Portugal's civilizing mission in colonial Guinea-Bissau: Rhetoric and reality

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 35-58

  Mendy, Peter Karibe ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 49149104116     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3559318     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Based largely on research for a doctoral dissertation published in Portuguese as Colonialismo Português em Africa: A Tradição da Resistência na Guiné-Bissau, 1879-1959 (Bissau, 1994).
2. Marcelo Caetano, Principios e Definições (Lisbon, 1969), 122.
3. Gerald J. Bender, Angola Under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality(Berkeley, 1978).
4. Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900-1982 (Boulder, Colo., 1983).
5. Walter Rodney, A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545 to 1800 (New York, 1970), 71-94;
6. and George E. Brooks, Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000-1630 (Boulder, Colo, 1993), 188-90.
7. For more information on the Kingdom of Kaabu, see Mamadu Mané, "Contribution à l'histoire de Kaabu des origins au XIXèmesiècle, " Bulletin de l'IFAN, B, 1, (Dakar, 1987), 88-159;
8. Brooks, Landlords and Strangers; and Carlos Lopes, Kaabunké. Espaço, território e poder na Guiné-Bissau, Gâmbia e Casamance pré-colonais (Lisbon, 1999).
9. Cited in C. da Silva Teixeira, "Companhia de Cacheu, Rios e Comercioda Guiné (Documento para a sua História), " Boletim do Arquivo Historico Colonial I (Lisbon, 1950), 103.
10. J. C. Carlos de Chelmichi, Corographia Cabo-Verdiano ou Descripção Geographico-História da Provincia das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e Guiné (Lisbon, 1841), 1, 122.
11. Honório Pereira Barreto, Memória sobre ïEstado Actualde Senegambia Portugueza: Causas de sua decadência, Meios de a Fazer Prosperar (Lisbon, 1843), 15-16.
12. João Barreto, Historia da Guine, 246.
13. F. A. Marques Geraides, "Guiné Portuguesa: Communicação à Sociedade de Geographia sobre esta Provinciae as suas condições actuaes, " Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisbon (Lisbon, 1887), 8, 494;
14. and General Ferreira Martins, "Guerra de Conquista, 1833-1835, "História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo (Lisbon, 1941), 313.
15. João Barreto, Historia da Guiné, 248.
16. For an interesting examination of this ill-fated attempt, see P. E. H.Hair, "Beaver over Bulama, " Boletim Cultural da GuinéPortuguesa XV, 58 (Bissau, 1960), 360-83;
17. and George E. Brooks, "Bolama as a Prospective Site for American Colonization in the 1820s and 1830s, " Boletim Cultural XXVIII, 109 (Bissau, 1960), 10-12.
18. On 12 May 1886, a Luso-French Convention was signed in Paris to delimitthe respective Portuguese and French possessions, resulting in France formallyincorporating the Casamance region in her colony of Senegal. For details of thistreaty, see "Convenção Luso-Francesa, " Anuário da Guiné Portuguesa (Bissau, 1948), 22-27.
19. Capitão Augusto Casimire, "A Ocupação Militar da Guiné, " História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo(Lisbon, 1941), 361.
20. João Teixeira Pinto, A Ocupão Militar da Guiné(Lisbon, 1936), 10.
21. Mendy, Colonialisme Português, 217-53.
22. João Teixeira Pinto, A Ocupão Militar da Guiné, 202.
23. L. Loff de Vasconcellos, A defeza das Victimas da Guerra de Bissau: OExtermínio da Guiné (Lisbon, 1916), 36.
24. For more information on the activities of Abdul Injai in the territory, see Joye L. Bowman, "Abdul Injai, Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895-1919, " Journal of African History (1986), 27, 463-79;and Mendy, Colonialismo Português, 202-203.
25. Loff de Vasconcellos, A defeza das Victimas, 35-36.
26. Governador Luis António de Carvalho Viegas, GuinéPortuguesa (Lisbon, 1939), 1, 38.
27. Decree No. 3168, 31 May 1917, cited in A.H. Wilensky, Trends in Portuguese Overseas Legislation for Africa (Braga, Portugal, 1971), 54.
28. Diploma Legislativo No. 1.346, in Boletim Oficial da Guiné Portuguesa 40, (1946), 312.
29. José de Oliveira Ferreira Diniz, "A Politica Indígenana Guiné Portuguesa, " Congresso do V Centenário do Descobrimento da Guiné I (Lisbon, 1946), 4.
30. For the opinions of these influential figures, see António Enes, Mozambique: Relalório apresentado ao Governo [1893] (Lisbon, 1946);
31. Mousinho de Albuquerque, "Regime Militar e Missôes Religiosa, " and Eduardo da Costa, "Principios de Administração Colonial, " both in Antologia Colonial Portuguesa, I (Lisbon, 1946), 69-78, and 84-96;
32. and James Duffy, Portuguese Africa (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 225-44.
