Humic substances of natural waters and their importance for aquatic ecosystems: A review

Hydrobiological Journal

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 79-101

  Linnik, P N ^a   Vasilchuk, T A ^a   Linnik, R P ^a  

^a TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV   (Ukraine)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; DETOXIFICATION; HEAVY METALS; HYDROPHOBICITY; OXIDATION; SEDIMENTS; TOXIC MATERIALS; WATER; WATER POLLUTION;

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ORGANIC TOXICANTS;

ECOSYSTEMS;

HEAVY METAL; HUMIC SUBSTANCE; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; RADIONUCLIDE;

EID: 4944232153     PISSN: 00188166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/HydrobJ.v40.i3.80     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Varshal, G. M., T.K. Velyukhanova, I. Ya. Koshcheeva et al. 1988. Complexation of noble metals with fulvic acids of natural waters, and the geochemical role of these processes. Pp. 112-146 in: Analiticheskaya khimiya redkikh elementov. [Analytical chemistry of rare elements.] Moscow: Nauka Publ. [Rus.]
2. Grechishcheva, N.Yu. 2000. Interaction of humic acids with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: chemical and toxicological aspects: Compr. Summary... Cand. Sci. (Chem.) Thesis. Moscow. 27 pp. [Rus.]
3. Kievskoe vodokhranilishche: Gidrokhimiya, biologiya, produktivnost'. (The Kiev Reservoir: Hydrochemistry, biology, productivity.) 1972. Kiev: Naukova Dumka Publ. 460 pp. [Rus.]
4. Lapin, I.V. & V.N. Krasyukov. 1986. Influence of humic acids on behavior of heavy metals in estuarine waters. Okeanologiya 26(4): 621-627. [Rus.]
5. Lapin, I.A. & V.N. Krasyukov. 1989. Using the method of exclusion chromatography for studying properties of humic substances in solutions. Gidrokhim. Materialy 105: 29-40. [Rus.]
6. Leshchinskaya, A.A. & P.N. Linnik. 1990. On the stability of chromium (VI) in natural waters. Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 26(4): 91-95. [Rus.]
7. Linnik, P.N. 1999. Heavy metals in surface waters of Ukraine: contents and modes of migration. Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 35(1): 22-42. [Rus.]
8. Linnik, P.N. & T.A. Vasilchuk. 2001. The role of humic substances in the processes of complexation and detoxication (on the example of the Dnieper reservoirs). Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 37(5): 98-112. [Rus.]
9. Linnik, P.N. & B.I. Nabivanets. 1986. Formy migratsii metallov v presnykh poverkhnostnykh vodakh. (Modes of migration of metals in fresh surface waters.) Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. 270 pp. [Rus.]
10. Linnik, P.N., Yu.B. Nabivanets, I. V. Iskra & N. I. Chubar'. 1994. Complexation capability of dissolved organic substances of natural waters as a component of the "buffer capacity" of aquatic ecosystems. Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 30(5): 87-99. [Rus.]
11. 2+. Ekol. Khimiya [Ecol. Chemistry] 8(3): 168-176. [Rus.]
12. Moore, J. B. & S. Ramamurti. 1987. Tyazhelye metally v prirodnykh vodakh. Kontrol'i otsenka vliyaniya. [Heavy metals in natural waters: control and assessment of influence.] Moscow: Mir Publ. 288 pp. [Rus.; translated from Engl.]
13. Nikitina, I.B. 1977. Geokhimiya ul'trapresnykh vod merzlotnykh landshaftov. (Geochemistry of ultrafresh waters of permafrost landscapes.) Moscow: Nauka Publ. 148 pp. [Rus.]
14. Nifantyeva, T.I., O.V. Fedorova, V.M. Shkinev & B.Ya. Spivakov. 1998. Determination of stability constants of zinc complexes with humic substances of natural waters by the ultrafiltration method. Zhurn. Analit. Khimii [Journ. Analit. Chemistry] 53(7): 734-737. [Rus.]
15. Perminova, I.V. 2000. Analiz, klasifikatsiya i prognoz svoystv gumusovykh kislot. (Analysis, classification and forecasting of properties of humic acids.) Compr. Summary... Dr. Sci. (Chem.) Thesis. Moscow. 50 pp. [Rus.]
