The world's largest gharials Gryposuchus: Description of G. croizati n. sp. (Crocodylia, Gavialidae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela

Palaontologische Zeitschrift

Volumn 82, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 178-195

  Riff, Douglas ^a   Aguilera, Orangel A ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA   (Brazil)

^b Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda   (Venezuela)

Author keywords

Crocodylia; Gavialidae; Gryposuchus; Miocene; Urumaco Formation; Venezuela

Indexed keywords

EID: 48849085292     PISSN: 00310220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02988408     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. AGUILERA, O. 2004. Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: Urumaco, patrimonio natural de la humanidad. - 147 p., Caracas (Ed. Arte).
2. AGUILERA, O.; RIFF, D. & BOCQUENTIN-VILLANUEVA, J. 2006. A new giant Purussaurus (Crocodyliformes, Alligatoridae) from the upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela. - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 221-232.
3. ANDERSON, H.T. 1936. The jaw musculature of the phytosaur, Machaeroprosopus. - Journal of Morphology 59: 549-573.
4. BENTON, M.J. & CLARK J.M. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and relationships of the Crocodylia - In: BENTON, M J., ed., The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods 1: 295-338, Oxford (Clarendon Press).
5. BOCQUENTIN-VILLANUEVA, J. & BUFFETAUT, E. 1981. Hesperogavialis cruxenti n. gen. n. sp., nouveau gavialidae (Crocodylia, Eusuchia) du Miocéne supérieur (Huayquerian) d'Urumaco (Venezuela). - Géobios 14: 415-419.
6. BROCHU, C.A. 1997. Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis. - Systematic Biology 46: 479-522.
7. BROCHU, C.A. 1997b. A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 679-697.
8. BROCHU, C.A. 1999. Phylogenetics, taxonomy and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. - In: ROWE, T.; BROCHU, C.A. & KISHI, K., eds., Cranial morphology of Alligator mississippiensis and phylogeny of Alligatoroidea. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6: 9-100.
9. BROCHU, C.A. 2004. A new gavialoid crocodylian from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America and the phylogenetic relationships of thoracosaurs. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 610-633.
10. BROCHU, C.A. 2006. Eosuchus (Crocodylia, Gavialoidea) from the Lower Eocene of the Isle of Sheppey, England. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 466-470.
11. BROCHU, C.A. & GINGERICH, P.D. 2000. New tomistomine crocodilian from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt. - Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30: 251-268.
12. BROCHU, C.A. & RINCÓN, A.D. 2004. A gavialoid crocodylian from the Lower Miocene of Venezuela. - In: SÁNCHEZ-VILLAGRA, M.R. & CLACK, J.A., eds., Fossils of the Miocene Castillo Formation, Venezuela: Contributions on Neotropical palaeontology. - Special Papers in Palaeontology 71: 61-80.
13. BUFFETAUT, E. 1982. Systematique, origine et évolution des Gavialidae Sud-Américains. - Geobios, Memoire Special 6: 127-140.
14. BURMEISTER, G. 1885. Examen crítico de los mamíferos y los reptiles denominados por Don Augusto Bravard. - Anales del Museo Público de Buenos Aires 3: 95-173.
15. COZZUOL, M.A. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: age, diversity, and geography. - Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21: 185-203.
16. DELFINO, M.; PIRAS, P. & SMITH, T. 2005. Anatomy and phylogeny of the gavialoid Eosuchus lerichei from the Paleocene of Europe. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50: 565-580.
17. DÍAZ DE GAMERO, M.L. 1996. The changing course of the Orinoco River during the Neogene: a review. - Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 123: 385-402.
18. DÍAZ DE GAMERO, M.L. & LINARES, O.J. 1989. Estratigrafía y paleontología de la Formación Urumaco, del Mioceno tardío de Falcón Noroccidental. - VII. Congreso Geológico Venezolano, Memorias 1: 419-438.
19. ERICKSON, G.M. & BROCHU, C.A. 1999. How the 'terror crocodile' grew so big. - Nature 398: 205-206.
20. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1978. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. - Systematic Zoology 27: 401-410.
21. GASPARINI, Z.B. 1968. Nuevos restos de Rhamphostomopsis neogaeus (Burm.) RUSCONI 1933 (Reptilia, Crocodilia) del Mesopotamiense (Plioceno médio-superior) de Argentina. - Ameghiniana 5: 299-311.
22. GASPARINI, Z.B. 1996. Biogeographic evolution of the South American Crocodilians. - Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 30 (A): 159-184.
