Variability in duration of follow up may bias the conclusions of cohort studies of patients with patent foramen ovale

European Journal of Neurology

Volumn 15, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 909-915

  Benbassat, J ^a   Baumal, R ^b  

^a MYERS JDC BROOKDALE INSTITUTE   (Israel)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Atrial septal defect; Cerebral infarction; Transient ischaemic attack

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COHORT ANALYSIS; FOLLOW UP; HEART ANEURYSM; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENCE; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 49549089998     PISSN: 13515101     EISSN: 14681331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02237.x     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Wirtz SP, Schmidt C, Hammel D, Hoffmeier A, Berendes E. Crossing atrial thrombus in a patient with recurrent pulmonary embolism. Critical Care Medicine 2002 30 : 1902 1905.
2. Huwer H, Winning J, Isringhaus H, Kalweit G. Transit thrombus entrapped in a patent foramen ovale. Heart and Lung 2004 33 : 191 193.
3. Miyazaki S, Hirai T, Hosokawa N, et al. Impending paradoxical cerebral embolism in a patient with atrial septal aneurysm. Circulation Journal 2005 69 : 246 248.
4. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000 55 : 1172 1179.
5. Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. New England Journal of Medicine 2007 357 : 2262 2268.
6. Thomas CE. Patent foramen ovale and stroke risk: incidental finding or causal culprit? Seminars in Neurology 2005 25 : 371 375.
7. Amarenco P. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of stroke: smoking gun guilty by association? Heart 2005 91 : 441 443.
8. Meier B. Patent foramen ovale, guilty but only as a gang member and for a lesser crime. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 47 : 446 448.
9. Wechsler LR. PFO and stroke: what are the data? Cardiology in Review 2008 16 : 53 57.
10. Khairy P, O'Donnell CP, Landzberg MJ. Transcatheter closure versus medical therapy of patent foramen ovale and presumed paradoxical thromboemboli: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003 139 : 753 760.
11. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke after a first-ever stroke. The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1994 25 : 333 337.
12. Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995 45 : 1488 1493.
13. Algra A. Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2007 6 : 115 124.
14. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 1993 342 : 1255 1262.
15. Hill MD, Yiannakoulias N, Jeerakathil T, Tu JV, Svenson LW, Schopflocher DP. The high risk of stroke immediately after transient ischemic attack. Neurology 2004 62 : 2015 2020.
16. Kaplan RC, Tirschwell DL, Longstreth WT, et al. Vascular events, mortality and preventive therapy following ischemic stroke in the elderly. Neurology 2005 65 : 835 842.
17. Prencipe M, Culasso F, Rasura M, et al. Long-term prognosis after a minor stroke: 10-year mortality and major stroke recurrence rates in a hospital-based cohort. Stroke 1998 29 : 126 132.
18. Marini C, Totaro R, Carolei A. Long-term prognosis of cerebral ischemia in young adults. National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young. Stroke 1999 30 : 2320 2325.
19. Leys D, Bandu L, Henon H, et al. Clinical outcomes in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke. Neurology 2002 59 : 26 33.
20. Varona JF, Bermejo F, Guerra JM, Molina JA. Long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults. Study of 272 cases. Journal of Neurology 2004 251 : 1507 1514.
21. Chen Q, Ling R. A 1-4 year follow-up study of 306 cases of stroke. Stroke 1985 16 : 323 327.
22. Sacco RL, Foulkes MA, Mohr JP, Wolf PA, Hier DB, Price TR. Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction. Stroke 1989 20 : 983 989.
23. Lai SM, Alter M, Friday G, Sobel E. A multifactorial analysis of risk factors for recurrence of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994 25 : 958 962.
24. Sacco RL, Shi T, Zamanillo MC, Kargman DE. Risk indicators of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology 1994 44 : 626 634.
25. Salgado AV, Ferro JM, Gouveia-Oliveira A. Long-term prognosis of first-ever lacunar strokes. A hospital-based study. Stroke 1996 27 : 661 666.
26. Forbes CD. Secondary stroke prevention with low-dose aspirin, sustained release dipyridamole alone and in combination. ESPS Investigators. European Stroke Prevention Study. Thrombosis Research 1998 1 (Suppl. 1 S1 S6.
27. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, Sydney S. Short term prognosis after emergency diagnosis of TIA. JAMA 2000 284 : 2901 2906.
28. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 345 : 1444 1451.
29. Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F, et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke 2001 32 : 2559 2566.