16. Chernysheva, N.N., L.D. Svintsova & T.M. Gindullina. 1995. Humic substances of natural waters as a possible source of toxic substances in water treatment. Khimiya i Technologiya Vody 17(6): 601-608. [Rus.]
17. 2+ and humic acids. Gidrobiol. Zhurn. 38(4): 70-86. [Rus.]
18. Alberic, P., E. Viollier, D. Jezequel, C. Grosbois & G. Michard. 2000. Interactions between trace elements and dissolved organic matter in the stagnant anoxic deep layer of a meromictic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(5): 1088-1096.
19. Alberts, J.J., Z. Filip & G.J. Leversee. 1989. Interaction of estuarine organic matter with copper and benzo(a)pyrene. Mar. Chem. 28: 77-87.
20. Alberts, J.J., Z. Filip, M. T. Price, D. J. Williams, M. S. Williams. 1988. Elemental composition, stable carbon isotope ratios and spectrophotometric properties of humic substances occurring in a salt marsh estuary. Org. Geochem. 12(5): 455-467.
21. Alberts, J. J., J.E. Schindler, R.W. Miller & D.E. Nutter. 1974. Elemental mercury evolution mediated by humic acid. Science 184(4139): 897-898.
22. Aster, B., P. Burba, J.A.C. Broekaert. 1996. Analytical fractionation of aquatic humic substances and their metal species by means of multistage ultrafiltration. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 354: 722-728.
23. Bartlett, R.J. 1991. Chromium cycling in soils and water: links, gaps, and methods. Environ. Health Perspectives 92: 17-24.
24. Belzile, N., H.A. Joly & H. Li. 1997. Characterization of humic substances extracted from Canadian lake sediments. Can. J. Chem. 75(1): 14-27.
25. Blutstein, H. & R.F. Shaw. 1981. Characterization of copper binding capacity in lake water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15(9): 1100-1102.
26. Burba, P., V. Shkinev & B. Ya. Spivakov. 1995. On-line fractionation and characterization of aquatic humic substances by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 351: 74-82.
27. Buykx, S.E.J., R.F.M.J. Cleven, A.A. Hoegee-Wehmann & M.A.G.T. van den Hoop. 1999. Trace metal speciation in European river waters. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 363: 599-602.
28. Cabaniss, S.E., Q. Zhou, P.A. Maurice, Yu-P. Chin & G.R. Aiken. 2000. A long-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(6): 1103-1109.
29. Calace, N., G. Furlani, B.M. Petronio & M. Pietroletti. 2000. Sedimentary humic and fulvic acids - structure, molecular weight distribution and complexing capacity. Annali di Chimica 90(1-2): 25-34.
30. Cameron, A.J. & P.S. Liss. 1984. The stabilization of "dissolved" iron in freshwaters. Water Res. 18(2): 179-185.
31. Campanella, L., K. Pyrzyńska & M. Trojanowicz. 1996. Chemical speciation by flow-injection analysis. A review. Talanta 43: 825-838.
32. Campbell, J.H. & R.D. Evans. 1987. Inorganic and organic ligand binding of lead and cadmium and resultant implications for bioavailability. Sci. Total Environ. 62: 219-227.
33. Carlberg, G.E. & R. Martinsen. 1982. Complexation of organic micropollutants to aquatic humus. Sci. Total Environ. 25: 245-254.
34. Caroli, S. 1995. Element speciation: challenges and prospects. Microchim. J. 51: 64-72.
35. Conte, P. & A. Piccolo. 1999. Conformational arrangement of dissolved humic substances. Influence of solution composition on association of humic molecules. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(10): 1682-1690.
36. Chiou, C.T., R.L. Malcolm, T.I. Brinton & D.E. Kile. 1986. Water solubility enhancement of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20: 502-508.
37. Courtijn, E., C. Vandecasteele & R. Dams. 1990. Speciation of aluminium in surface water. Sci. Total Environ. 90: 191-202.
