The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistically short cracks

Nature Materials

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 672-677

  Koester, K J ^a   Ager III, J W ^a   Ritchie, R O ^a,b  

^a LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BONE; BONE CEMENT; CEMENTS; CRACK PROPAGATION; FRACTURE; FRACTURE MECHANICS; FRACTURE TESTING; MECHANICAL TESTING;

BRIDGING MECHANISM; CRACK DEFLECTIONS; CRACK RESISTANCE; CRACK-GROWTH RESISTANCE; HUMAN CORTICAL BONE; LONGITUDINAL ORIENTATION; NONLINEAR ELASTICS; ORIENTATION DEPENDENT;

CRACKS;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELASTICITY; FEMUR; FEMUR FRACTURE; HARDNESS; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELASTICITY; FEMORAL FRACTURES; FEMUR; HARDNESS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 49249118532     PISSN: 14761122     EISSN: 14764660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2221     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Currey, J. D. Bones (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 2002).
2. Zioupos, P. & Currey, J. D. Changes in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of human cortical bone with age. Bone 22, 57-66 (1998).
3. Nalla, R. K., Kruzic, J. J., Kinney, J. H. & Ritchie, R. O. Effect of aging on the toughness of human cortical bone: Evaluation by R-curves. Bone 35, 1240-1246 (2004).
4. Giannoudis, P., Tzioupis, C., Almalki, T. & Buckley, R. Fracture healing in osteoporotic fractures: Is it really different? A basic science perspective. Injury Sci. Basis Fracture Healing: An Update 38, S90-S99 (2007).
5. Vashishth, D., Tanner, K. E. & Bonfield, W. Experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone. J. Biomech. 36, 121-124 (2003).
6. Vashishth, D. Rising crack-growth-resistance behavior in cortical bone: Implications for toughness measurements. J. Biomech. 37, 943-946 (2004).
7. Ritchie, R. O., Gilbert, C. J. & McNaney, J. M. Mechanics and mechanisms of fatigue damage and crack growth in advanced materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 37, 311-329 (2000).
8. Melvin, J. W. & Evans, F. G. Biomechanics Symp. 87-88 (ASME, New York, 1973).
9. Bonfield, W. & Datta, P. K. Fracture toughness of compact bone. J. Biomech. 9, 131-134 (1976).
10. Wright, T. M. & Hayes, W. C. Fracture mechanics parameters for compact bone-effects of density and specimen thickness. J. Biomech. 10, 419-425 (1977).
11. Bonfield, W., Grynpas, M. D. & Young, R. J. Crack velocity and the fracture of bone. J. Biomech. 11, 473-479 (1978).
12. Behiri, J. C. & Bonfield, W. Fracture mechanics of bone-the effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. J. Biomech. 17, 25-34 (1984).
13. Moyle, D. D. & Gavens, A. J. Fracture properties of bovine tibial bone. J. Biomech. 19, 919-927 (1986).
14. Norman, T. L., Vashishth, D. & Burr, D. B. in Advances in Bioengineering Vol. 20 (ed. Vanerby, R.) 361-364 (ASME, New York, 1991).
15. Norman, T. L., Vashishth, D. & Burr, D. B. Fracture toughness of human bone under tension. J. Biomech. 28, 309-320 (1995).
16. De Santis, R. et al. Bone fracture analysis on the short rod chevron-notch specimens using the x-ray computer micro-tomography. J. Mater. Sci. - Mater. Med. 11, 629-636 (2000).
17. Phelps, J. B., Hubbard, G. B., Wang, X. & Agrawal, C. M. Microstructural heterogeneity and the fracture toughness of bone. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51, 735-741 (2000).
18. Wang, X., Shen, X., Li, X. & Mauli Agrawal, C. Age-related changes in the collagen network and toughness of bone. Bone 31, 1-7 (2002).
19. Malik, C. L., Stover, S. M., Martin, R. B. & Gibeling, J. C. Equine cortical bone exhibits rising R-curve fracture mechanics. J. Biomech. 36, 191-198 (2003).
20. Yan, J., Mecholsky, J., John, J. & Clifton, K. B. How tough is bone? Application of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics to bone. Bone 40, 479-484 (2007).
