cost but Acceptable: A Minimum Income Standard for the UK. Bristol: Policy Press.
84. Morris J, Donkin A, Wonderling D, Wilkinson P & Dowler E (2000) A minimum income for healthy living. J Epidemiol Community Health 54, 885-889.
85. Morris J, Dangour A, Deeming C, Fletcher A & Wilkinson P (2005) Minimum Income for Health Living: Older People. London: Age Concern England.
86. Dibsdall LA, Lambert N, Bobbin RF & Frewer LJ (2003) Low income consumers' attitudes and behaviours towards access, affordability and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables. Public Health Nutr 6, 159-168.
87. Beresford P, Green D, Lister R & Woodard K (1999) Poverty First Hand: Poor People Speak for Themselves. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
88. Dobson B, Kellard K & Talbot D (2000) A Recipe for Success? An Evaluation of a Community Food Project. Loughborough, Leics.: Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University.
89. Kyle R & Blair A (2007) Planning for health: generation, regeneration and food in Sandwell. Int J Retail Distribution Manag 35, 457-473.
90. Evans N (1996) What do homeless people eat and can Crisis FareShare help improve their diet? Nutr Food Sci 96, 15-17.
91. Evans N & Dowler EA (1999) Food, health and eating among single homeless and marginalized people in London. J Hum Nutr Diet 12, 179-199.
92. Kershaw A, Singleton N & Meltzer H (2000) Survey of the Health and Well-being of Homeless People in Glasgow. London: Office of National Statistics.
93. Deloitte MCS Ltd (2006) Research into Food Poverty and Homelessness in Northern Ireland: Final Report. Belfast: Food Standards Agency.
94. Coufopoulos AM (2008) Homeless mothers and their children: The experience of two generations at nutritional risk in the UK. In Infant and Young Child Feeding: Cultural Challenges (V Hall Moran and F Dykes, editors). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell (In the Press).
95. Sellen D, Tedstone A & Frize J (2002) Food insecurity among refugee families in East London: results of a pilot assessment. Public Health Nutr 5, 637-644.
96. Smith DF (editor) (1996) Nutrition in Britain: Science, Scientists and Politics in the Twentieth Century. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge.
97. Department of Health (1996) Low Income, Food, Nutrition and Health: Strategies for Improvement. A Report from the Low Income Project Team to the Nutrition Task Force. London: Department of Health.
98. Nelson M (1997) Developments in the UK: work of the Low Income Project Team. Proc Nutr Soc 56, 91-100.
99. Department of Health (1999) Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation. London: The Stationery Office.
100. Spencer N & Dowler E (2007) Challenging health inequalities: introduction. In Challenging Health Inequalities: from Acheson to 'Choosing Health', pp. 1-16 (E Dowler and N Spencer, editors). Bristol: Policy Press.
101. Dowler E, Draper A, Thomas R, Dobson B & Nelson M (1998) Scoping Study for a Proposed Survey of Diet and Nutritional Status in Low-income Households. Report to Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Joint Food Standards and Safety Group. London: MAFF.
102. Dowler E & Spencer N (editors) (2007) Challenging Health Inequalities: from Acheson to 'Choosing Health'. Bristol: Policy Press.
103. Barnes M (2005) Health Action Zones: Partnerships for Equity. London: Routledge.
104. Department of Health (2008) 5 a day. http://www.dh.gov.uk/ PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/FiveADay/fs/en
105. Bremner P, Dalziel D & Evans L (2006) Evaluation of the 5 A Day Programme: Final Report. London: Big Lottery Fund.
106. Dowler E & Caraher M (2003) Local food projects - the new philanthropy? Polit Q 74, 57-65.
107. Caraher M & Dowler E (2007) Food projects in London: Lessons for policy and practice. Health Educ J 66, 188-205.
108. Davis L, Dowler E, Morgan K, Lang T & Hunter D (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of Food and Wellbeing Wales. Cardiff: Food Standards Agency Wales; available at http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fwbsummaryenglish.pdf
109. Department of Health (2002) The National School Fruit Scheme. London: Department of Health.
110. Blenkinsop S, Bradshaw S, Cade J, Chan D, Greenwood D, Ransley J, Schagen S, Scott E, Teeman D & Thomas J (2007). Further Evaluation of the School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme. London: Department of Health.
111. MacGregor A & Sheehy C (2005) Evaluation of free fruit in schools initiative. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/21110322/03222
112. Health Promotion Agency (2005) Fresh fruit in schools evaluation 2002-2004: summary report. http://www.healthpromotionagency.org.uk/Resources/ nutrition/freshfruit05.htm
113. Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, Blenkinsop S, Schagen I, Teeman D, Scott E, White G & Schagen S (2007) Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children's diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health 61, 699-703.
114. Wells L & Nelson M (2005) The National School Fruit Scheme produces short-term but not longer-term increases in fruit consumption in primary school children. Br J Nutr 93, 537-542.