38. Cserhati, T. & E. Forgacs. 2000. Reversed phase chromatographic study of the binding of pesticides to humus extract. Pest Management Sci. 56(9): 809-812.
39. Davis, J.A. & J.O. Leckie. 1978. Effect of adsorbed complexing ligands on trace metal uptake by hydrous oxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(12): 1309-1315.
40. Driscoll, C.T. 1985. Aluminum in acidic surface waters: chemistry, transport, and effects. Environ. Health Perspectives 63: 93-104.
41. Driscoll, C.T., J.P. Baker, J.J. Bisogni & C.L. Schofield. 1980. Effect of aluminium speciation on fish in dilute acidified waters. Nature 284: 161-164.
42. Elfarissi, F. & E. Pefferkorn. 2000. Kaolinite/humic acid interaction in the presence of aluminum ion. Colloids and Surfaces. A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 168(1): 1-12.
43. Elkins, K.M. & D.J. Nelson. 2002. Spectroscopic approaches to the study of the interaction of aluminium with humic substances. Coord. Chem. Rev. 228(2): 205-225.
44. Ephraim, J.H., J.A. Marinsky & S.J. Cramer. 1989. Complex-forming properties of natural organic acids. Talanta 36(4): 437-443.
45. Evans, R.D. & J.Y. Villeneuve. 2000. A method for characterization of humic and fulvic acids by gel electrophoresis laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 15: 157-161.
46. Filella, M. & R.M. Town. 2001. Heterogeneity and lability of Pb (II) complexation by humic substances: practical interpretation tools. Fresenius'J. Anal. Chem. 370: 413-418.
47. Förstner, U. & G.T.V. Wittmann. 1983. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. 2nd Ed. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 486 pp.
48. Frimmel, F.H., A. Immerz & H. Niedermann. 1983. Heavy metal interaction with aquatic humus. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 14(2): 105-115.
49. Gächter, R., J.S. Davis & A. Marès. 1978. Regulation of copper availability to phytoplankton by macromolecules in lake water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(13): 1416-1421.
50. Gamble, D.S. & M. Schnitzer. 1973. The chemistry of fulvic acid and its reactions with metal ions. Pp. 265-302 in: P.C. Singer (ed.). Trace metals and metal-organic interactions in natural waters. Michigan: Ann Arbor Sci.
51. Gensemer, R.W. & R.C. Playle. 1999. The bioavailability and toxicity of aluminum in aquatic environments. Critic. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(4): 315-350.
52. Gjessing, E.T. 1964. Ferrous iron in water. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(2): 272-274.
53. Gjessing, E.T. 1981. The effect of aquatic humus on the biological availability of cadmium. Arch. Hydrobiol. 91(2): 144-149.
54. Gjessing, E.T. & L. Berglind. 1981. Adsorption of PAH to aquatic humus. Arch. Hydrobiol. 92(1): 24-30.
55. Gjessing, E.T., G. Ruse, R.C. Petersen & E. Andruchow. 1989. Bioavailability of aluminium in the presence of humic substances at low and moderate pH. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82: 683-690.
56. Glaus, M.A., W. Hummel & L.R. Vanloon. 2000. Trace metal-humate interactions. I. Experimental determination of conditional stability constants. Applied Geochem. 15(7): 953-973.
57. Gupta, G.C. & F.L. Harrison. 1982. Effect of humic acid on copper adsorption by kaolin. Water Res. 17(4): 357-360.
58. Haitzer, M., G.R. Aiken & J.N. Ryan. 2003. Binding of mercury (II) to aquatic humic substances: influences of pH and source of humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(11): 2436-2441.
59. Hassett, J.P. & E. Milicic. 1985. Determination of equilibrium and rate constants for binding of a polychlorinated biphenyl congener by dissolved humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19: 638-643.
60. Hirata, S. 1981. Stability constants for the complexes of transition-metal ions with fulvic and humic acids in sediments measured by gel filtration. Talanta 28: 809-815.
61. Humic... 1985. Humic substances in soil, sediment and water / Ed. by G.R. Aiken et al. New York: John Wiley. 692 pp.
62. Huo, D., Y. Lu & H.M. Kingston. 1998. Determination and correction of analytical biases and study on chemical mechanisms in the analysis of Cr (VI) in soil samples using EPA protocols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(21): 3418-3423.