30. Clark TG, Murphy MF, Rothwell PM. Long term risks of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death in "low risk" patients with a non-recent transient ischaemic attack. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2003 74 : 577 580.
31. van Wijk I, Kapelle KJ, van Gijn J, et al. Long-term survival and vascular event risk after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: a cohort study. Lancet 2005 365 : 2098 2104.
32. Dhamoon MS, Sciacca RR, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 2006 66 : 641 646.
33. Hankey GJ, Jamrozik K, Broadhurst RJ, et al. Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 1998 29 : 2491 2500.
34. Clavier I, Hommel M, Besson G, Noelle B, Perret JE. Long-term prognosis of symptomatic lacunar infarcts. A hospital-based study. Stroke 1994 25 : 2005 2009.
35. Moroney JT, Bagiella E, Paik MC, Sacco RL, Desmond DW. Risk factors for early recurrence after ischemic stroke: the role of stroke syndrome and subtype. Stroke 1998 29 : 2118 2124.
36. Petty GW, Brown RD, Whisnant JP, et al. Ischemic stroke subtypes. A population based study of functional outcome, survival and recurrence. Stroke 2000 31 : 1062 1068.
37. Staaf G, Lindgren A, Norrving B. Pure motor stroke from presumed lacunar infarct: long-term prognosis for survival and risk of recurrent stroke. Stroke 2001 32 : 2592 2596.
38. Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundorfer B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to the TOAST criteria. Stroke 2001 32 : 2735 2740.
39. Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology 2004 62 : 569 573.
40. Modrego PJ, Mainar R, Turull L. Recurrence and survival after first-ever stroke in the area of Bajo Aragon, Spain. A prospective cohort study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2004 224 : 49 55.
41. Brown DL, Lisabeth LD, Roychoudhury C, Ye Y, Morgenstern LB. Recurrent stroke risk is higher than cardiac event risk after initial stroke/transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2005 36 : 1285 1287.
42. Hata J, Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, et al. Ten year recurrence after first ever stroke in a Japanese community: the Hisayama study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2005 76 : 368 372.
43. Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Berghold A, Lechner A, Schmidt R. Secondary prevention after cryptogenic cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale. International Journal of Cardiology 2005 101 : 77 82.
44. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 345 : 1740 1746.
45. De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M, et al. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke 2000 31 : 2407 2413.
46. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent foramen ovale in stroke study. Circulation 2002 105 : 2625 2631.
47. Nedeltchev K, Arnold M, Wahl A, et al. Outcome of patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2002 72 : 347 350.
48. Windecker S, Wahl A, Nedeltchev K, et al. Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004 44 : 750 758.
49. Cujec B, Mainra R, Johnson DH. Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1999 15 : 57 64.
50. Cerrato P, Priano L, Imperiale D, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular ischaemic events in patients with interatrial septal abnormalities: a follow-up study. Neurological Sciences 2006 26 : 411 418.
51. Casaubon L, McLaughlin P, Webb G, Yeo E, Merker D, Jaigobin C. Recurrent stroke/TIA in cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2007 34 : 74 80.
52. Harrer JU, Wessels T, Franke A, Lucas S, Berlit P, Klotzsch C. Stroke recurrence and its prevention in patients with patent foramen ovale. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2006 33 : 39 47.
53. Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Smith C, Mohr JP. Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke patients. Stroke 1997 28 : 2376 2381.
54. Devuyst G, Bogousslavsky J, Ruchat P, et al. Prognosis after stroke followed by surgical closure of patent foramen ovale: a prospective follow-up study with brain MRI and simultaneous transesophageal and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neurology 1996 47 : 1162 1166.
55. Giroud M, Tatou E, Steinmetz E, et al. The interest of surgical closure of patent foramen ovale after stroke: a preliminary open study of 8 cases. Neurological Research 1998 20 : 297 301.
56. Dearani JA, Ugurlu BS, Danielson GK, et al. Surgical patent foramen ovale closure for prevention of paradoxical embolism-related cerebrovascular ischemic events. Circulation 1999 100 (Suppl. 19 II171 II175.
57. Deeik RK, Thomas RM, Sakiyalak P, Botkin S, Blakeman B, Bakhos M. Minimal access closure of patent foramen ovale: is it also recommended for patients with paradoxical emboli? Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2002 74 : S1326 S1329.
