A validated approach for supervised dive classification in diving vertebrates

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Volumn 363, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 75-83

  Thums, Michele ^a   Bradshaw, Corey J A ^b,c   Hindell, Mark A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Dive classification; Diving; Elephant seal; Random forests algorithm; Supervised classification; Time depth profiles; Time depth recorders

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; DIVING BEHAVIOR; FEEDING GROUND; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MOLT; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; PINNIPED; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

MIROUNGA; MIROUNGA LEONINA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 49549124482     PISSN: 00220981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.06.024     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Asaga T., Naito Y., Le Boeuf B.J., and Sakurai H. Functional analysis of dive types of female northern elephant seals. In: Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds). Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology (1994), University of California Press 310-327
2. Austin D., Bowen W.D., McMillan J.I., and Iverson S.J. Linking movement, diving, and habitat to foraging success in a large marine predator. Ecology [Ecology] 87 (2006) 3095-3108
3. Baechler J., Beck C.A., and Bowen W.D. Dive shapes reveal temporal changes in the foraging behaviour of different age and sex classes of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Can. J. Zool. 80 (2002) 1569-1577
4. Bailleul F., Charrassin J.-B., Monestiez P., Roquet F., Biuw M., and Guinet C. Successful foraging zones of southern elephant seals from Kerguelen Islands in relation to oceanographic conditions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 362 (2007) 2169-2181
5. Bailleul F., Charrassin J.-B., Ezraty R., Girard-Ardhuin F., McMahon C.R., Field I.C., and Guinet C. Southern elephant seals from Kerguelen Islands confronted by Antarctic Sea ice. Changes in movements and diving behaviour. Deep Sea Res. II 54 (2007) 343-355
6. Baird R.W., Webster D.L., McSweeney A.D.L., Schorr G.S., and Barlow J. Diving behaviour of Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales in Hawai'i. Can. J. Zool. 84 (2006) 1120-1128
7. Beck C.A., Bowen W.D., and Iverson S.J. Seasonal changes in buoyancy and diving behaviour of adult grey seals. J. Exp. Biol. 203 (2000) 2323-2330
8. Biuw M., McConnell B.J., Bradshaw C.J.A., Burton H.R., and Fedak M.A. Blubber and buoyancy: monitoring the body condition of free-ranging seals using simple dive characteristics. J. Exp. Biol. 206 (2003) 3405-3423
9. Biuw M., Boehme L., Guinet C., Hindell M.A., Costa D., Charrassin J.-B., Roquet F., Bailleul F., Meredith M., Thorpe S., Tremblay Y., Mcdonald B., Park Y.-H., Rintoul S., Bindoff N., Goebel M.E., Crocker D., Lovell P., Nicholson J., Monks F., and Fedak M. Variations in behaviour and condition of a Southern Ocean top predator in relation to in-situ oceanographic conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007) 13705-13710
10. Breiman L. Random Forests. Mach. Learn. 45 (2001) 5-32
11. Breiman, L., 2002. Manual on setting up, using and understanding random forests V3.1.
12. Burns J.M., Schreer J.F., and Castellini M.A. Physiological effects of dive patterns and foraging strategies in yearling Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Can. J. Zool. 75 (1997) 1796-1810
13. Crocker D.E., Le Boeuf B.J., and Costa D.P. Drift diving in female northern elephant seals: implications for food processing. Can. J. Zool. 75 (1997) 27-39
14. Crocker D.E., Costa D.P., Le Boeuf B.J., Webb P.M., and Houser D.S. Impact of El Niño on the foraging behavior of female northern elephant seals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 309 (2006) 1-10
15. Davis R.W., Fuiman L.A., Williams T.M., Horning M., and Hagey W. Classification of Weddell seal dives based on 3-dimensional movements and video-recorded observations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 264 (2003) 109-122
16. Elliott K.H., Woo K., Gaston A.J., Benvenuti S., Dall'Antonia L., and Davoren G.K. Seabird foraging behaviour indicates prey type. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 354 (2008) 289-303
17. Fedak M.A., Lovell P., and Grant S.M. Two approaches to compressing and interpreting time-depth information as collected by time-depth recorders and satellite-linked data recorders. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17 (2001) 94-110
18. Field I.C., Bradshaw C.J.A., McMahon C.R., Harrington J., and Burton H.R. Effects of age, size and condition of elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) on their intravenous anaesthesia with tiletamine and zolazepam. Vet. Rec. 151 (2002) 235-240
19. Fletcher S., Le Boeuf B.J., Costa D.P., Tyack P.L., and Blackwell S.B. Onboard acoustic recording from diving northern elephant seals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100 (1996) 2531-2539
20. Harcourt R.G., Hindell M.A., Bell D.G., and Waas J.R. Three-dimensional dive profiles of free-ranging Weddell seals. Polar Biol. 23 (2000) 479-487
21. Hassrick J.L., Crocker D.E., Zeno R.L., Blackwell S.B., Costa D.P., and Le Boeuf B.J. Swimming speed and foraging strategies of northern elephant seals. Deep Sea Res. II 54 (2007) 369-383
22. Hays G.C., Metcalfe J.D., and Walne A.W. The implications of lung regulated buoyancy control for dive depth and duration. Ecology 85 (2004) 1137-1145
23. Hays, G.C., Metcalfe, J.D., Walne, A.W., Wilson, R.P., 2004b. First records of flipper beat frequency during sea turtle diving. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 303, 243-260.
24. He, X., Ng, P., 2006. COBS: Qualitatively Constrained Smoothing via Linear Programming. http://www.cba.nau.edu/pin-ng/cobs.html.