63. Johnsen, S., K. Martinsen, G.E. Carlberg, E.T. Gjessing, G. Becher & M. Lagreid. 1987. Seasonal variation in composition and properties of aquatic humic substances. Sci. Total Environ. 62: 13-25.
64. Jonh, J., E.T. Gjessing, M. Grande & B. Salbu. 1987. Influence of aquatic humus and pH on the uptake and depuration of cadmium by the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Sci. Total Environ. 62: 253-265.
65. Karthikeyan, K.G. & J. Chorover. 2000. Effects of solution chemistry on the oxidative transformation of 1-naphthol and its complexation with humic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol 34(14): 2939-2946.
66. Kim, J.I. & C.M. Marquardt. 1999. Chemical reaction of Np (V) with humic colloids in ground-water - influence of purification on the complexation behavior. Radiochim. Acta 87(3-4): 105-108.
67. Kimbrough, D.E., Y. Cohen, A.M. Winer, L. Creelman & C. Mabuni. 1999. A critical assessment of chromium in the environment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(1): 1-46.
68. Kleinhempel, F. 1970. Albrecht-Thaer-Archiv 14 (H. 1): 3-14 (cited in [2, 15]).
69. Korolczuk, M. & M. Grabarczyk. 2000. Determination of Cr (VI) in the presence of Cr (III) and humic acid by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Microchim. J. 72: 103-109.
70. Lead, J.R., J. Hamilton-Taylor, A. Peters, S. Reiner & E. Tipping. 1998. Europium binding by fulvic acids. Anal. Chim. Acta 369: 171-180.
71. Lee, Y.H. Alumunium speciation in different water types. Ecol. Bull. No. 37: 109-119.
72. Lenhart, J.J., S.E. Cabaniss, P. Maccarthy & B.D. Honeyman. 2000. Uranium (VI) complexation with citric, humic and fulvic acids. Radiochim. Acta 88(6): 345-353.
73. Li, N.Q. & H.K. Lee. 2000. Tandem cartridge solid-phase extraction followed by GC/MS analysis for measuring partition coefficients of association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to humic acid. Anal. Chem. 72(21): 5272-5279.
74. Liao, Ch. H., M.Ch. Lu & Sh. H. Su. 2001. Role of cupric ions in the H2O2/UV oxidation of humic acids. Chemosphere 44(5): 913-919.
75. Lubal, P., D. Fetsch, D. Siroky et al. 2000. Potentiometric and spectroscopic study of uranyl complexation with humic acids. Talanta 51(5): 977-991.
76. Miles, C.J. & P. L. Brezonic. 1981. Oxygen consumption in humic-colored waters by a photochemical ferrous-ferric catalytic cycle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15(9): 1089-1095.
77. Minelli, L., E. Veschetti, S. Giammanco, G. Mancini & M. Ottaviani. 2000. Vanadium in Italian waters: monitoring and speciation of V (IV) and V (V). Microchim. J. 67: 83-90.
78. Mo, S.C., D.S. Choi & J.W. Robinson. 1989. Uptake of mercury from aqueous solution by duckweed: the effects of pH, copper and humic acid. J. Environ. Sci. Health A24(2): 135-146.
79. 2- with humic acid at low metal-ion concentrations by indirect speciation methods. Radiochim. Acta 88(1): 17-24.
80. Morgenstern, M., R. Klenze, J.I. Kim. 2000. The formation of mixed-hydroxo complexes of Cm (III) and Am (III) with humic acid in the neutral pH range. Radiochim. Acta 88(1): 7-16.
81. Moulin, C., J. Wei, P. Van Iseghem et al. 1999. Europium complexes investigations in natural waters by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. Anal. Chim. Acta 369: 253-261.
82. Moulin, V. & C. Moulin. 2001. Radionuclide speciation in the environment: a review Radiochim. Acta 89: 773-778.
83. Namjesnikdejanovic, K., P.A. Maurice, G.R. Aiken et al. 2000. Adsorption and fractionation of a muck fulvic acid on kaolinite and goethite at pH 3.7, 6, and 8. Soil Sci. 165(7): 545-559.
