War and children in Finland during the Second World War

Paedagogica Historica

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 445-455

  Korppi Tommola, Aura ^a  

^a TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

Author keywords

History of children; Memory of war; War and children

Indexed keywords

EID: 48849112900     PISSN: 00309230     EISSN: 1477674X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00309230802218405     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Tuomo Polvinen, Between East and West: Finland in International Politics, 1944-1947 (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1986).
2. Henrik S. Nissen, ed., Scandinavia During the Second World War, Oslo - Bergen - Tromsoe: Universitetsforlaget, 1983.
3. Juhana Aunesluoma, ed., From War to Cold War: Anglo-Finnish Relations in the 20th Century (Helsinki: SKS, 2005).
4. Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1943,1944/45 and 1946/47 (Statistical Yearbook of Finland), Helsinki: Tilastollinen päätoimisto, 1944, 1946 and 1948.
5. On the transferred children see http://www.sotalapsi.homestead.com. The National Union of War Children has 18 local branches.
6. On war orphans see http://www.sotaorvot.fi. The National Union of Finnish War Orphans has 25 local branches.
7. Charles Perkins, ed., Childhood Memories of World War II (New York: Motorbooks International, 1998).
8. Phillippe Bean and Joy Melville, Lost Children of the Empire: The Untold Story of British Child Migrants (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
9. Carlton Jackson, Who will Take our Children? The story of the Evacuation in Britain 1939-1945. (London: Methuen 1985).
10. Edward Stokes, Innocents Abroad, the Story of Child Evacuees in Australia, 1940-1945 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1994).
11. Ben Wicks, No Time to Wave Good-Bye: True Stories of Britain's 3,500,000 Evacuees. (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
12. Guido Knopp, Hitler's Children (Phoenix Mill, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2002);
13. Helmut Schmidt et al., Kindheit und Jugend unter Hitler [Childhood and Hitler Youth] (Berlin: Goldman, 1994).
14. The original material from this study is at the head office of the Mannerheim League of Child Welfare in Helsinki, Finland. The returned questionnaire forms are numbered. The citations indicate the sex and the number of the form/year of birth: (m182/1938 means a man, who was born in 1938) and p means that it is from the pilot study (pf34/1934 means a woman born in 1933, who answered the pilot questionnaire).
15. Pertti Kavén, "Lastensiirrot Suomesta Ruotsiin ja Tanskaan viime sotien aikana" [Transfer of Children from Finland to Sweden and Denmark During the Latest Wars] in Sotalapset (War Children), ed. Aura Korppi-Tommola (Helsinki: MLL, 1995), 8-12;
16. Pertti Kavén, 70,000 pientä kohtaloa: Suomen sotalapset [70,000 Small Destinies: Finland's War Children] (Keuruu: Otava, 1985).
17. Erik Carlquist, Solidaritet på prov. Finlandshjälp under vinterkriget [Swedish Aid to Finland during Winter War; summary in English] (Stockholm: Allmän Förlaget, 1971), 16-19.
18. Aura Korppi-Tommola, Ystävyyttä yli Pohjanlahden. Ruotsin ja Suomen välinen kummikuntaliike 1942-1980 [The Sponsor Commune Movement between Finland and Sweden 1942-1980; summary in English], dissertation, Vammala MLL, 1982, 34. A large and well-covering press follow-up of the Swedish press was conducted in the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare during the war, and there is wide archive material of speeches and press releases at the League's archives and in the archives of the relief committee of the Finnish government. In this material there is no mention of encouragement of child transfers. See also Carlquist, 17.
19. Greta Littonen, Keskitetty vapaa huoltotyö [Centralised Voluntary Relief in Finland; summary in English] (Helsinki: Suomen Huolto, 1949).
20. Arvo Ylppö, Elämäni pienten suuren parissa [My Life Among the Small and the Big] (Porvoo: WSOY 1964), 331.
21. Minutes of the meeting of Committee of Evacuation of Children to Sweden, March 18, 1946, National Archives of Finland Sg Ca 1.
22. Kavén 1985, 136.
23. Kavén 1985, 101.
24. Ylppö 1964, 131; Aura Korppi-Tommola, Terve lapsi - kansan huomen [Healthy Children - Future of the Nation] (Jyväskylä: MLL, 1990).
25. Alvin L. Evans, Ero ja lapset [Separation and Children] (Helsinki: MLL 1984).
26. This project was undertaken together with the students Pekka Haavisto and Taru Järvenpää. The construction of the questionnaire was supported by a task group, consisting of Kauko Kouvalainen, professor of Paediatrics at the University of Oulu, Finland, Riitta-Leena Punamäki, professor of psychology at the University of Tampere, Finland, and Jaakko Itälä, Secretary General of the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare.
27. Table 1.7 Population by sex and age, The Economic History of Finland 3: Historical Statistics. (Keuruu: Tammi, 1985), 31. Table 44. Statistical Yearbook of Finland 1998, p.79.
28. The returned questionnaire forms are at the head office of Mannerheim League for Child Welfare in Helsinki, Finland.
29. N. Zemon Davies, "Who Owns History?," in Historical Perspectives on Memory, ed. A. Ollila (Helsinki: SKS, 1999).
30. In this project, Pekka Haavisto studied the responses to the war theme, while Taru Järvenpää looked at education and labour, also making a comparison with children in Great Britain. See Pekka Haavisto, Sota lapsen silmin. Lapset ja sodan kuva vuosien 1939-1944 Suomessa (Children and the Image of War in Finland 1939-1944), MA thesis, University of Tampere, Finland, 1999,
31. and Taru Järvenpää, Koululaisena suursodan varjossa. Koulunkäynti, koti- ja talkootyö sekä vapaa-ajanvietto Suomessa ja Isossa-Britanniassa toisen maailmansodan aikana [School Children in the Shadow of War: Education, Voluntary Work And Leisure Time in Finland and in Great Britain during the Second World War], MA thesis, University of Tampere, Finland 1998, 116.
32. More detailed information on food, rationing and the black market in my article "Hungry, but not Starving: The Experiences of Finnish Children in Town and Country during the Second World War," in The Landscape of Food. The Food Relationship of Town and Country in Modern Times, ed. Marjatta Hietala and Tanja Vahtikari (Helsinki: SKS, 2003), 145-53.
33. Questionnaire form number f72/1937.
34. Questionnaire form numbers m122/1934 and m63/1932.
35. Questionnaire form number f67/1937.
36. Questionnaire form number m63/1932.
37. Questionnaire form numbers m121/1928 and f129/1930.
38. Questionnaire form number f137/1934.
39. About 40 of the respondents in the survey; the citations from questionnaire forms numbers m63/1932, m134/1930 and f139/1927.
40. About 10% of the respondents in the survey, e.g. questionnaire form number f149/1938.
41. Questionnaire form numbers m 90/1938 and m242/1927.
42. Questionnaire form number f67/1837.