Saving 'face' and 'othering': Getting to the root of barriers to condom use among Chinese female sex workers

Sexual Health

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 291-298

  Chapman, Jenifer ^a,b   Estcourt, Claudia S ^a,c   Hua, Zhou ^d  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Constella Futures ^*  (United States)

^c BARTS HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d Institute of Dermato Venereology   (China)

Author keywords

Migration; Prostitution; Risk

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHINA; CHINESE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONDOM; DECISION MAKING; DETENTION; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INDUSTRY; MIGRANT WORKER; MIGRATION; PROSTITUTION; REWARD; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALITY;

ADULT; CHINA; CONDOMS; CONTRACEPTION BEHAVIOR; CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PROSTITUTION; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK-TAKING; SEXUAL PARTNERS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; UNSAFE SEX; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 49449105492     PISSN: 14485028     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/SH07057     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Ministry of Health (PRC). UNAIDS and WHO. Update on the HIV/AIDS epidemic and response in China. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2006.
2. Rogers SJ, Ying L, Xing YT, Fung K, Kaufman J. Reaching and identifying the STD/HIV risk of sex workers in Beijing. AIDS Educ Prev 2002; 14: 217-27. doi: 10.1521/aeap.14.3.217.23892
3. Kaufman J, Meyers K. Research for AIDS policy in China and data gaps for planning the response. In: Kaufman J, Kleinman A, Saich T, editors. AIDS and social policy in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center; 2006. pp. 47-71.
4. Mascolini M. New HIV infections in China surge nearly 30%, International AIDS Society. 2005 IAS Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
5. Tucker JD, Henderson GE, Wang TF, Huang YY, Parish W, Pan SM, et al. Surplus men, sex work and the spread of HIV in China. AIDS 2005; 19: 539-47.
6. Hesketh T, Zhang J, Qiang DJ. HIV knowledge and risk behaviour of female sex workers in Yunnan Province, China: potential as bridging groups to the general population. AIDS Care 2005; 17: 958-66. doi: 10.1080/ 09540120500100676
7. Qu S, Liu W, Choi KH, Li R, Jiang D, Zhou Y, et al. The potential for rapid sexual transmission of HIV in China: sexually transmitted diseases and condom failure highly prevalent among female sex workers. AIDS Behav 2002; 6: 267-75. doi: 10.1023/A:1019848026130
8. Chen XS, Yin YP, Liang GJ, Gong XD, Li HS, Shi MQ, et al. Co-infection with genital gonorrhoea and genital Chlamydia in female sex workers in Yunnan, China. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17: 329-32. doi: 10.1258/095646206776790088
9. van den Hoek A, Yuliang F, Dukers NH, Zhiheng C, Jiangting F, Lina Z, et al. High prevalence of syphilis and other STDs among sex workers in China: potential for fast spread of HIV. AIDS 2001; 15: 753-9. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200104130-00011
10. Ding YP, Detels R, Zhao Z, Zhu Y, Zhu G, Zhang B, et al. HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in female commercial sex workers in China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38: 314-19.
11. State Council and UN Theme Group. A Joint Assessment of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in China. Beijing: State Council AIDS Working Committee Office and UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China; 2004.
12. Lau JT, Tsui HY, Siah PC, Zhang KL. A study on female sex workers in southern China (Shenzhen): HIV-related knowledge, condom use and STD history. AIDS Care 2002; 14: 219-33. doi: 10.1080/09540120220104721
13. Lau JT, Siah PC. Behavioural surveillance of sexually-related risk behaviours of the Chinese male general population in Hong Kong: a benchmark study. AIDS Care 2001; 13: 221-32. doi: 10.1080/09540120020027396
14. Yang H, Li X, Stanton B, Liu H, Wang N, Fang X, et al. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in China: a systematic review of behavioural studies in the past two decades. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 270-80. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000162360.11910.5a
15. Huang Y, Henderson G, Pan S, Cohen M. HIV/AIDS risk among brothel-based female sex workers in China: assessing the terms, content, and knowledge of sex work. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 695-700. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000143107. 06988.ea
16. Yang H, Li X, Stanton B, Chen X, Liu H, Fang X, et al. HIV-related risk factors associated with commercial sex among female migrants in China. Health Care Women Int 2005; 26: 134-48. doi: 10.1080/07399330590905585
17. Pell C, Dabbhadatta J, Harcourt C, Tribe K, O'Connor C. Demographic, migration status, and work-related changes in Asian female sex workers surveyed in Sydney, 1993 and 2003. Aust N Z J Public Health 2006; 30: 157-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.tb00110.x
18. Fox J, Tideman RL, Gilmour S, Marks C, van Beek I, Mindel A. Sex work practices and condom use in female sex workers in Sydney. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17: 319-23. doi: 10.1258/095646206776790240
19. O'Connor CC, Berry G, Rohrsheim R, Donovan B. Sexual health and use of condoms among local and international sex workers in Sydney. Genitourin Med 1996; 72: 47-51.
20. Matteelli A, Beltrame A, Carvalho AC, Casalini C, Forleo MA, Gulletta M, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in migrant female sex workers in Italy. Int J STD AIDS 2003; 14: 591-5. doi: 10.1258/095646203322301031
