Boundary-creating processes and the social construction of threat

Alternatives

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 137-152

  Tsoukala, Anastassia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

Author keywords

Football hooliganism; Press discourses; Social enemies; Terrorism; UK

Indexed keywords

EID: 49149124374     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540803300202     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Control of Deviance (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 87.
2. For an early description of the social constructionist approach, see P. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966).
3. For recent critical analyses of this approach, see Irving Velody and Robin Williams, eds., The Politics of Constructionism (London: Sage, 1998);
4. P. Lara (de), "Un mirage sociologique: La 'construction sociale' de la réalité," Le Débat 97 (1997): 114-129.
5. Philippe Corcuff, Les nouvelles sociologies: Constructions de la réalité sociale (Paris: Nathan, 1998), p. 17.
6. Goode and Ben-Yehuda, note 1, p. 94.
7. Kai T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans (New York: Wiley, 1966);
8. Howard Becker, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963).
9. Michel Foucault, Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique (Paris: Plon, 1961).
10. On this point, see also the comments of R. Kearney, "Terror, Philosophy, and the Sublime: Some Philosophical Reflections on 11 September," Philosophy and Social Criticism 29, no. 1 (2003): 23-51.
11. See for instance Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (London: Routledge, 1972);
12. Stuart Hall, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1978);
13. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young, eds., The Manufacture of News: Deviance, Social Problems, and the Mass Media (London: Constable, 1981);
14. Teun Van Dijk, Communicating Racism: Ethnic Prejudice in Thought and Talk (London: Sage, 1987);
15. Richard V. Ericson, et al., Representing Order: Crime, Law and Justice in the News Media (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1991);
16. P. Champagne, "La construction médiatique des 'malaises sociaux,'" Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 90 (1991): 64-75;
17. Philip Jenkins, Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992); Goode and Ben-Yehuda, note 1;
18. Alessandro Dal Lago, Non-persone: L'esclusione dei migranti in una società globale (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1999);
19. V. Cotesta, "Mass media, conflitti etnici, e identità degli italiani," Studi Emigrazione 135 (1999): 443-470;
20. Regina G. Lawrence, The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000);
21. A. Tsoukala, "Le traitement médiatique de la criminalité étrangère en Europe," Déviance et Société, no. 1 (2002): 61-82;
22. Angelina Peralva and Eric Macé, Médias et violences urbaines (Paris: La Documentation française/ IHESI, 2002);
23. M. Welch, Eric A. Price, and N. Yankey, "Moral Panic over Youth Violence: Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media," Youth and Society 34, no. 1 (2002): 3-30;
24. Chas Critcher, Moral Panics and the Media (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2003) ;
25. Anastassia Tsoukala, "Looking at Immigrants as Enemies," in Didier Bigo and Elspeth Guild, eds., Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and Within Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005): 161-192.
26. Lawrence, note 7, p. 3.
27. See for instance Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1966);
28. René Girard, La violence et le sacré (Paris: Grasset, 1972);
29. Hélène Ahrweiler, ed., L'image de l'autre: Etrangers, minoritaires, marginaux, 16th International Congress of Historic Sciences, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1985);
30. Katerina Stenou, Images de l'autre: La différence: du mythe au préjugé (Paris: Seuil/UNESCO, 1998).
31. For an analysis of the evolution of academia on that matter, see Yannis Kyriakakis and Martha Michaelidou, "I prosegisi tou allou: Ideologia, methodologia kai erevnitiki praktiki," in Kyriakakis and Michaelidou, eds., I prosegisi tou allou (Athens: Metaixmio, 2006), pp. 9-26.
32. On this last point, see the criticism in Kenneth Thompson, Moral Panics (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 16-21.
33. See also Sheldon Ungar, "Moral Panic versus the Risk Society: The Implications of the Changing Sites of Social Anxiety," British Journal of Sociology 52, no. 2 (2001): 271-292.
34. Cohen, note 7.
35. Becker, note 5; David Matza, Delinquency and Drift (New York: Wiley, 1964).
36. For a concise analysis of these limits, see Yvonne Jewkes, Media and Crime (London: Sage, 2004), pp. 75-83;
37. see also the critical remarks in Cohen's third edition of Folk Devils and Moral Panics (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. xxvi-xxxv.
38. Critcher, note 7, pp. 12-13.
39. Hall, Critcher, and Jefferson, note 7.
40. Philip Schlesinger and Howard Tumber, Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994);
41. Gary Armstrong, Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score (Oxford: Berg, 1998), p. 311;
42. C. Stabile, "Conspiracy or Consensus? Reconsidering the Moral Panic," Journal of Communication Inquiry 25, no. 3 (July 2001): 258-278.
43. Critcher note 7, pp. 9-10.
44. Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (Menlo Park: Cummings, 1977).
45. Goode and Ben-Yehuda, note 1.
46. These characteristics include: the generation of heightened concern; hostility; a societal consensus that the actions are injurious; disproportionate societal reaction; volatility.
47. See the critics of Critcher, note 7, pp. 23-24.
48. See, for instance: Murray Edelman, Pièces et règles du jeu politique (Paris: Seuil, 1991);
49. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992);
50. Alexandre Koyré, La cinquième colonne (Paris: Allia, 1997);