21. Nalla, R. K., Kruzic, J. J., Kinney, J. H. & Ritchie, R. O. Mechanistic aspects of fracture and R-curve behavior in human cortical bone. Biomaterials 26, 217-231 (2005).
22. Fantner, G. et al. Sacrificial bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized fibrils separate during bone fracture. Nature Mater. 4, 612-616 (2005).
23. Vashishth, D., Behiri, J. C. & Bonfield, W. Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: Concept of microcrack toughening. J. Biomech. 30, 763-769 (1997).
24. Vashishth, D. Rising crack-growth-resistance behavior in cortical bone: Implications for toughness measurements. J. Biomech. 37, 943-946 (2004).
25. Brown, C. U., Yeni, Y. N. & Norman, T. L. Fracture toughness is dependent on bone location - a study of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and the tibial shaft. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 49, 380-389 (2000).
26. Parasamian, G. & Norman, T. Diffuse damage accumulation in the fracture process zone of human cortical bone specimens and its influence on fracture toughness. J. Mater. Sci. - Mater. Med. 12, 779-783 (2001).
27. Peterlik, H., Roschger, P., Klaushoffer, K. & Fratzl, P. From brittle to ductile fracture of bone. Nature Mater. 5, 52-55 (2006).
28. Nalla, R. K., Kinney, J. H. & Ritchie, R. O. Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nature Mater. 2, 164-168 (2003).
29. Yeni, Y. N. & Fyhrie, D. P. A rate-dependent microcrack-bridging model that can explain the strain rate dependency of cortical bone apparent yield strength. J. Biomech. 36, 1343-1353 (2003).
30. Behiri, J. C. & Bonfield, W. Orientation dependence of the fracture mechanics of cortical bone. J. Biomech. 22, 863-867 (1989).
31. Knott, J. F. Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics (Butterworth & Co., London, 1976).
32. Mullins, L., Bruzzi, M. & McHugh, P. Measurement of microstructural fracture toughness of cortical bone using indentation toughness. J. Biomech. 40, 3285-3288 (2007).
33. Burr, D. B. & Martin, R. B. Calculating the probability that microcracks initiate resorption spaces. J. Biomech. 26, 613-616 (1993).
34. Taylor, D., Hazenberg, J. G. & Lee, T. C. Living with cracks: Damage and repair in human bone. Nature Mater. 6, 249-317 (2007).
35. Yeni, Y. & Norman, T. L. Calculation of porosity and osteonal cement line effects on the effective fracture toughness of cortical bone in longitudinal crack growth. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51, 504-509 (2000).
36. Cook, J., Gordon, J. E., Evans, C. C. & Marsh, D. M. A mechanism for the control of crack propagation in all-brittle systems. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 282, 508-520 (1964).
37. Evans, A. G. & Faber, K. T. Crack-growth resistance of microcracking brittle materials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 67, 255-260 (1984).
38. Nalla, R. K., Stölken, J. S., Kinney, J. H. & Ritchie, R. O. Fracture in human cortical bone: Local fracture criteria and toughening mechanisms. J. Biomech. 38, 1517-1525 (2005).
39. Koester, K. J., Ager, J. W. III & Ritchie, R. O. The effect of aging on crack-growth resistance and toughening mechanisms in human dentin. Biomaterials 29, 1318-1328 (2008).
40. Cotterell, B. & Rice, J. R. Slightly curved or kinked cracks. Int. J. Fract. 16, 155-169 (1980).
41. Faber, K. T. & Evans, A. G. Crack deflection process - I theory. Acta Metall. 31, 565-576 (1983).
42. E1820, Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness (American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006).
43. Rice, J. R. A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks. J. Appl. Mech. 35, 379-386 (1968).
44. Yang, Q. D., Cox, B. N., Nalla, R. K. & Ritchie, R. O. Re-evaluating the toughness of human cortical bone. Bone 38, 878-887 (2006).