Geochemical variations during Kīlauea's Pu'u 'Ō'ō eruption reveal a fine-scale mixture of mantle heterogeneities within the Hawaiian plume

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 49, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1297-1318

  Marske, Jared P ^a   Garcia, Michael O ^a   Pietruszka, Aaron J ^b   Rhodes, J Michael ^c   Norman, Marc D ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^d AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Hawaii; Kilauea; Mantle heterogeneity; Volcanoes

Indexed keywords

IGNEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; ISOTOPIC RATIO; LAVA; LEAD ISOTOPE; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE; OLIVINE; STRONTIUM ISOTOPE; TRACE ELEMENT; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

HAWAII [(ISL) HAWAIIAN ISLANDS]; HAWAII [UNITED STATES]; HAWAIIAN ISLANDS; KILAUEA; MAUNA LOA; NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC ISLANDS; PACIFIC OCEAN; PUU OO; UNITED STATES;

EID: 48949116614     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egn025     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abouchami, W., Hofmann, A. W., Galer, S. J. G., Frey, F A., Eisele, J. & Feigenson, M. (2005). Lead isotopes reveal bilateral asymmetry and vertical continuity in the Hawaiian mantle plume. Nature 434 851-856.
2. Blichert-Toft, J., Albarède, F. & Frey, F. (1999). Hf isotopic evidence for pelagic sediments in the source of Hawaiian basalts. Science 285, 879-882.
3. Blichert-Toft, J., Weis, D. Maerschalk, C. & Albaréde, F. (2003). Hawaiian hotspot dynamics as inferred from the Hf and Pb isotopic evolution of Mauna Kea volcano. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4, doi:10.1029/2002GC000340.
4. Bolge, L. L., Carr, M. J., Feigenson, M. D. & Alvarado, G. E. (2006). Geochemical stratigraphy and magmatic evolution at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 157, 34-48.
5. Bryce, J. G., DePaolo, D. J. & Lassiter, J. C. (2005). Geochemical structure of the Hawaiian plume: Sr, Nd, and Os isotopes in the 2.8 km HSDP-2 section of Mauna Kea volcano. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6, doi:10.1029/2004GC000809.
6. Byers, C. D., Garcia, M. O. & Muenow, D. W. (1985). Volatiles in pillow rim glasses from Loihi and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawaii. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 1887-1896.
7. Chen, C.-Y. & Frey, F. A. (1985). Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of lavas from Haleakala volcano, East Maui, Hawaii: implications for the origin of Hawaiian basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 8743-8768.
8. Chen, C.-Y., Frey, F. A., Rhodes, J. M. & Eaton, R. M. (1996). Temporal geochemical evolution of Kilauea volcano: Comparison of Hilina and Puna Basalt. In: Basu, A. & Hart, S. (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the isotopic code, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 95 161-181.
9. Cohen, A. S. & O'Nions, R. K. (1993). Melting rates beneath Hawaii: evidence from uranium series isotopes in recent lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 169-175.
10. Denlinger, R. P. (1997). A dynamic balance between magma supply and eruption rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 18091-18100.
11. DePaolo, D. J., Bryce, J. G., Dodson, A., Shuster, D. L. & Kennedy, B. M. (2001). Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa and the chemical structure of the Hawaiian plume. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, doi:10.1029/2000GC000139.
12. Dvorak, J. J. & Dzurisin, D. (1993). Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 22255-22268.
13. Eaton, J. P. & Murata, K. J. (1960). How volcanoes grow [Hawaii]. Science 132, 925-938.
14. Eiler, J. M., Farley, K. A., Valley, J. W., Hofmann, A. W. & Stolper, E. M. (1996). Oxygen isotope constraints on the sources of Hawaiian volcanism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144, 453-468.
15. Eisele, J., Abouchami, W, Galer, S. J. G. & Hofmann, A. W. (2003). The 320 kyr Pb isotope evolution of Mauna Kea lavas recorded in the HSDP-2 drill core. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4, doi:10.1029/2002GC000339.
16. Farnetani, C. G., Legras, B. & Tackley, P. J. (2002). Mixing and deformation in mantle plumes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196, 1-15.