21. Parish WL, Pan S. Sexual partners in China: risk patterns for infection by HIV and possible interventions. In: Kaufman J, Kleinman A, Saich T, editors. AIDS and Social Policy in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center; 2006. pp. 190-213.
22. Basuki E, Wolffers I, Devillé W, Erlaini N, Luhpuri D, Hargono R, et al. Reasons for not using condoms among female sex workers in Indonesia. AIDS Educ Prev 2002; 14: 102-16. doi: 10.1521/aeap.14.2.102. 23901
23. Thorpe L, Ford K, Fajans P, Wirawan DN. Correlates of condom use among female prostitutes and tourist clients in Bali, Indonesia. AIDS Care 1997; 9: 181-97. doi: 10.1080/09540129750125208
24. Sheeran P, Abraham C, Orbell S. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 1999; 125: 90-132. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.90
25. Green J, Fulop N, Kocsis A. Determinants of unsafe sex in women. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 777-83. doi: 10.1258/0956462001915273
26. Schieman S. Gender and AIDS-related psychosocial processes: a study of perceived susceptibility, social distance, and homophobia. AIDS Educ Prev 1998; 10: 264-77.
27. Gebhardt WA, Kuyper L, Greunsven G. Need for intimacy in relationships and motives for sex as determinants of adolescent condom use. J Adolesc Health 2003; 33: 154-64. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00137-X
28. Zimmerman RS, Olson K. AIDS-related risk behavior and behavior change in a sexually active, heterosexual sample: a test of three models of prevention. AIDS Educ Prev 1994; 6: 189-204.
29. Wee S, Barrett ME, Lian WM, Jayabaskar T, Chan KW. Determinants of inconsistent condom use with female sex workers among men attending the STD clinic in Singapore. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80: 310-14. doi: 10.1136/sti.2003.008342
30. Voeten HACM, Egesah OB, Ondiege MY, Varkeviser CM, Habbema JDF. Clients of female sex workers in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 444-52. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200208000-00003
31. Bajos N. Social factors and the process of risk construction in HIV sexual transmission. AIDS Care 1997; 9: 227-37. doi: 10.1080/ 09540129750125244
32. Douglas M. Risk acceptability according to the social sciences. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1985.
33. Dake K. Orienting dispositions in the perception of risk: an analysis of contemporary worldviews and cultural biases. J Cross Cult Psychol 1991; 22: 61-82. doi: 10.1177/0022022191221006
34. Shenzhen Population and Family Planning Bureau. 2000-2001 census. Shenzhen: Population and Family Planning Bureau; 2002.
35. Richie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis in applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess R, editors. Analysing qualitative data. London: Routledge; 1994. pp. 173-194.
36. Goffman E. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books; 1959.
37. Parish WL, Laumann EO, Cohen MS, Pan S, Zheng H, Hoffman I, et al. Population-based study of Chlamydia infection in China: a hidden epidemic. JAMA 2003; 289: 1265-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.10.1265
38. Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1963.
39. Lieber E, Li L, Wu Z, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Guan J, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative HIV Prevention Trial Group. HIV/STD stigmatization fears as health-seeking barriers in China. AIDS Behav 2006; 10: 463-71. doi: 10.1007/s10461-005-9047-5
40. Yang LH, Kleinman A, Link BG, Phelan JC, Lee S, Good B. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Soc Sci Med 2007; 64: 1524-35. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.013
41. Bettinger JA, Adler NE, Curriero FC, Ellen JM. Risk perceptions, condom use, and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescent females according to social network position. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 575-9. doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000137906.01779.55
42. Yang X, Xia G. Gender, work, and HIV risk: determinants of risky sexual behaviour among female entertainment workers in China. AIDS Educ Prev 2006; 18: 333-47. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2006.18.4.333
43. Monaghan L, Bloor M, Dobash RP, Dobash RE. Drug-taking, 'risk boundaries' and social identity: bodybuilders talk about ephedrine and nubain. Sociological Research Online 2000; 5. Available online at: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/5/2/monaghan.html [verified 29 May 2008].
44. Joffe H. Risk and 'the other'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
45. Zhang SX. A survey on condom use among sex workers and their clients. Chin J STDs HIV/AIDS Prev 2000; 6: 9-11.
46. Adu-Oppong A, Grimes RM, Ross MW, Riser J, Kessie G. Social and behavioural determinants of consistent condom use among female commercial sex workers in Ghana. AIDS Educ Prev 2007; 19: 160-72. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2007.19.2.160
47. Jing J. The social origin of AIDS panics in China. In: Kaufman J, Kleinman A, Saich T, editors. AIDS and Social Policy in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center; 2006. pp. 152-169.
48. Jones RH. Imagined comrades and imaginary protections: identity, community and sexual risk among men who have sex with men in China. J Homosex 2007; 53: 83-115.
49. Liao SS, Schensul J, Wolffers I. Sex-related health risks and implications for interventions with hospitality women in Hainan, China. AIDS Educ Prev 2003; 15: 109-21. doi: 10.1521/aeap.15.3.109.23834
50. Guangdong Women's Research Centre. Promotingmale responsibility and an enabling policy environment for HIV/AIDS prevention in Guangdong: review on law and HIV/AIDS control and prevention from the gender and human rights perspective. Guangzhou: Guangdong Women's Research Centre; 2003.