84. Niessner, G., W. Buchberder & G.K. Bonn. 1998. Anion exchange solid phase extraction of humic substances for the determination of complexed heavy metals in natural waters with high dissolved organic carbon contents. Monatshefte für Chemie (Chemical Monthly) 129: 597-605.
85. Paciolla, M.D., G. Davies & S.A. Jansen. 1999. Generation of hydroxyl radicals from metal-loaded humic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(11): 1814-1818.
86. Perminova, I.V., F.H. Frimmel, A.V. Kudryavtsev et al. 2003. Molecular weight characteristics of humic substances from different environments as determined by size exclusion chromatography and their statistical evaluation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(11): 2477-2485.
87. Peters, A.J., J. Hamilton-Taylor & E. Tipping. 2001. Americium binding to humic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 3495-3500.
88. Peuravuori, J. & K. Pihlaya. 1997. Molecular size distribution and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. Anal. Chim. Acta 337: 133-149.
89. Prozen, H. & L. Zupancickralj. 2000. The interaction of triazine herbicides with humic acids. Chromatographia 51, Iss. S, p. 2, Suppl.: S155-S164.
90. Radlinger, G. & K.G. Heumann. 1997. Determination of halogen species of humic substances using HPLC/ICP-MS coupling. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 359: 430-433.
91. Rashid, M.A. 1971. Role of humic acids of marine origin and their different molecular weight fractions in complexing di-and trivalent metals. Soil Sci. 111(5): 298-306.
92. Rashid, M.A. 1974. Adsorption of metals on sedimentary and peat humic acids. Chem. Geol. 13(2): 115-123.
93. Rocha, J.C., J.J. Desene, A. Dossantos, I.A.S. Toscano & L.F. Zara. 2000. Aquatic humus from an unpolluted Brazilian dark brown stream - general characterization and size fractionation of bound heavy metals. J. Environ. Monit. 2(1): 39-44.
94. Rocha, J.C., E.S. Junior, L.F. Zara et al. 2000. Reduction of mercury (II) by tropical river humic substances (Rio Negro). A possible process of the mercury cycle in Brazil. Talanta 53(3): 551-559.
95. Rosa, A.H., A.A. Vicente, J.C. Rocha & H.C. Trevisan. 2000. A new application of humic substances: activation of supports for invertase immobilisation. Fresenius' J.Anal. Chem. 368: 730-733.
96. 2+ binding to fulvic acid as measured by fluorescence quenching. Can. J. Chem. 61: 1505-1509.
97. Salomons, W. & U. Förstner. 1984. Metals in the hydrocycle. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 352 p.
98. Samanidou, V., I. Papadoyannis & G. Vasilikotis. 1991. Mobilization of heavy metals from river sediments of Northern Greece by humic substances. J. Environ. Sci. and Health. A. 26(7): 1055-1068.
99. Sedláček, J., E. Gjessing & T. Källqvist. 1989. Effect of aquatic humus on uptake of zinc and barium to alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82: 703-710.
100. Senesi, N., T.M. Miano, M.R. Provenzano & G. Brunetti. 1989. Spectroscopic and compositional comporative characterization of IHSS reference and standard fulvic and humic acids of various origin. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82: 143-156.
101. Shapiro, J. 1966. On the measurement of ferrous iron in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11(2): 293-298.
102. Shin, H.S. & G.R. Choppin. 1999. A study of Eu (III) humate complexation using Eu (III) luminescence spectroscopy. Radiochim. Acta 86(3-4): 167-174.
103. Skogerboe, R.K. & S.A. Wilson. 1981. Reduction of ionic species by fulvic acid. Anal. Chem. 53(2): 228-232.
104. Slavek, J. & W.F. Pickering. 1981. The effect of pH on the retention of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn by clay-fulvic acid mixtures. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 16(2): 209-221.
105. Smith, D.S. & J.R. Kramer. 2000. Multisite metal binding to fulvic acid determined using multiresponse fluorescence. Anal. Chim. Acta 416(2): 211-220.