17. Fekiacova, A., Abouchami, W., Galer, S. J. G., Garcia, M. O. & Hofmann, A. W. (2007). Origin and temporal evolution of Koolau volcano, Hawaii: inferences from isotope data on the Koolau Scientific Drilling Project (KSDP), the Honolulu Volcanics and ODP Site 843. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261, 65-83.
18. Frey, F. A. & Rhodes, J. M. (1993). Intershield geochemical differences among Hawaiian volcanoes implications for source compositions, melting process and magma ascent paths. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 342, 121-136.
19. Gaffney, A. M., Nelson, B. K. & Blichert-Toft, J. (2004). Geochemical constraints on the role of oceanic lithosphere in intra-volcano heterogeneity at West Maui, Hawaii. Journal of Petrology 45, 1663-1687.
20. Gaffney, A. M., Nelson, B. K. & Blichert-Toft, J. (2005). Melting in the Hawaiian plume at 1-2 Ma as recorded at Maui Nui: The role of eclogite, peridotite, and source mixing. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6, doi:10.1029/2005GC000927.
21. Galer, S. J. G. & Abouchami, W. (1998). Practical application of lead triple spiking for correction of instrumental mass discrimination. Mineralogical Magazine 62A, 491-492.
22. Garcia, M. O. (2002). Submarine picritic basalts from Koolau volcano, Hawaii: Implications for parental magma composition and mantle source. In: Takahashi, E., Lipman, P. W., Garcia, M. O., Naka, J. & Aramaki, S. (eds) Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives. Geophysical Monographs, American Geophysical Union 128, 391-401.
23. Garcia, M. O., Ho, R. A., Rhodes, J. M. & Wolfe, E. W. (1989). Petrologic constraints on rift zone processes: Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 52, 81-96.
24. Garcia, M. O., Rhodes, J. M., Ho, R. A., Ulrich, G. & Wolfe, E. W. (1992). Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes. Bulletin of Volcanology 55, 1-16.
25. Garcia, M. O., Rhodes, J. M., Trusdell, F. A. & Pietruszka, A. P. (1996). Petrology of lavas from the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano: III. The Kupaianaha episode (1986-1992). Bulletin of Volcanology 58, 359-379.
26. Garcia, M. O., Ito, E., Eiler, J. & Pietruszka, A. (1998). Crystal contamination of Kilauea volcano magmas revealed by oxygen isotope analysis of glass and olivine from the Puu Oo eruption lavas. Journal of Petrology 39, 803-817.
27. Garcia, M. O., Pietruszka, A. J., Rhodes, J. M. & Swanson, K. (2000). Magmatic processes during the prolonged Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Petrology 41, 967-990.
28. Garcia, M. O., Pietruszka, A. J. & Rhodes, J. M. (2003). A petrologic perspective of Kilauea volcano's summit magma reservoir. Journal of Petrology 44, 2313-2339.
29. Garcia, M. O., Ito, E. & Eiler, J. M. (2008). Oxygen isotope evidence for chemical interaction of Kilauea historical magmas with basement rocks. Journal of Petrology 49, 757-769.
30. Harris, A. J. L., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L. P., Mouginis-Mark, P. J., Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M. W. & Flament P. (1997). Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters 24, 3281-3284.
31. Hauri, E. H. (1996). Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume. Nature 382, 415-419.
32. Heliker, C. & Mattox, T. N. (2003). The first two decades of the Puu Oo-Kupaianaha eruption; chronology and selected bibliography. In: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A. & Takahashi, T. J. (eds). The Puu Oo-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: The First 20 Years. US Geological Survey Professional Papers 1676, 121-136.
33. Heliker, C., Mangan, M. T., Mattox, T. N., Kauahikaua, J. P. & Helz, R. T. (1998). The character of long-term eruptions: Inferences from episodes 50-53 of the Puu Oo-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano. Bulletin of Volcanology 59, 381-393.
34. Hemond, C., Hofmann, A. W., Heusser, G., Condomines, M., Raczek, I. & Rhodes, J. M. (1994). U-Th-Ra systematics in Kilauea and Mauna Loa tholeiites. Chemical Geology 116, 163-180.
