Risk and ethical concerns of hunting male elephant: Behavioural and physiological assays of the remaining elephants

PLoS ONE

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2008, Pages

  Burke, Tarryne ^a   Page, Bruce ^a   van Dyk, Gus ^a   Millspaugh, Josh ^b   Slotow, Rob ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTERONE; STRESS HORMONE;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL HUNTING; ANIMAL WELFARE; ARTICLE; BREEDING; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ELEPHANT; ETHICS; FECES ANALYSIS; FLIGHT; HERD; MALE; NATIONAL PARK; NONHUMAN; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOUTH AFRICA; TOURISM; ANIMAL; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDATION;

ANIMALIA; ELEPHANTIDAE; LOXODONTA;

ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; ELEPHANTS; HUMANS; MALE; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR;

EID: 49149095404     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002417     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Peterson MN (2004) An approach for demonstrating the social legitimacy of hunting. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32: 310-321.
2. Lecocq Y (1997) Elephant culling. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25: 215.
3. Reynolds P, Braithwaite D (2001) Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism. Tourism Management 22: 31-42.
4. Mbenga E (2004) Visitor wildlife viewing preferences and experiences in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa. M. Env. Manag. Dissertation, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Affica.
5. Breytenbach G, Sonnekus I (2001) Conservation business: sustaining Africa's future. Koedoe 44: 105-123.
6. Poole JH (1995) Sex differences in the behaviour of African elephants. in Short RV, Balaban E, eds. The differences between the sexes. Cambridge University Press. pp 331-346.
7. Wasser SK, Hunt KE, Brown JL, Cooper K, Crokett CM, Bechert U, Millspaugh JJ, Larson S, Monfort SL (2000) A generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of nondomestic mammalian and avian species. General and Comparative Endocrinology 120: 260-275.
8. Millspaugh JJ, Woods RJ, Hunt K, Raedeke KJ, Washburn BE, Brundige CC, Wasser SK (2001) Using fecal glucocorticoids to quantify the physiological stress response of free-ranging elk. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29: 899-907.
9. Millspaugh JJ, Burke T, van Dyk G, Slotow R, Washburn BE, Woods R (2007) Stress response of working African elephants to transportation and Safari Adventures. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 1257-1260.
10. Harper JM, Austad SN (2000) Fecal glucocorticoids: a non-invasive method of measuring adrenal activity in wild and captive rodents. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73: 12-22.
11. Millspaugh JJ, Washburn BE (2004) Use of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite measures in conservation biology research: considerations for application and interpretation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 138: 189-199.
12. Creel SC, Fox JE, Hardy A, Sands J, Garrott RA, Peterson RO (2002) Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology 16: 1-7.
13. Langbauer Jr WR, Payne KB, Charif RA, Rapaport L, Osborn F (1991) African elephants respond to distant playbacks of low-frequency conspecific calls. Journal of Experimental Biology 157: 35-46.
14. McComb K, Moss GJ, Sayialel S, Baker L (2000) Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants. Animal Behaviour 59: 1103-1109.
15. Millsopaugh JJ, Raedeke KJ, Brundige GC, Gitzen RA (2000) Elk and hunter space use sharing in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 994-1003.
16. Morgantini LE, Hudson RJ (1985) Changes in diets of wapiti during a hunting season. Journal of Range Management 38: 77-79.
17. Irwin L, Peek JM (1979) Relationships between road closures and elk behavior in northern Idaho. in Boyce MS, Hayden-Wing LD, cols. North American elk: ecology, behavior and management. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA. pp 199-204.
18. Kilpatrick H, Lima KK (1999) Effects of archery hunting on movement and activity of female white-tailed deer in an urban landscape. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27(2): 433-440.
19. Dalmau A, Ferret A, Chacon G, Manteca X (2007) Seasonal changes in fecal cortisol metabolites in Pyrenean chamois. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 190-194.
20. Roy C, Woolf A (2001) Effects of hunting and hunting-hour extension on mourning dove foraging and physiology. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 808-815.
21. Sapolsky R (1987) Stress, social status, and reproductive physiology in free-living baboons. in Crews D, ed. Psychobiology of reproductive behavior: an evolutionary perspective. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. pp 291-392.
22. Martin RB, Craig GC, Boot VR (1996) Elephant management in Zimbabwe. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management. Harare, Zimbabwe. 158 p.
23. Boonzaaier WW, Collinson RFH (2000) Pilanesberg National Park management plan. Second edition. Pilanesberg National Park Management Series, Contour Project Managers and Collinson Consulting, Rustenburg, South Africa.
24. Slotow R, van Dyk G (2001) Role of delinquent young 'orphan' male elephants in high mortality ofwhite rhinoceros in Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 44: 85-94.
25. Douglas-Hamilton I, Bhalla S, Wittemyer G, Vollradt F (2006) Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100: 87-102.
26. Eltringham SK (1977) The numbers and distribution of elephant Loxodonta africana in the Rwenzori National Park and Chambura Game Reserve, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal 15: 19-39.
27. Western D (1989) The ecological role of elephants in Africa. Pachyderm 12: 42-45.
28. Cumming D, Jones B (2005) Elephants in southern Arrica: Management issues and options. WWF-SARPO Occasional Paper Number 11, Harare.
29. Whyte I (1993) The movement patterns of elephants in the Kruger National Park in response to culling and environmental stimuli. Pachyderm 16: 72-80.
30. Lötter HPP, Henley M, Fakir S, Pickover M, Ramose M (in press) Ethical considerations in elephant management. In: Scholes RJ, Mennell KG, eds. Assessment of South African Elephant Management. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp 307-338.
31. Hall-Martin AJ (1987) Role of musth in the reproductive strategy of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). South African Journal of Science 83: 616-620.
32. Poole JH (1989) Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants. Animal Behaviour 37: 842-849.
33. Acocks JPH (1988) Veld types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. Third edition. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, South Africa.
34. Slotow R, van Dyk G, Poole J, Page B, Klocke A (2000) Older bull elephants control young males. Nature 408: 425-426.
35. Hooge PN, Eichenlaub B (1997) Animal movement extension to ArcView version 1.1. Alaska Biological Science Center. Anchorage: U.S. Geological Survey.
36. Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical analysis. Fourth edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
37. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Biometry. Second edition. W.H. Freeman, New York.
38. Millspaugh JJ, Washburn BE, Milanick MA, Slotow R, van Dyk G (2003) Effects of heat and chemical treatments on fecal glucocorticoid measurements: implications for sample transport. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 399-406.
39. Brown IRF White PT (1979) Serum electrolytes, lipids and cortisol in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 62: 899-901.
40. De Villiers MS, Meltzer DGA, van Heerden J, Mills MGL, Richardson PRK, van Jaarsveld AS (1995) Handling-induced stress and mortalities in African wild dogs (Lycaon piclus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Bulletin 262: 215-220.
41. Moberg GP, Mench JA (2000) The biology of animal stress. Basic principles and implications for animal welfare. CABI Publishing, New York.
42. Pretorius Y (2004) Stress in the African elephant on Mabula Game Reserve, South Africa. M.Sc. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
43. Knoke D, Burke PJ (1980) Log-linear models. in Lewis-Black MS, ed. Series: Quantitative applications in the social sciences. Sage Publications Incorporated, California, USA. pp 9-79.