106. Szalay, A. & M. Szilágyi. 1967. The association of vanadium with humic acids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31(1): 1-6.
107. 3+ ion by humic acid preparations. Soil Sci. 111(4): 232-235.
108. Templeton, D.M. 1999. Biomedical aspects of trace element speciation. Fresenius' J. Anal Chem. 363: 505-511.
109. Theis, T.L. & P.C. Singer. 1974. Complexation of iron (II) by organic matter and its effect on iron (II) oxygenation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8(6): 569-573.
110. Theis, T.L. & P.C. Singer. 1973. The stabilization of ferrous iron by organic compounds in natural waters. Pp. 303-320 in: P.C. Singer (ed.). Trace metals and metal-organic interactions in natural waters. Michigan: Ann Arbor. Sci.
111. Tipping, E., C. Rey-Castro, S.E. Bryan & J. Hamilton-Taylor. 2002. Al (III) and Fe (III) binding by humic substances in freshwaters, and implications for trace metal speciation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 66(18): 3211-3224.
112. Tipping, E., C. Woof, C.A. Backes & M. Ohnstad. 1988. Aluminium speciation in acidic natural waters: testing of a model for Al-humic complexation. Water Res. 22(3): 321-326.
113. Toledo, A.P.P., J.G. Tundisi & V.A. D'Aquino. 1980. Humic acid influence on the growth and copper tolerance of Chlorella sp. Hydrobiologia 71(3): 261-263.
114. Tombacz, E., A. Dobos, M. Szekeres et al. 2000. Effect of pH and ionic strength on the interaction of humic acid with aluminum oxide. Colloid and Polymer Science 278(4): 337-345.
115. 2 ligands necessary to explain metal-ion speciation in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(6): 1341-1357.
116. Van den Bergh, J., B. Jakubowski & P. Burba. 2001. Investigations on the conditional kinetic and thermodynamic stability of aquatic humic substances-metal complexes by means of EDTA exchange, ultrafiltration and atomic spectrometry. Talanta 55: 587-593.
117. 2+ ions. Colloids and Surfaces. A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 163(1): 45-53.
118. Vogl, J. & K.G. Heumann. 1997. Determination of heavy metals complexes with humic substances by HPLC/ICP-MS coupling using on-line isotope dilution technique. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 359: 438-441.
119. Wachs, B. 1998. A qualitative classification for the evaluation of the heavy metal contamination in river ecosystems. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 26: 1289-1294.
120. Wang, G.Sh., Ch. H. Liao & F.J. Wu. 2001. Photodegradation of humic acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Chemosphere 42(4): 379-387.
121. Weber, J.H. 1988. Binding and transport of metals by humic materials. Pp. 165-178 in: F.H. Frimmel & R.F. Christman (eds.). Humic substances and their role in the environment. Chichester: John Wiley.
122. Wilson, S.A. & J.H. Weber. 1979. An EPR study of the reduction of vanadium (V) to vanadium (IV) by fulvic acid. Chem. Geol. 26(3): 345-354.
123. Wood, S.A. 1996. The role of humic substances in the transport and fixation of metal of economic interest (Au, Pt, Pd, U, V). Ore Geol. Rev. 11(1-3): 1-31.
124. 3. Water Res. 37(4): 743-752.
125. Wu, F.C., R.D. Evans & P.J. Dillon. 2002. Fractionation and characterization of fulvic acid by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta. 452(1): 85-93.
126. Xu, H., J. Ephraim, A. Ledin & B. Allard. 1989. Effects of fulvic acid on the adsorption of Cd (II) on alumina. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82: 653-660.
127. Yamada, E., K. Doi, K. Okano & Y. Fuse. 2000. Simultaneous determinations of the concentrations and molecular weight of humic substances in environmental water by gel chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Analit. Sciences 16(2): 125-129.
128. Zamuda, C. & W. Sunda. 1982. Unavailability of dissolved copper to the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. I. Importance of chemical speciation. Mar. Biol. 66: 77-82.
129. Zeh, P., J.H. Kim, C.M. Marquardt & R. Artinger. 1999. The reduction of Np (V) in groundwater rich in humic substances. Radiochim. Acta 87(1-2) 23-28.