35. Herzberg, C. (2006). Petrology and thermal structure of the Hawaiian plume: A view from Mauna Kea. Nature 444, 605-609.
36. Hirose, K. & Kushiro, I. (1993). Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressure: Determination of composition of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregates of diamonds. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114, 477-489.
37. Huang, S. & Frey, F. A. (2005). Recycled oceanic crust in the Hawaiian plume: Evidence from temporal geochemical variations within the Koolau Shield. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149, 556-575.
38. King, A. J., Waggoner, D. G. & Garcia, M. O. (1993). Geochemistry and petrology of basalts from Leg 136, central Pacific Ocean. In: Wilkens, R. H., Firth, J., Bender, J. et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 136. College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program, pp. 107-118.
39. Kurz, M. D. & Kammer, D. P. (1991). Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa volcano. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 103, 257-269.
40. Kurz, M. D., Kenna, T. C., Kammer, D. P., Rhodes, J. M. & Garcia, M. O. (1995). Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa Volcano: A view from the submarine southwest rift zone. In: Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (eds) Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History and Hazards, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 289-306.
41. Kurz, M. D., Curtice, J., Lott, D. E., III & Solow, A. (2004). Rapid helium isotopic variability in Mauna Kea shield lavas from the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5, doi:10.1029/2002GC000439.
42. Kushiro, I. (1996). Partial melting of fertile mantle peridotite at high pressures: An experimental study using aggregates of diamond. In: Basu, A. & Hart, S. (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the isotopic code, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 95, 109-122.
43. Lassiter, J. C. & Hauri, E. H. (1998). Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: Evidence for recycled oceanic lithosphere in the Hawaiian plume. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 164, 483-496.
44. Lassiter, J. C., DePaolo, D. J. & Tatsumoto, M. (1996). Isotopic evolution of Mauna Kea volcano: Results from the initial phase of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 11769-11780.
45. Longhi, J. (2002). Some phase equilibria systematics of lherzolite melting: I. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2, doi:10.1029/2001GC000204.
46. Macdonald, G. A., Abbott, A. T. & Peterson, F. L. (1983). Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
47. Marske, J. P., Pietruszka, A. J., Weis, D., Garcia, M. O. & Rhodes, J. M. (2007). Rapid passage of a small-scale heterogeneity through the melting regions of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Hawaii. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259, 34-50.
48. McBirney, A. R., Taylor, H. P. & Armstrong, R. L. (1987). Paricutin re-examined; a classic example of crustal assimilation in calc-alkaline magma. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 95, 4-20.
49. 233U disequilibrium and the melting processes beneath ridge axes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 72, 149-157.
50. Mittelstaedt, E. & Garcia, M. O. (2007). Modeling the sharp compositional interface in the Pon Oo magma reservoir, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8, doi:10.1029/2006GC001519.
51. Moore, J. G. & Ault, W. U. (1965). Historic littoral cones in Hawaii. Pacific Science 19, 3-11.
52. Nakata, J. S., Heliker, C. & Sherrod, D. R. (2000). Hawaiian Volcano Observatory; Summary 99; Part 1, Seismic data, January to December 1999, with a chronological summary. US Geological Survey Report OF 00-0433, 61 pp.
53. Norman, M. D., Griffin, W. L., Pearson, N. J., Garcia, M. O. & O'Reilly, S. Y. (1998). Quantitative analysis of trace element abundances in glasses and minerals: A comparison of laser ablation ICPMS, solution ICPMS, proton microprobe, and electron microprobe data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 13, 477-482.
54. Okano, O. & Tatsumoto, M. (1996). Petrogenesis of ultramafic xenoliths from Hawaii inferred from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes. In: Basu, A. & Hart, S. (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the isotopic code, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 95, 135-147.
55. Pietruszka, A. P. & Garcia, M. O. (1999a). A rapid fluctuation in the mantle source and melting history of Kilauea volcano inferred from the geochemistry of it historical summit lavas (1790-1982). Journal of Petrology 40, 1321-1342.
56. Pietruszka, A. P. & Garcia, M. O. (1999b). The size and shape of Kilauea volcano's summit magma storage reservoir: A geochemical probe. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 167, 311-320.