25. Hindell M.A., and Slip D.J. The importance of being fat: maternal expenditure in the southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina. In: Hindell M., and Kemper C. (Eds). Marine mammal research in the Southern Hemisphere (1997), Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd., Chipping Norton, Australia 72-77
26. Hindell M.A., Slip D.J., and Burton H.R. The diving behaviour of adult male and female southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina (Pinnipedia: Phocidae). Aust. J. Zool. 39 (1991) 595-619
27. Hochscheid S., Bentivegna F., and Hays G.C. First, records of dive durations for a hibernating sea turtle. Biol. Lett. 1 (2005) 82-86
28. Hooker S.K., Biuw M., McConnell B.J., Miller P.J.O., and Sparling C.E. Bio-logging science: logging and relaying physical and biological data using animal-attached tags. Deep Sea Res. II 54 (2007) 177-182
29. Houghton J.D.R., Cedras A., Myers A.E., Liebsch N., Metcalfe J.D., Mortimer J.A., and Hays G.C. Measuring the state of consciousness in a free-living diving sea turtle. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 356 (2008) 115-120
30. Jonker F.C., and Bester M.N. The diving behaviour of adult southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, cows from Marion Island. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res. [S. AFR. J. ANTARCT. RES.] 24 (1994) 1-2
31. Le Boeuf B.J., Naito Y., Asaga T., Crocker D.E., and Costa D.P. Swim speed in a female northern elephant seal:metabolic and foraging implications. Can. J. Zool. 70 (1992) 768-795
32. Le Boeuf B.J., Crocker D.E., Blackwell S.B., Morris P.A., and Thorson P.H. Sex differences in foraging in northern elephant seals. In: Boyd I.L. (Ed). Marine Mammals: advances in behavioural and population biology (1993), Oxford University Press, London 149-178
33. Le Boeuf B.J., Crocker D.E., Costa D.P., Blackwell S.B., Webb P.M., and Houser D.S. Foraging ecology of northern elephant seals. Ecol. Monogr. 70 (2000) 353-382
34. Lesage V., Hammill M.O., and Kovacs K.M. Functional classification of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) dives using depth profiles, swimming velocity, and an index of foraging success. Can. J. Zool. 77 (1999) 74-87
35. Liaw A., and Wiener M. Classification and regression by randomForest. R News 2/3 (2002) 18-22
36. Malcolm C.D., and Duffus D.A. Comparison of subjective and statistical methods of dive classification using data from a time-depth recorder attached to a gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). J. Cetacean Res. Manag. 2 (2000) 177-182
37. McMahon C.R., Bradshaw C.J.A., and Hays G.C. Satellite tracking reveals unusual diving characteristics for a marine reptile, the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 329 (2007) 239-252
38. Myers A.E., Lovell P., and Hays G.C. Tools for studying animal behaviour: validation of dive profiles relayed via the Argos satellite system. Anim. Behav. 71 (2006) 989-993
39. Nowacek D.P., Johnson M.P., Tyack P.L., Shorter K.A., McLellan W.A., and Pabst D.A. Buoyant balaenids: the ups and downs of buoyancy in right whales. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 268 (2001) 1811-1816
40. Patterson T.A., Thomas L., Wilcox C., Ovaskainen O., and Matthiopoulos J. State-space models of individual animal movement. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23 (2008) 87-94
41. Putz K., and Cherel Y. The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from the Faukland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies. Mar. Biol. 147 (2005) 281-290
42. R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (2007), R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
43. Rice M.R., and Balazs G.H. Diving behavior of the Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) during oceanic migrations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 356 (2008) 121-127
44. Robinson P.W., Tremblay Y., Crocker D.E., Kappes M.A., Kuhn C.E., Shaffer S.A., Simmons S.E., and Costa D.P. A comparison of indirect measures of feeding behaviour based on ARGOS tracking data. Deep Sea Res. 54 (2007) 356-368
45. Schreer J.F., and Testa J.W. Statistical classification of diving behavior. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11 (1995) 85-93
46. Schreer J.F., and Testa J.W. Classification of Weddell seal diving behavior. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12 (1996) 227-250
47. Schreer J.F., Kovacs K.M., and Hines R.J.O. Comparative diving patterns of pinnipeds and seabirds. Ecol. Monogr. 71 (2001) 137-162
48. Simeone A., and Wilson R.P. In-depth studies of Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) foraging: can we estimate prey consumption by perturbations in the dive profile?. Mar. Biol. 143 (2003) 825-831
49. Soto N.A., Johnson M.P., Madsen P.T., Diaz F., Dominguez I., Brito A., and Tyack P. Cheetahs of the deep sea: deep foraging sprints in short-finned pilot whales off Tenerife (Canary Islands). J. Anim. Ecol (2008) 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01393.x
50. Thums, M., Bradshaw, C.J., Hindell, M.A., in press. Tracking changes in relative body composition of southern elephant seals using swim speed data. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
51. Webb P.M., Crocker D.E., Blackwell S.B., Costa D.P., and Leboeuf B.J. Effects of buoyancy on the diving behavior of northern elephant seals. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 2349-2358
52. Wilson R.P. Foraging ecology. In: Williams T.D. (Ed). The penguins (1995), Oxford University Press, Oxford 81-106
53. Wilson R.P., and Wilson M.-P.T. Foraging ecology of breeding Speniscus penguins. In: Davis L.S., and Darby J.T. (Eds). PENGUIN BIOLOGY (1990), Academic, San-Diego 181-206
54. Wilson R.P., Pütz K., Grémillet D., Culik B.M., Kierspel M., Regel J., Bost C.A., Lage J., and Cooper J. Reliability of stomach temperature changes in determining feeding characteristics of seabirds. J. Exp. Biol. 198 (1995) 1115-1135