The maintenance of a positive spatial correlation between South African bird species richness and human population density

Global Ecology and Biogeography

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 611-621

  Hugo, Sanet ^a   Van Rensburg, Berndt J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bird species richness; Habitat heterogeneity; Human population density; Irrigated area; Land transformation; Primary productivity

Indexed keywords

BIRD; CORRELATION; HABITAT LOSS; HABITAT MOSAIC; HETEROGENEITY; HUMAN ACTIVITY; LAND USE CHANGE; POPULATION DENSITY; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPECIES RICHNESS;

AVES;

EID: 49449098836     PISSN: 1466822X     EISSN: 14668238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00391.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Allan, D.G., Harrison, J.A., Navarro, R.A., van Wilgen, B.W. & Thompson, M.W. (1997) The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in Mpumalanga province, South Africa -insights from bird-atlas data. Biological Conservation, 79, 173-185.
2. Andren, H. (1994) Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review. Oikos, 71, 355-366.
3. Anonymous (2001) Census 2001: Key results. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
4. Araújo, M.B. (2003) The coincidence of people and biodiversity in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 5-12.
5. Armstrong, A.J. & van Hensbergen, H.J. (1994) Comparison of avifaunas in Pinus radiata habitats and indigenous riparian habitat at Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 24, 48-55.
6. Balmford, A., Moore, J.L., Brooks, T., Burgess, N., Hansen, L.A., Williams, P. & Rahbek, C. (2001) Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science, 291, 2616-2619.
7. Brotons, L., Mañosa, S. & Estrada, J. (2004) Modelling the effects of irrigation schemes on the distribution of steppe birds in Mediterranean farmland. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 1039-1058.
8. Chown, S.L., Van Rensburg, B.J., Gaston, K.J., Rodrigues, A.S.L. & van Jaarsveld, A.S. (2003) Energy, species richness, and human population size: Conservation implications at a national scale. Ecological Applications, 13, 1223-1241.
9. Currie, D.J. (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137, 27-49.
10. Davies, K.F., Margules, C.R. & Lawrence, J.F. (2004) A synergistic effect puts rare, specialized species at greater risk of extinction. Ecology, 85, 265-271.
11. Evans, K.L. & Gaston, K.J. (2005) People, energy and avian species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 187-196.
12. Evans, K.L., van Rensburg, B.J., Gaston, K.J. & Chown, S.L. (2006) People, species richness and human population growth. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 625-636.
13. Fairbanks, D.H.K. (2004) Regional land-use impacts affecting avian richness patterns in Southern Africa -insights from historical avian atlas data. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 101, 269-288.
14. Fairbanks, D.H.K., Kshatriya, M., van Jaarsveld, A.S. & Underhill, L.G. (2002) Scales and consequences of human land transformation on South African avian diversity and structure. Animal Conservation, 5, 61-73.
15. Fisher, R.N. & Shaffer, H.B. (1996) The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley. Conservation Biology, 10, 1387-1397.
16. Franklin, J.F. & Forman, R.T.T. (1987) Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology, 1, 5-18.
17. Gaston, K.J. (1994) Rarity. Chapman & Hall, London.
18. Gaston, K.J. (2005) Biodiversity and extinction: Species and people. Progress in Physical Geography, 29, 239-247.
19. Gaston, K.J. & Evans, K.L. (2004) Birds and people in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271, 1649-1655.
20. Gaston, K.J., Blackburn, T.M. & Goldewijk, K.K. (2003) Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 1293-1300.
21. Green, R.E., Cornell, S.J., Scharlemann, J.P.W. & Balmford, A. (2005) Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science, 307, 550-555.
22. Harcourt, A.H., Parks, S.A. & Woodroffe, R. (2001) Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: Double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1011-1026.
23. Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V. & Brown, C.J. (1997) The atlas of Southern African birds. Birdlife South Africa, Johannesburg.
24. Hart, B.T. (2004) Environmental risks associated with new irrigation schemes in northern Australia. Ecological Management and Restoration, 5, 106-110.
25. Hobbs, R.J. & Mooney, H.A. (1998) Broadening the extinction debate: population deletions and additions in California and Western Australia. Conservation Biology, 12, 271-283.
26. Kepe, T., Saruchera, M. & Whande, W. (2004) Poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation: A South African perspective. Oryx, 38, 143-145.
27. Kerr, J.T. & Ostrovsky, M. (2003) From space to species, ecological applications for remote sensing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 299-305.
28. La Sorte, F.A. (2006) Geographical expansion and increased prevalence of common species in avian assemblages: Implications for large-scale patterns of species richness. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1183-1191.
29. La Sorte, F.A. & Boecklen, W.J. (2005) Temporal turnover of common species in avian assemblages in North America. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1151-1160.