57. 238U disequilibria of historical Kilauea lavas (1790-1982) and the dynamics of mantle melting within the Hawaiian plume. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 186, 15-31.
58. 238U disequilibria of Puu Oo eruption lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244, 155-169.
59. Poland, M., Miklius, A., Orr, T., Sutton, J., Thornber, D. & Wilson, D. (2008). New episodes of volcanism at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 89, 37-38.
60. Powers, H. (1955). Composition and origin of basaltic magma of the Hawaiian Islands. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7, 77-107.
61. Putirka, K. (1997). Magma transport at Hawaii: Inferences based on igneous thermobarometry. Geology 25, 69-72.
62. Reiners, P.W. (2002). Temporal-compositional trends in intraplate basalt eruptions: Implications for mantle heterogeneity and melting processes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, doi:10.1029/ 2001GC000250.
63. Ren, Z.-Y., Tomoyuki, S., Masako, Y., Johnson, K. M. & Takahashi, E. (2006). Isotope compositions of submarine Hana Ridge lavas, Haleakala volcano, Hawaii: Implications for source compositions, melting process and the structure of the Hawaiian plume. Journal of Petrology 47, 255-275.
64. Rhodes, J. M. (1996). Geochemical stratigraphy of lava flows sampled by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 11729-11746.
65. Rhodes, J. M. & Hart, S. R. (1995). Episodic trace element and isotopic variations in historical Mauna Loa lavas: Implications for magma and plume dynamics. In: Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (eds) Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History and Hazards, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 263-288.
66. Rhodes, J. M. & Vollinger, M. J. (2004). Composition of basaltic lavas sampled by phase-2 of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project: Geochemical stratigraphy and magma types. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5, doi:10.1029/2002GC000434.
67. Rhodes, J. M. & Vollinger, M. J. (2005). Ferric/ferrous ratios in 1984 Mauna Loa lavas: A contribution to understanding the oxidation state of Hawaiian magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149 666-674.
68. Rhodes, J. M., Wenz, K. P., Neal, C. A., Sparks, J. W. & Lockwood, J. P. (1989). Geochemical evidence for invasion of Kilauea's plumbing system by Mauna Loa magma. Nature 337, 257-260.
69. Rizzo, A., Caracausi, A., Favara, R., Martelli, M., Paonita, A., Paternoster, M., Nuccio, P. M. & Rosciglione, A. (2006). New insights into magma dynamics during the last two eruptions of Mount Etna as inferred by geochemical monitoring from 2002 to 2005. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7, doi:10.1029/2005GC001175.
70. Roeder, P. L. & Emslie, R. F (1970). Olivine liquid equilibrium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 29, 275-289.
71. Shamberger, P. J. & Garcia, M. O. (2006). Geochemical modeling of magma mixing and magma reservoir volumes during early episodes of Kilauea volcano's Puu Oo eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology 69, 345-352.
72. Sigmarsson, O., Karlsson, H. R. & Larsen, G. (2000). The 1996 and 1998 subglacial eruptions beneath the Vatnajokull ice sheet in Iceland: contrasting geochemical and geophysical inferences on magma migration. Bulletin of Volcanology 61, 468-76.
73. 231Pa disequilibria. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 4119-4138.
74. Sobolev, A. V., Hofmann, A. W., Sobolev, S. V. & Nikogosian, I. K. (2005). An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts. Nature 434, 590-597.
75. Sobolev, A. V, Hofmann, A. W., Kuzmin, D. V., Yaxley, G. M., Arndt, N. T, Chung, S.-L., Danyushevsky, L. V., Elliott, T., Frey, F A., Garcia, M. O., Gurenko, A. A., Kamenetsky, V. S., Kerr, A. C., Krivolutskaya, N. A., Matvienkov, V. V., Nikogosian, I. K., Rocholl, A., Sigurdsson, I. A., Sushchevskaya, N. M. & Teklay, M. (2007). The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts. Science 316, 412-417.
76. Stille, P., Unruh, D. M. & Tatsumoto, M. (1986). Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and evidence for a unique mantle source. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2303-2319.
77. Stolper, E. M., DePaolo, D. J. & Thomas, D. M. (1996). Introduction to special section; Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 11593-11598.
