A multivariate analysis examining the effect of landform on the distribution of riparian plant communities of Washington, USA

Community Ecology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 59-72

  Mollot, L A ^a,b   Bilby, R E ^b   Chapin, D M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY   (United States)

^c Seattle Public Utilities   (United States)

Author keywords

Conifer restoration; Fluvial disturbance; Landform; Ordination; Riparian forest succession; Riparian plant community; Salmon habitat

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS TREE; FLOODPLAIN; LANDFORM; MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENT; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PLANT COMMUNITY; RIPARIAN ZONE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SUCCESSION; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECT;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

CONIFEROPHYTA;

EID: 49249099291     PISSN: 15858553     EISSN: 15882756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1556/ComEc.9.2008.1.8     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Agee, J.K. 1988. Succession dynamics in forest riparian zones. In: K.J. Raedke, (Ed.), Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions. Contribution No. 59, Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington. pp. 31-43.
2. Anderson, A.J.B. 1971. Ordination methods in ecology. J. Ecol. 59:713-26.
3. Austin, M.P. 1976. Performance of four ordination techniques assuming 3 different non-linear species response models. Vegetatio 33:43-49.
4. Baker, W.L. and G.M. Walford. 1995. Multiple stable states and models of riparian vegetation succession on the Animas River, Colorado. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85:320-338.
5. Barnes, H.H. 1967. Roughness characteristics of natural channels. U.S. Geological Supply Paper 1849. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
6. Bendix, J. 1994. Among-site variation in riparian vegetation of the Southern California Transverse Ranges. Am. Midland Nat. 132: 136-151.
7. Beach, E.W. and C.B. Halpern. 2001. Controls on conifer regeneration in managed riparian forests: effects of seed source, substrate and vegetation. Can. J. Forestry Resources 31:471-482.
8. Beechie, T. J. and T.H. Sibley. 1997. Relationships between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in northwestern Washington Streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126(2):217-229.
9. Bilby, B.E and P.A. Bisson. 1998. Function and distribution of large woody debris in streams. In: B.E. Bilby and B.J. Naimain (eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer Verlag Press. New York. pp. 324-326.
10. Biondini, M. E., C. D. Bonham and E. F. Redente. 1985. Secondary successional patterns in a sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) community as they relate to soil disturbance and soil biological activity. Vegetatio 60: 25-36.
11. Bradfield, G. E. and N. C. Kenkel. 1987. Nonlinear ordination using flexible shortest path adjustment of ecological distances. Ecology 68:750-753.
12. Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. (Tech. Coords). Silvics of North America: Volume 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. Vol. 2. 877 p.
13. Canfield, R.H. 1941. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. J. Forestry 39:388-394.
14. Chapin, D.M., B.L. Beschta and H.W. Shen. 2002. Relationships between flood frequencies and riparian plant communities in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon. J. Amer. Water Resources Association 38: 603-617.
15. City of Seattle. 2000. Final Cedar River watershed habitat conservation plan: for the issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species. City of Seattle, Vol 1-3.
16. Clarke, K.R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of change in community structure. Austral. J. Ecol. 18:117-143.
17. 2-fixing red alder. Ecosystems 6:773-785.
18. Curtis, J.T. and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-496.
19. Daubenmire R.F. 1959. Canopy coverage method for vegetation analysis. Northwest Science 33:43-64.
20. Dufrene, M. and P. Legendre. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monog. 67:345-366.
21. Fasham, M.J.R. 1977. A comparison of nonmetric multidimensional scaling, principal components and reciprocal averaging for the ordination of simulated coenoclines, and coenoplanes. Ecology 58:551-561
22. Fonda, R.W. 1974. Forest succession in relation to river terrace development in Olympic National Park, Washington. Ecology 55:927-942.