115. Department of Health (2005) Choosing a Better Diet: A Food and Health Action Plan. London: Department of Health.
116. National Health Service (2008) Healthy start. http://www.healthystart. nhs.uk/
117. Department for Children, Schools and Family (2008) Sure start. http://www.surestart.gov.uk/
118. Department for Children, Schools and Family (2008) Sure start children's centres. http://www.surestart.gov.uk/surestartservices/settings/ surestartchildrenscentres/
119. Spencer N & Law C (2007) Inequalities in pregnancy and early years and the impact across the lifecourse: progress and future challenges. In Challenging Health Inequalities: from Acheson to 'Choosing Health', pp. 69-94 (E Dowler and N Spencer, editors). Bristol: Policy Press.
120. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (2008) Guidance to Improve the Nutrition of Pregnant and Breastfeeding Mothers and Children in Low-income Households. NICE Public Health Programme Guidance 3. London: NICE; available at http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ MaternalandChildNutritionDraftGuidance.pdf
121. Dyson L, McCormick F & Renfrew MJ (2006) Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, issue 3, CD001688. Chichester, W Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
122. Phipps B (2006) Peer support for breastfeeding in the UK. Br J Gen Pract 56, 166-167.
123. Nelson M, Lowes K, Hwang V & members of the Nutrition Group, School Meals Review Panel, Department for Education and Skills (2007) The contribution of school meals to food composition and nutrient intakes of young people aged 4-18 years in England. Public Health Nutr 10, 652-662.
124. School Food Trust (2008) School Food Trust: eat better do better. http://www.schoolfoodtrust.org.uk/index.asp
125. Welsh Assembly Government (2006) Food and Fitness: Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity for Children and Young People. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
126. Department for Children, Schools and Family (2008) Teacher net: school food and drink. http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/healthyliving/ schoolfoodanddrink/
127. Expert Panel on School Meals (2002) Hungry for Success: A Whole School Approach to School Meals in Scotland. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office.
128. Morgan K (2006) School food and the public domain: The politics of the public plate. Polit Q 77, 379-387.
129. Central Office of Information (2008) Nutrition and school lunches. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/SchoolLife/ DG_4016089
130. Hurley C & Riley A (editors) (2004) Recipe for Change: A Good Practice Guide to School Meals. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
131. Child Action Poverty Group Scotland (2008) Campaign for free school meals. http://www.cpag.org.uk/scotland/meals_bill_main.htm
132. Department of Health (1999) Improving Shopping Access. Policy Action Team Report 13. London: Department of Health.
133. Wrigley N, Warm D, Margetts B & Whelan A (2002) Assessing the impact of improved retail access on diet in a 'food desert': A preliminary report. Urban Stud 39, 2061-2082.
134. Sparks L, Findlay A, Cummins S, Petticrew M & Higgins C (2005) Large scale food retailing as an intervention for diet and health: quasi-experimental evaluation of a natural experiment. J Epidemiol Community Health 59, 1035-1040.
135. Caraher M (2005) Food policy and regeneration: food for thought. Local Work: Voice, LW64, pp. 1-4. Manchester: Centre for Local Economic Strategies.
136. Institute of Grocery Distribution (2007) Ethical Shoppers: Keen to be Green; Consumer Attitudes to Animal Welfare. Watford: IGD.
137. Mintel (2003) Attitudes Towards Buying Local Produce - UK - January 2003. London: Mintel.
138. Dowler E & Calvert C (1995) Looking for 'fresh' food: diet and lone parents. Proc Nutr Soc 54, 759-769.
139. Gribben C & Gitsham M (2007) The transformation of food consumption. 360° The Ashridge Journal, Autumn issue, pp. 12-16. http://www.ashridge.org.uk/website/content.nsf/FileLibrary/ EDF5B02FE8D844C580257377004F7A70/$file/360_Sept07.pdf
140. Kneafsey M, Holloway L, Cox R, Dowler E, Venn L & Tuomainen H (2008) Reconnecting Consumers, Producers and Food: Exploring Alternatives. Oxford: Berg (In the Press).
141. Dibb S (2006) Greening Supermarkets: How Supermarkets Can Help Make Green Shopping Easier. London: National Consumer Council.
142. The Scottish Office (1994) The Scottish Diet. Report of the Scottish Health Service Advisory Council Working Group on the Scottish Diet. Edinburgh: The Scottish Office.
143. Lang T, Dowler E & Hunter D (2006) Review of the Scottish Diet Action Plan: Progress and Impacts 1996-2005. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; available at www.healthscotland.com/understanding/evaluation/policyreviews/ review-diet-action.aspx
144. Donnelley RR (2008) Choosing the Right Ingredients: The Future for Food in Scotland. Discussion Paper. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government; available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/209658/0055448.pdf
145. Food Standards Agency and Welsh Assembly Government (2003) Food and Well Being: Reducing Inequalities Through a Nutrition Strategy for Wales. Cardiff: Food Standards Agency; available at http://www.nutritionnetworkwales. org.uk/docmetadata.cfm?orgid=499&id=43708
146. Healthy Food for All (2008) What is Healthy Food for All? http://www.healthyfoodforall.com/
147. Robertson A et al. (editors) (2004) Food and Health in Europe: A New Basis for Action. WHO Regional Publications European Series no. 96. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO European Regional Office.