Vertebral artery injuries associated with cervical spine injuries: A review of the literature

Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 252-258

  Fassett, Daniel R ^a,c   Dailey, Andrew T ^b   Vaccaro, Alexander R ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical spine; Dissection; Fracture; Trauma; Vertebral artery

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CLOPIDOGREL; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; ARTERY INJURY; ARTICLE; CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY; CERVICAL SPINE; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONVENTIONAL ANGIOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OBSERVATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCREENING TEST; VERTEBRAL ARTERY INJURY; ARTERY DISSECTION; INCIDENCE; INJURY; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPINE INJURY; VERTEBRAL ARTERY;

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS; SPINAL INJURIES; VERTEBRAL ARTERY; VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISSECTION;

EID: 48949094292     PISSN: 15360652     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/BSD.0b013e3180cab162     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Arnold M, Bousser MG, Fahrni G, et al. Vertebral artery dissection: presenting findings and predictors of outcome. Stroke. 2006;37: 2499-2503.
2. Reid JD, Weigelt JA. Forty-three cases of vertebral artery trauma. J Trauma. 1988;28:1007-1012.
3. Biffl WL, Ray CE Jr, Moore EE, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report. J Trauma. 2002; 53:850-856.
4. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Offner PJ, et al. Blunt carotid arterial injuries: implications of a new grading scale. J Trauma. 1999;47:845-853.
5. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Elliott JP, et al. The devastating potential of blunt vertebral arterial injuries. Ann Surg. 2000;231:672-681.
6. Miller PR, Fabian TC, Croce MA, et al. Prospective screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: analysis of diagnostic modalities and outcomes. Ann Surg. 2002;236:386-395.
7. Schwarz N, Buchinger W, Gaudernak T, et al. Injuries to the cervical spine causing vertebral artery trauma: case reports. J Trauma. 1991;31:127-133.
8. Taneichi H, Suda K, Kajino T, et al. Traumatically induced vertebral artery occlusion associated with cervical spine injuries: prospective study using magnetic resonance angiography. Spine. 2005;30:1955-1962.
9. Osborn A. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:173-193, 405-717.
10. Miller PR, Fabian TC, Bee TK, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: diagnosis and treatment. J Trauma. 2001;51:279-286.
11. Carpenter S. Injury of neck as cause of vertebral artery thrombosis. J Neurosurg. 1961;18:849-853.
12. Torina PJ, Flanders AE, Carrino JA, et al. Incidence of vertebral artery thrombosis in cervical spine trauma: correlation with severity of spinal cord injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2645-2651.
13. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Biffl WL, et al. Cervical spine fracture patterns predictive of blunt vertebral artery injury. qJ Trauma. 2003; 55:811-813.
14. Kerwin AJ, Bynoe RP, Murray J, et al. Liberalized screening for blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries is justified. J Trauma. 2001;51:308-314.
15. Kral T, Schaller C, Urbach H, et al. Vertebral artery injury after cervical spine trauma: a prospective study. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2002;63:153-158.
16. Veras LM, Pedraza-Gutierrez S, Castellanos J, et al. Vertebral artery occlusion after acute cervical spine trauma. Spine. 2000;25: 1171-1177.
17. Weller SJ, Rossitch E Jr, Malek AM. Detection of vertebral artery injury after cervical spine trauma using magnetic resonance angiography. J Trauma. 1999;46:660-666.
18. Willis BK, Greiner F, Orrison WW, et al. The incidence of vertebral artery injury after midcervical spine fracture or subluxation. Neurosurgery. 1994;34:435-442.
19. Woodring JH, Lee C, Duncan V. Transverse process fractures of the cervical vertebrae: are they insignificant? J Trauma. 1993;34: 797-802.
20. Atar E, Griton I, Bachar GN, et al. Embolization of transected vertebral arteries in unstable trauma patients. Emerg Radiol. 2005; 11:291-294.
21. Biffl WL, Ray CE Jr, Moore EE, et al. Treatment-related outcomes from blunt cerebrovascular injuries: importance of routine follow-up arteriography. Ann Surg. 2002;235:699-706.
22. Bok AP, Peter JC. Carotid and vertebral artery occlusion after blunt cervical injury: the role of MR angiography in early diagnosis. J Trauma. 1996;40:968-972.
23. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1305-1316.
24. Citron SJ, Wallace RC, Lewis CA, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for adult diagnostic neuroangiography: cooperative study between ASITN, ASNR, and SIR. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14: S257-S262.
25. Cogbill TH, Moore EE, Meissner M, et al. The spectrum of blunt injury to the carotid artery: a multicenter perspective. J Trauma. 1994;37:473-479.
26. Cohen JE, Rajz G, Itshayek E, et al. Endovascular management of exsanguinating vertebral artery transection. Surg Neurol. 2005;64: 331-334.
27. Coldwell DM, Novak Z, Ryu RK, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic internal carotid arterial pseudoaneurysms with endovascular stents. J Trauma. 2000;48:470-472.
28. Cothren CC, Moore EE. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries. Clinics. 2005;60:489-496.
29. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ray CE Jr, et al. Screening for blunt cerebrovascular injuries is cost-effective. Am J Surg. 2005;190: 845-849.
30. Sawlani V, Behari S, Salunke P, et al. "Stretched loop sign" of the vertebral artery: a predictor of vertebrobasilar insufficiency in atlantoaxial dislocation. Surg Neurol. 2006;66:298-304.
31. Vaccaro AR, Klein GR, Flanders AE, et al. Long-term evaluation of vertebral artery injuries following cervical spine trauma using magnetic resonance angiography. Spine. 1998;23:789-795.
32. Utter GH, Hollingworth W, Hallam DK, et al. Sixteen-slice CT angiography in patients with suspected blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203:838-848.
33. Deen HG Jr, McGirr SJ. Vertebral artery injury associated with cervical spine fracture. Report of two cases. Spine. 1992;17: 230-234.
34. Gambee MJ. Vertebral artery thrombosis after spinal injury: case report. Paraplegia. 1986;24:350-357.
35. Louw JA, Mafoyane NA, Small B, et al. Occlusion of the vertebral artery in cervical spine dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72: 679-681.
36. Schellinger PD, Schwab S, Krieger D, et al. Masking of vertebral artery dissection by severe trauma to the cervical spine. Spine. 2001;26:314-319.
37. Six EG, Stringer WL, Cowley AR, et al. Posttraumatic bilateral vertebral artery occlusion: case report. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:814-817.
38. Alexander JJ, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Repair of a vertebral artery dissection. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1986;64:662-665.
39. Hinse P, Thie A, Lachenmayer L. Dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery: report of four cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:863-869.
40. Barnett HJ, Peerless SJ, Kaufmann JC. "Stump" on internal carotid artery - a source for further cerebral embolic ischemia. Stroke. 1978;9:448-456.
41. Bruckmann H, Zeumer H, Ferbert A. "Distal stump" of the internal carotid artery with ascending pharyngeal artery collateralisation. A potential source for further embolic ischemia. Neuroradiology. 1987;29:81-83.
42. Kumar SM, Wang JC, Barry MC, et al. Carotid stump syndrome: outcome from surgical management. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2001;21:214-219.
43. Naylor AR, Bell PR, Bolia A. Endovascular treatment of carotid stump syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:593-595.
44. Ryan PG, Day AL. Stump embolization from an occluded internal carotid artery. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1987;67:609-611.
45. McCormick MT, Robinson HK, Bone I, et al. Blunt cervical spine trauma as a cause of spinal cord injury and delayed cortical blindness. Spinal Cord. 2006. DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101995.
46. Pullicino P. Bilateral distal upper limb amyotrophy and watershed infarcts from vertebral dissection. Stroke. 1994;25:1870-1872.
47. Dill-Macky MJ, Khangure M, Song S. Traumatic cervical distraction complicated by delayed reduction due to traumatic vertebral artery pseudo-aneurysm. Australas Radiol. 1999;43:372-377.
48. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ray CE Jr, et al. Cervical spine fracture patterns mandating screening to rule out blunt cerebrovascular injury. Surgery. 2007;141:76-82.
49. Rommel O, Niedeggen A, Tegenthoff M, et al. Carotid and vertebral artery injury following severe head or cervical spine trauma. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999;9:202-209.
50. Levy C, Laissy JP, Raveau V, et al. Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography. Radiology. 1994; 190:97-103.
51. Berne JD, Reuland KS, Villarreal DH, et al. Sixteen-slice multi-detector computed tomographic angiography improves the accuracy of screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury. J Trauma. 2006;60: 1204-1210.
52. Biffl WL, Egglin T, Benedetto B, et al. Sixteen-slice computed tomographic angiography is a reliable noninvasive screening test for clinically significant blunt cerebrovascular injuries. J Trauma. 2006; 60:745-752.
53. Eastman AL, Chason DP, Perez CL, et al. Computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of blunt cervical vascular injury: is it ready for primetime? J Trauma. 2006;60:925-929.
54. Beletsky V, Nadareishvili Z, Lynch J, et al. Cervical arterial dissection: time for a therapeutic trial? Stroke. 2003;34:2856-2860.
55. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1444-1451.
56. No authors listed. Management of vertebral artery injuries after nonpenetrating cervical trauma. qqNeurosurgery. 2002;50: S173-S178.
57. Ashley WW Jr, Rivet D, Cross DT III, et al. Development of a giant cervical vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm after a traumatic C1 fracture: case illustration. Surg Neurol. 2006;66:80-81.
58. Erlich VM, Newell DW. Successful treatment of basilar artery thrombosis with both heparin and tissue plasminogen activator in the setting of traumatic vertebral artery dissection. J Trauma. 2004; 57:1335-1337.
59. Joo JY, Ahn JY, Chung YS, et al. Treatment of intra- and extracranial arterial dissections using stents and embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28:595-602.
60. Ahn JY, Han IB, Kim TG, et al. Endovascular treatment of intracranial vertebral artery dissections with stent placement or stent-assisted coiling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1514-1520.
61. Zenteno MA, Murillo-Bonilla LM, Guinto G, et al. Sole stenting bypass for the treatment of vertebral artery aneurysms: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:E208.