33. Article 1, Portaria No. 392, in Boletim Official, 31 (1917), 291.
34. Article 49, "Reforma Administrative Ultramarina, " in Boletim Oficial 25 (1933), 12.
35. Article 294, "Codigo do Trabalho dos Indigenas nas Colonias Portuguesas de Africa, " Boletim Oficial 2 (1929), 31.
36. Manuel Sarmento Rodrigues, The Portuguese Overseas Provinces (Lisbon, 1954), 11.
37. Manuel Maria Sarmento Rodrigues, No Governo da Guiné (Lisbon, 1949), 296.
38. For eyewitness accounts of the bloody strike, see "O massacre de Pidjiguiti, " in Nô Pintcha 56 (Bissau, 1975), 11;
39. and Luis Cabrai, Cronica de Libertação (Lisbon, 1984), 65-69.
40. Cited in Basil Davidson, The Liberation of Guiné (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), 32.
41. Patrick Chabal, Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War(Cambridge, 1983), 93.
42. In 1924, for example, the dramatic mass withdrawal of the Felupes/Djolasfrom the northern border region of São Domingos to Casamance left thebewildered Portuguese official to remark: "I am most astonished with thefleeing of the natives from the settlement of Goré, because they are notpersecuted by this Administration and never by this post, that they can leavewithout having paid their taxes, and knowing that to all the flags they may go, they will be subjected to the payment of the referred [hut] tax." Cited in Mendy, Colonialismo Português, 404.
43. Christiano José de Senna Barcello, Guiné Portuguesa(Lisbon, 1908), 8.
44. Preamble, Portaria No. 532 (29 September 1917), Boletim Oficial da Guiné Portuguesa 39 (Bolama, 1917), 371.
45. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Prospectiva do Desenvolvimento Economico e Social da Guiné (Lisbon, 1972), 34.
46. Rosemary Galli, "The Absence of Agrarian Capitalism in Guinea-Bissauduring the Estado Novo Regime, " Paper presented to the second International Conference on the Social Sciences in Portuguese-Speaking Africa(Bissau, 1991), 21.
47. Cited in Eduardo de Sousa Ferreira, Portuguese Colonialism in Africa: The End of an Era (Paris, 1974), 112.
48. Article 2, Colonial Act, 1930, cited in R. R. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal (London, 1979), 96.
49. Eduardo Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), 60.
50. Sékou Touré, first president of Guinea-Conakry and agraduate of the system, noted: "Our textbooks in colonial schools teach thewars of the Gauls, Joan of Arc or Napoleon, the departments of France, thepoems of Lamartine and the plays of Molière, just as if Africa had nohistory, geography or culture...." Cited in Claude Wauthier, The Literatureand Thought of Modern Africa (London, 1978), 106.
51. Ministério da Educação Nacional, Ensino Primário Elementar, Livro de Leitura da Terceira Classe (Lisbon, 1958), 63.
52. Article 7, "Regulamento do Ensino Rudimentär e do Magistério Rudimentar, " in Manuel Ferreira Rosa, "Ensino Rudimentär para os Indigenas em Angola e na Guiné Portuguesa, "Boletim Cultural VI (1951), 24, 842.
53. Diniz, "A Politica Indigena, " 17.
54. Cited in Rosa, "Ensino Rudimentar, " 836.
55. Sousa Ferreira. Portuguese Colonialism in Africa, Table 2, 71.
56. Carvalho Viegas, Guiné Portuguesa, I, 8.
57. According to António Carreira, who was a long-serving Cape Verdeanadministrator in colonial Guinea-Bissau, up until the launching of theindependence war in 1963, no fewer than 75 percent of the colonial officialswere Cape Verdeans. Interview, Lisbon, 30 September 1982; and António Carreira, "A Guiné e as Ilhas de Cabo Verde: Sua unidade Historica e Populacional, " Ultramar 4 (Lisbon, 1968), 70-98.
58. Davidson, The Liberation of Guiné, 16-41.
59. Candido Carlos de Medina, A Guiné nas Constituintes ou Miséria de um Deputado (Lisbon, 1912), 17.
60. L. Loff de Vasconcellos, Contestação dos Presos Politicos Implicados na Suposta Rebellião de Bissau (Bolama, 1916), 10.
61. René Pellissier, cited in Malyn Newitt, Portugal in Africa: The Last Hundred Years (London, 1981), 145.
62. Douglas L. Wheeler, "Origins of African Nationalism in Angola:Assimilado Protest Writings, 1859-1929, " in Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest and Resistance in Angola and Brazil (Berkeley, 1972), 86.
63. Governador João José Soares Zilhão, "Proclamação, " Boletim Oficial 16 (1931).
64. Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle (London, 1980), 41.
65. Davidson, The Liberation of Guine, 104;
66. and Lars Rudebeck, Guinea-Bissau: A Study of Political Mobilization(Uppsala, 1974), 63.