23. Fralish, J.S. and S.B. Franklin. 2002. Taxonomy and Ecology of Woody Plants in North American Forests. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
24. Franklin, J.F. and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis.
25. Franklin, S. B. and J.A. Kupfer. 2004. Forest communities of Natchez Trace State Forest, Western Tennessee coastal plain. Castanea 69(1):15-29
26. Gauch, H. G. 1982. Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press. New York.
27. Greig-Smith, P. 1983. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Third edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.
28. Gregory, S. N., F. J. Swanson, W. A. Mckee, and K. W. Cummins. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: focus on links between land and water. BioScience 41:540-551.
29. Harris, R.R. 1987. Occurrence of vegetation on geomorphic surfaces in the active floodplain of a California alluvial stream. Amer. Midland Nat. 118: 393-405.
30. Harris, R.R. 1988. Associations between stream valley geomorphology and riparian vegetation as a basis for landscape analysis in eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Environ. Manage. 12: 219-228.
31. Harris, R.R. 1999. Defining reference conditions for restoration of riparian plant communities: examples from California, USA. Environ. Manage. 24: 55-63.
32. Hawk G.M. and D.B. Zobel. 1974. Forest succession on alluvial landforms of the McKenzie River Valley, Oregon. Northwest Science 48(4): 245-265.
33. Henderson, J.F. 1978. Plant succession on the Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis habitat type in western Oregon. Northwest Science 52(3):159-167.
34. Henderson, J. and R. Lesher. 2002. Survey protocols for benchmark plots (Permanent Intensive Ecoplots) for western Washington, Version 1.22. U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region unpublished report.
35. Hitchcock, L.C. and A. Cronquist. 1976. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
36. Hupp, C.R. 1986. Upstream variation in bottomland vegetation patterns. Northwestern Virginia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 113: 421-430.
37. Hupp, C.R. and W.R. Osterkamp. 1985. Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in relation to fluvial landforms. Ecology 66:670-681.
38. Jenness, J. 2003. Distance/Azimuth Tools v. 1.4e (dist_az_tools.avx) for ArcView 3.x. Jenness Enterprises. Available at http://www.jennessent.com/ arcview/dist_az_tools.htm
39. Kaufmann, J.B., R.L. Beschta, N. Otting and D. Lytjen. 1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 22(5):12-24.
40. Keddy, P.A. and P. MacLellan. 1990. Centrifugal organization in forests. Oikos 59:75-84.
41. Kenkel, N.C. and L. Orlóci. 1986. Applying metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies: some new results. Ecology 67:919-928.
42. Kruskal J.B. 1964a. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Pyschometrika 29:1-27.
43. Kruskal, J.B. 1964b. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method. Pyschometrika 29:115-29.
44. Krzysik, A.J. 2001. SERDP Quarterly Report 1. Project CS-1114B.
45. Mawhinney, W.A. 2003. Restoring biodiversity in the Gwydir Wetlands through environmental flows. Water Science and Technology 48(7):73-81.
46. McCune, B. and M. J. Mefford. 1999. PC-Ord for Windows: Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 4.30. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.A
47. McCune B. and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. Gleneden Beach, Oregon: MJM Software Design.
48. Meehan, W. R., F. J. Swanson, and J. R. Sedell. 1977. Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystems with particular reference to salmonid fishes and their food supply. U.S. Forest Service Symposium. Reproduced from, Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium, 9 July 1977, Tucson, Arizona.
49. Mielke, P.W., Jr. 1984. Meteorological applications of permutation techniques based on distance functions. In: P.R, Krishnaiah and P.K. Send (eds), Handbook of Statistics Volume 4. Elsevier Science Publishers, North-Holland. pp. 813-830.
50. Mielke, P.W., Jr. and K.J. Berry. 2001. Permutation Methods: A Distance Function Approach. Springer Series in Statistics, Springer, New York.
51. Mikkelsen, K. N. 2001. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Conifers and Red Alder in Riparian Zones in Western Washington. Published master's thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
52. Minchin, P. R. 1987. An evaluation of the relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetatio 69: 89-107.