30. Legendre, P., Dale, M.R.T., Fortin, M., Gurevitch, J., Hohn, M. & Myers, D. (2002) The consequences of spatial structure for the design and analysis of ecological field surveys. Ecography, 25, 601-615.
31. Lennon, J.J., Koleff, P., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2004) Contributions of rarity and commonness to patterns of species richness. Ecology Letters, 7, 81-87.
32. Lenth, B.A., Knight, R.L. & Gilgert, W.C. (2006) Conservation value of clustered housing developments. Conservation Biology, 20, 1445-1456.
33. Linnell, J.D.C., Swenson, J.E. & Andersen, R. (2001) Predators and people: Conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation, 4, 345-349.
34. Littell, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W. & Wolfinger, R.D. (1996) SAS® system for mixed models, pp. 303-330. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
35. Low, A.B., & Rebelo, A.G. (1996) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
36. Luck, G.W., Ricketts, T.H., Daily, G.C. & Imhoff, M. (2004) Alleviating spatial conflict between people and biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 182-186.
37. MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
38. Mace, R. & Pagel, M. (1995) A latitudinal gradient in the density of human languages in North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 261, 117-121.
39. McKee, J.K., Sciulli, P.W., Fooce, C.D. & Waite, T.A. (2003) Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth. Biological Conservation, 115, 161-164.
40. McKinney, M.L. (2001) Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nations. Animal Conservation, 4, 45-57.
41. McKinney, M.L. & Lockwood, J.L. (1999) Biotic homogenization: A few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 450-453.
42. Moore, J.L., Manne, L., Brooks, T., Burgess, N.D., Davies, R., Rahbek, C., Williams, P. & Balmford, A. (2002) The distribution of biological and cultural diversity in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 269, 1645-1653.
43. Neter, J., Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C.J. & Wasserman, W. (1996) Applied linear statistical models, 4th edn. Irwin, Homewood, IL.
44. Pautasso, M. (2007) Scale dependence of the correlation between human population presence and vertebrate and plant species richness. Ecology Letters, 10, 16-24.
45. Payton, M.E., Greenstone, M.H. & Schenker, N. (2003) Overlapping confidence intervals or standard error intervals: What do they mean in terms of statistical significance? Journal of Insect Science, 3, 34-39.
46. PCC (2006) Pretoria conservation challenge (updated 21 June 2006; accessed 11 November 2007). Available from: http://www.birding.co.za/ challenge
47. Quinn, G.P. & Keough, M.J. (2002) Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
48. Real, R., Barbosa, A.M., Porras, D., Kin, M.C., Márquez, A.L., Guerrero, J.C., Palomo, L.J., Justo, E.R. & Vargas, J.M. (2003) Relative importance of environment, human activity and spatial situation in determining the distribution of terrestrial mammal diversity in Argentina. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 939-947.
49. van Rensburg, B.J., Chown, S.L. & Gaston, K.J. (2002) Species richness, environmental correlates, and spatial scale: A test using South African birds. The American Naturalist, 59, 566-577.
50. Reyers, B., Fairbanks, D.H.K., van Jaarsveld, A.S. & Thompson, M. (2001) Priority areas for the conservation of South African vegetation: a coarse-filter approach. Diversity and Distributions, 7, 79-95.
51. SAS Institute Inc. (2004) SAS/STAT® 9.1. User's guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
52. Schulze, R.E. (1997) South African atlas of agrohydrology and climatology. Report TT82/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
53. Selmi, S. & Boulinier, T. (2003) Breeding bird communities in southern Tunisian oases: The importance of traditional agricultural practices for bird diversity in a semi-natural system. Biological Conservation, 110, 285-294.
54. Shochat, E. (2004) Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of cityslicker birds. Oikos, 106, 622-626.
55. Shochat, E., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H., McIntyre, N.E. & Hope, D. (2006) From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 186-191.
56. Stadler, J., Trefflich, A., Klotz, S & Brandl, R. (2000) Exotic plant species invade diversity hot spots: The alien flora of northwestern Kenya. Ecography, 23, 169-176.
57. Statsoft Inc. (1999) STATISTICA for Windows. Statsoft Inc., Tulsa, OK.
58. Thompson, K. & Jones, A. (1999) Human population density and prediction of local plant extinction in Britain. Conservation Biology, 13, 185-189.
59. Thompson, M. (1996) The standard land-cover classification scheme for remote-sensing application in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 92, 34-42.
60. Vázquez, L.B. & Gaston, K.J. (2004) Rarity, commonness, and patterns of species richness: The mammals of Mexico. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13, 535-542.
61. Vázquez, L.B. & Gaston, K.J. (2006) People and mammals in Mexico: Conservation conflicts at a national scale. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 2397-2414.
62. Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J. & Melillo, J.M. (1997) Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277, 494-499.
63. WPDA (2004) World data base on protected areas. IUCN-WCPA and UNEP-WCMC, Washington, DC.