58. Gasiavelis N, Grinnemo KH, Lindblom D, Dellgren G. Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism: long-term results. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 2004 38 : 375 379.
59. Klotz S, Tjan TD, Berendes E, Droste DW, Scheld HH, Schmid C. Surgical closure of combined symptomatic patent foramen ovale and atrial septum aneurysm for prevention of recurrent cerebral emboli. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 2005 20 : 370 374.
60. Martin F, Sanchez PL, Doherty E, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism. Circulation 2002 106 : 1121 1126.
61. Onorato E, Melzi G, Casilli F, et al. Patent foramen ovale with paradoxical embolism: mid-term results of transcatheter closure in 256 patients. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2003 16 : 43 50.
62. Braun M, Gliech V, Boscheri A, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with paradoxical embolism. Periprocedural safety and mid-term follow-up results of three different device occluder systems. European Heart Journal 2004 25 : 424 430.
63. Knebel F, Gliech V, Walde T, et al. Percutaneous closure of interatrial communications in adults - prospective embolism prevention study with two- and three-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2004 2 : 5.
64. Khositseth A, Cabalka AK, Sweeney JP, et al. Transcatheter Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2004 79 : 35 41.
65. Wahl A, Krumsdorf U, Meier B, et al. Transcatheter treatment of atrial septal aneurysm associated with patent foramen ovale for prevention of recurrent paradoxical embolism in high-risk patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005 45 : 377 380.
66. Post MC, Van Deyk K, Budts W. Percutaneous closure of a patent foramen ovale: single-centre experience using different types of devices and mid-term outcome. Acta Cardiologica 2005 60 : 515 519.
67. Spies C, Strasheim R, Timmermanns I, Schraeder R. Patent foramen ovale closure in patients with cryptogenic thrombo-embolic events using the Cardia PFO occluder. European Heart Journal 2006 27 : 365 371.
68. Kiblawi FM, Sommer RJ, Levchuck SG. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in older adults. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2006 68 : 136 142.
69. Slavin L, Tobis JM, Rangarajan K, Dao C, Krivokapich J, Liebeskind DS. Five-year experience with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. The American Journal of Cardiology 2007 99 : 1316 1320.
70. Ende DJ, Chopra PS, Rao S. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale with the buttoned device for prevention of recurrence of paradoxic embolism. The American Journal of Cardiology 1996 78 : 233 236.
71. Hung J, Landzberg MJ, Jenkins KJ, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events following transcatheter device placement. Journal of American College of Cardiology 2000 35 : 1311 1316.
72. Butera G, Bini MR, Chessa M, Bedogni F, Onofri M, Carminati M. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Italian Heart Journal 2001 2 : 115 118.
73. Du ZD, Cao QL, Joseph A, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2002 55 : 189 194.
74. Bruch L, Parsi A, Grad MO, et al. Transcatheter closure of interatrial communications for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism: single-center experience. Circulation 2002 105 : 2845 2848.
75. Hong TE, Thaler D, Brorson J, Heitschmidt M, Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale associated with paradoxical embolism using the amplatzer PFO occluder: initial and intermediate-term results of the U.S. multicenter clinical trial. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 2003 60 : 524 528.
76. Anzola GP, Morandi E, Casilli F, Onorato E. Does transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale really "shut the door?" A prospective study with transcranial Doppler. Stroke 2004 35 : 2140 2144.
77. Ruzyllo W, Kepka C, Pruszczyk P, et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Kardiologia Polska 2004 61 : 101 109.
78. Giardini A, Donti A, Formigari R, et al. Comparison of results of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical embolism in patients with versus without thrombophilia. The American Journal of Cardiology 2004 94 : 1012 1016.
79. Chatterjee T, Petzsch M, Ince H, et al. Interventional closure with Amplatzer PFO occluder of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical cerebral embolism. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2005 18 : 173 179.
80. El Said HG, McMahon CJ, Mullins CE, et al. Patent foramen ovale morphology and impact on percutaneous device closure. Pediatric Cardiology 2005 26 : 62 65.
81. Aslam F, Iliadis AE, Blankenship JC. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: success and outcomes of a low-volume procedure at a rural medical center. The Journal of Invasive Cardiology 2007 19 : 20 24.
82. Homma S, Sacco RL. Patent foramen ovale and stroke. Circulation 2005 112 : 1063 1072.