51. Michael Rogin, Les démons de l'Amérique: Essai sur l'histoire politique des Etats-Unis (Paris: Seuil, 1998);
52. Ayse Ceyhan and Gabriel Peries, eds., "Construire l'ennemi intérieur," special issue, Cultures et Conflits 43 (Autumn 2003).
53. Jef Huysmans, "Migrants as Security Problem: Dangers of 'Securitizing' Societal Issues," in Robert Mils and Dietrich Thrännhardt, eds., Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion (London: Pinter, 1995), p. 59.
54. On this point, see the comments made by J. Young, "To These Wet and Windy Shores: Recent Immigration Policy in the UK," Punishment and Society 5, no. 4 (2003): 456.
55. Girard, note 9; Edelman, note 23.
56. M. Peelo and K. Soothilll, "The Place of Public Narratives in Reproducing Social Order," Theoretical Criminology 4, no. 2 (2000): 134.
57. Cohen, note 14; Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris: Gallimard, 1975); Hall, Critcher, and Jefferson, note 7; Goode and Ben-Yehuda; note 1, Critcher note 7.
58. A. Lazar and M. Lazar, "The Discourse of the New World Order: 'Out-casting' the Double Face of Threat," Discourse and Society 15, nos. 2 and 3 (2004): 239-240.
59. Edelman, note 23, pp. 132-133.
60. Critcher, note 7, pp. 145-146.
61. Ungar, note 11.
62. Tsoukala, "Looking at Immigrants," note 7, p. 169.
63. P. Jenkins, D. Maier-Katkin, "Satanism: Myth and Reality in a Contemporary Moral Panic," Crime, Law, and Social Change 17 (1992): 53-73.
64. The questions raised by the recent introduction of emergency rules in most European counterterrorism laws have featured highly in academic literature. For an analysis of the infringement of football supporters' civil rights and liberties following the introduction of football bans that impose significant restrictions on the freedom of movement of a person even when there is no criminal conviction for a football-related offense, see G. Pearson, "Qualifying for Europe? The Legitimacy of Football Banning Orders 'On Complaint' under the Principle of Proportionality," Entertainment and Sports Law Journal 3, no. 1 (2005): www.warwick.ac.uk/eslj;
65. C. Stott and G. Pearson, "Football Banning Orders, Proportionality, and Public Order Policing," Howard Journal 45, no. 3 (2006): 241-254;
66. A. Tsoukala, Security Policies and Human Rights in European Football Stadia, Centre for European Policy Studies, Challenge Research Papers no. 5 (2007).
67. Anastassia Tsoukala, Sport et violence: L'évolution de la politique criminelle à l'égard du hooliganisme en Angleterre et en Italie, 1970-1995 (Athens/ Brussels: Sakkoulas/Bruylant, 1995), pp. 144-152, 192-197;
68. Anastassia Tsoukala, "Constructing the Threat in a Sports Context: British Press Discourses on Football Hooliganism," in Jose Aquesolo, ed., Violence and Sport (Seville: University Pablo de Olavide, 2006), pp. 372-379.
69. Stuart Hall, "The Treatment of Football Hooliganism in the Press," in R. Ingham, ed., Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context (London: Interaction, 1978), pp. 15-36;
70. G. Whannel, "Football, Crowd Behaviour, and the Press," Media, Culture, and Society 1 (1979): 327-342;
71. Ian Taylor, "Class, Violence, and Sport: The Case of Soccer Hooliganism in Britain," in Hart Cantelon and Richard Gruneau, eds., Sport, Culture, and the Modern State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982), pp. 39-96;
72. Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy, and John Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: An Historical and Sociological Study (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 132-156;
73. P. Murphy, E. Dunning, and J. Williams, "Soccer Crowd Disorder and the Press: Processes of Amplification and De-amplification in Historical Perspective," Theory, Culture, and Society 5 (1988): 645-673;
74. Patrick Murphy, John Williams, and Eric Dunning, Football on Trial (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 73-74; Gary Armstrong, note 17, pp. 85-104;
75. M. Weed, "Ingger-land at Euro 2000," International Review for the Sociology of Sport 36, no. 4 (2001): 407-424;
76. Emma Poulton, "Tears, Tantrums, and Tattoos: Framing the Hooligan," in Mark Perryman, ed., Hooligan Wars (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2002), pp. 122-138;
77. T. Crabbe, "The Public Gets What the Public Wants," International Review for the Sociology of Sport 38, no. 4 (2003): 413-425;
78. H. Bishop and A. Jaworski, "'We Beat 'Em': Nationalism and the Hegemony of Homogeneity in the British Press Reportage of Germany versus England During Euro 2000," Discourse and Society 14, no. 3 (2003): 243-271;
79. Emma Poulton, "English Media Representation of Football-related Disorder: 'Brutal, Short-hand, and Simplifying'?" Sport in Society 8, no. 1 (2005): 27-47.
80. Anastassia Tsoukala, "Defining the Terrorist Threat in the Post - 11 September Era," in Didier Bigo and Anastassia Tsoukala, eds., Terror, Insecurity, and Liberty (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 49-99.
81. For the case study of the press coverage of the 2000 European Championship, the analysis covered also The Sunday Times and The Observer.
82. Poulton, "English Media Representation," note 37; Tsoukala, "Constructing the Threat," note 36.
83. Françoise Burgat, "La logique de la légitimation de la violence: Animalité vs. humanité," in Françoise Héritier, ed., De la violence II (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1999), p. 45.
84. Françoise Héritier, "Les matrices de l'intolérance et de la violence," in Héritier, note 41, p. 330.
85. I. Leudar, V. Marsland, and J. Nekvapil, "On Membership Categorization: 'Us,' 'Them,' and 'Doing Violence' in Political Discourse," Discourse and Society 15, nos. 2 and 3 (2004): 253.
86. This transforming of prior enemies to ordinary citizens has been observed for instance in Italy in the 1980s and, more recently, in Northern Ireland. Similar transformations can also occur when there is a change in regime.