53. Montgomery, D.R. 1994. Geomorphological influences on salmon spawning distributions. Proceedings of the Annual Geological Society of America Conference, p. A-439.
54. Montgomery D.R. and J.M. Buffington. 1998. Channel processes, classification and response. In: Bilby B.E. and B.J. Naimain (eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer, New York. pp. 13-42.
55. Naiman, B. J., K. L. Fetherston, S. J. McKay, and J. Chen. 1998. Riparian forests. In: B. E. Bilby and B. J. Naimain (eds.) River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer Verlag Press. New York. pp. 289-323.
56. Naiman, R. J., R. E. Bilby, and P. A. Bisson. 2000. Riparian ecology and management in the Pacific coastal rain forest. BioScience 50:996-1011.
57. NCASI, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. 1999. Assessing Effects of Timber Harvest on Riparian Zone Features and Functions for Aquatic and Wildlife Habitat. Technical Bulletin No. 0775. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
58. Pabst, P.J. and Spies, T.A. 1997. Distribution of herbs and shrubs in relation to landform and canopy cover in riparian forest of coastal Oregon. Can. J. Bot. 76:298-315.
59. Pabst, P.J. and Spies, T.A. 1999. Structure and composition of unmanaged riparian forests in the Coastal Mountains of Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Forestry Resources 29:1557-1573
60. Peck, J. 2004. Using PC-Ord for Multivariate Data Analysis. Unpublished training course manual.
61. Pitillo, D.J. and B. Prater. 2005. Analysis of vegetative communities and the effects of human disturbance within conservation zones along shoreline of Lake Glenville. Western North Carolina Alliance. www.wnca.org.
62. Prentice, I.C. 1977. Non-metric ordination methods in ecology. J. Ecol. 65:85-94.
63. Prentice, I.C. 1980. Vegetation analysis and order invariant gradient models. Vegetatio 42:27-34.
64. Reed, P.B., 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Northwest (Region 9). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88 (26.9). Washington, D.C.
65. Reeves G. H., P. A. Bisson, and J. M. Dambacher. 1998. Fish communities. In: Bilby B.E. and B.J. Naimain (eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer Verlag Press. New York. pp. 200-234.
66. Roni, P., T.J. Beechie, R.E. Bilby, F.E. Leonetti, M.M. Pollack and G.R. Pess. 2002. A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 22:1-20.
67. Roni, P. 2005. Overview and background.In: Roni, P. (ed), Monitoring Stream and Watershed Restoration. American Fisheries Society. Betheseda, Maryland, pp. 350.
68. Rosgen, D. 1998. The reference reach field book. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO, USA.
69. Rot, B.W., R.J. Naiman and R.E. Bilby. 2000. Stream channel configuration, landform, and riparian forest structure in the Cascade Mountains, WA. Can. J. Forestry Resources 57:699-707.
70. Shainsky, L.J. and S.R. Radosevich. 1992. Mechanisms of competition between Douglas-fir and red alder seedlings. Ecology 73: 30-45.
71. Shepard, R.N. 1962. The analysis of proximities: multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. Psychometrika 27:125-139.
72. Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. Third Edition. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
73. Tabacchi, E., D. L. Correll, R. Hauer, G. Pinay, A. P. Tabacchi, and R. C. Wissmar. 1998. Development, maintenance and role of riparian vegetation in the river landscape. Freshwater Biology 40:497-516.
74. ter Braak. 1994. Canonical community ordination. part 1: basic theory and linear methods. Ecoscience 2:127-140.
75. USDA Forest Service and WEST Consultants, Inc. 1998. WinXSPRO: a channel cross-section analyzer. Unpublished User's Manual prepared by WEST Consultants, Inc. 16870 W. Bernardo Drive, Suite 340, San Diego, CA 80526 for the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
76. USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 2001. The National Flood-Frequency Program - methods for estimating flood magnitude and frequency in Washinton, 2001. USGS Fact Sheet 016-01 downloaded from http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs-016-01/pdf/ fs-016-01.pdf.
77. Volk, C.J., Kiffney, P.M. and R.L. Edmonds. 2003. Role of riparian red alder in the nutrient dynamics of coastal streams of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. American Fisheries Society Symposium 34: 213-225.
78. Whittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev. 42:207-264.
79. Zimmerman, G.M., M.H. Goetz and P.W. Mielke, Jr. 1985. Use of an improved statistical method for group comparisons to study effects of prairie Fire. Ecology. Vol 66: 606-11.