78. Stolper, E. M., Sherman, S., Garcia, M. O., Baker, M. & Seaman, C. (2004). Glasses in the submarine section of the HSDP-2 drill core, Hilo, Hawaii. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5, doi:10.1029/2003GC000553.
79. 2 emissions and very low frequency (VLF) measurements. In: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A. & Takahashi, T. J. (eds) The Puu Oo-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: The First 20 Years. US Geological Survey Professional Papers 1676, 121-136.
80. Takahashi, E. & Nakajima, K. (2002). Melting process in the Hawaiian plume; an experimental study. In: Takahashi, E., Lipman, P. W., Garcia, M. O., Naka, J. & Aramaki, S. (eds) Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monographs 128, 403-418.
81. Tatsumoto, M. (1978). Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 38, 63-87.
82. 400ppm/amu systematic errors in TI-normalization. Chemical Geology 184, 255-274.
83. Thornber, C. R. (2001). Olivine liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing East-Rift-Zone eruption. Canadian Mineralogist 39, 239-266.
84. Thornber, C. R. (2003). Magma-reservoir processes revealed by geo-chemistry of the Puu Oo-Kupaianaha eruption. In: Heliker, C., Swanson, D. A. & Takahashi, T. J. (eds). The Puu Oo-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: The First 20 Years. US Geological Survey Professional Papers 1676, 121-136.
85. Thornber, C. R., Heliker, C., Sherrod, D. R., Kauahikaua, J. P., Miklius, A., Okubo, P. G., Trusdell, F. A., Budahn, J. R., Ridley, W. I. & Meeker, G. P. (2003). Kilauea East Rift Zone magmatism; an episode 54 perspective. Journal of Petrology 44, 1525-1559.
86. Tilling, R. I. & Dvorak, J. J. (1993). Anatomy of a basaltic volcano. Nature 363, 125-133.
87. Tilling, R. I., Wright, T. L. & Millard, H. T. Jr (1987). Trace-element chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa lava in space and time: A reconnaissance. In: Decker, R. W., Wright, T. L. & Stauffer, P. H. (eds) Volcanism in Hawaii, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 641-689.
88. 2+-Mg cation-partitioning between olivine and basaltic liquid on pressure, temperature and composition. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 261-271.
89. Vlastelic, I., Staudacher, T. & Semet, M. (2005). Rapid change of lava composition from 1998 to 2002 at Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion) inferred from Pb isotopes and trace elements; evidence for variable crustal contamination. Journal of Petrology 46, 79-107.
90. Wanless, V. D., Garcia, M. O., Trusdell, F. A., Rhodes, J. M., Norman, M. D., Weis, D., Fornari, D. J., Kurz, M. D. & Guillou, H. (2006). Submarine radial vents on Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7, doi:10.1029/2005GC001086.
91. Watson, S. & McKenzie, D. (1991). Melt generation by plumes: A study of Hawaiian volcanism. Journal of Petrology 32, 501-537.
92. West, H. B. & Leeman, W. P. (1987). Isotopic evolution of lavas from Haleakala volcano, Hawaii. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 84, 211-225.
93. Wilcox, R. E. (1954). Petrology of Paricutin volcano, Mexico. US Geological Survey Bulletin B 0965-C, 281-354.
94. Williams, R. W. & Gill, J. B. (1989). Effects of partial melting on the uranium decay series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1607-1619.
95. Wolfe, E. W., Garcia, M. O., Jackson, D. B., Koyanagi, R. Y., Neal, C. A. & Okamura, A. T. (1987). The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, to June 8, 1984. In: Decker, R. W., Wright, T. L. & Stauffer, P. H. (eds) Volcanism in Hawaii, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 471-508.
96. Wright, T. L. (1971). Chemistry of Kilauea and Mauna Loa in space and time. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 735 1-40.
97. Wright, T. L. & Klein, F. W. (2006). Deep magma transport at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Lithos 87, 50-79.
98. Xu, G., Frey, F. A., Clague, D. A., Abouchami, W., Blichert-Toft, J., Cousens, B. & Weisler, M. (2007). Geochemical characteristics of West Molokai shield- and postshield- stage lavas: Constraints on Hawaiian plume models. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8, doi:10.1029/2006GC001554.