23. GATESY, J.; AMATO, G.; NORELL, M.; DESALLE, R. & HAYASHI, C. 2003. Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians. - Systematic Biology 52: 403-422.
24. GMELIN, J. 1789. Linnei Systema Naturae. - 1057 p., Leipzig (G.E. Beer).
25. GOLOBOFF, P.A. 1993. NONA version 1.9. - San Miguel de Tacuman, Argentina (Program and documentation distributed by the author).
26. GOLOBOFF, P.A. 1993b. Estimating character weights during tree search. - Cladistics 9: 83-91.
27. GRAYBEAL, A. 1998. Is it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem? - Systematic Biology 47: 9-17.
28. GÜRICH, G. 1912. Gryposuchus jessei, ein neues schmalschnauziges Krokodil aus den jüngeren Ablagerungen des oberen Amazonas-Gebietes. - Mitteilungen des Mineralogischen, Geologischen Instituts Hamburg 4: 59-71.
29. HAY, O. P. 1930. Second bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America. - Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 390 (2): 1-1074.
30. HEAD, J. J. 2001. Systematics and body size of the gigantic, enigmatic crocodyloid Rhamphosuchus crassidens, and the faunal history of Siwalik Group (Miocene) crocodylians. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstracts 31: 59A.
31. HUA, S. & JOUVE S. 2004. A primitive gavialoid from the Paleocene Morocco. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 341-350.
32. HURLBURT, G.R.; HECKERT, A.B. & FARLOW, J.O. 2003. Body mass estimates of phytosaurs (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) from the Petrified Forest Formation (Chinle Group: Revueltian: early-mid Norian) based on skull and limb bone measurements. - In: ZEIGLER, K.E.; HECKERT, A.B. & LUCAS, S.G., eds., Paleontology and geology of the Upper Triassic (Revueltian) Snyder quarry, New Mexico. - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 24: 105-113.
33. IORDANSKY, N.N. 1973. The skull of the Crocodilia. - In: GANS, C. & PARSONS, T. S., eds., Biology of the Reptilia 4: 201-264, London (Academic Press).
34. KÄLIN, J.A. 1933. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Osteologie des Crocodilidenschädels. - Zoologisches Jahrbuch. 57: 535-714.
35. KRAUS, R. 1998. The cranium of Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus n. gen., n. sp. (Gavialidae, Crocodylia) from the Miocene of Peru. - Palöntologische Zeitschrift 72: 389-406.
36. LANGSTON, W. 1965. Fossil Crocodilians from Colombia and the Cenozoic history of the Crocodilia in South America. - University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 52: 1-157.
37. LANGSTON, W. & GASPARINI, Z.B. 1997. Crocodilians, Gryposuchus, and the South Americans gavials. - In: KAY, R.F.; MADDEN, R.L; CIFFELLI, R.L. & FLYNN, J.J., eds., Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia: 113-154, Washington, DC (Smithsonian Institution Press).
38. LYDEKKER, R. 1886. Indian Tertiary and post-Tertiary Vertebrata. Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia and Ophidia. - Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica 10 (3): 209-240.
39. MARTIN, B.G.H & BELLAIRS, A.D'A. 1977. The narial excrescence and pterygoid bulla of the gharial, Gavialis gangeticus (Crocodilia). - Journal of Zoology 182: 541-558.
40. MINISTERIO DE ENERGÍA Y MINAS. 1997. Léxico estratigráfico de Venezuela (Tercera Edición). - Boletín de Geología 12: 1-828.
41. MOOK, C. 1921. The dermo-supraoccipital bone in the Crocodilia. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 44: 101-103.
42. MOLLER, K. 2004. PRAP - computation of Bremer support for large data sets. - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 780-792.
43. NIXON, K.C. 1999. The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. - Cladistics 15: 407-414.
44. ROGERS, J.V. 2003. Pachycheilosuchus trinquei, a new procoelous crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Glen Rose Formation of Texas. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 129-145.
45. SÁNCHEZ-VILLAGRA, M.R.; AGUILERA, O. & HOROVITZ, I. 2003. The anatomy of the world's largest extinct rodent. - Science 301: 1679-1679.
46. SANCHEZ-VILLAGRA, M.R. & AGUILERA, O. 2006. Neogene vertebrates from Urumaco, Falcón State, Venezuela: diversity and significance. - Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 213-220.
47. SANDERSON M.J. & SHAFFER H.B. 2002. Troubleshooting molecular phylogenetic, analyses. - Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 49-72.
48. SERENO, P.C.; LARSSON, H.C.E.; SIDOR, C.A. & GADO, B. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. - Science 294: 1516-1519.
49. SILL, W. 1970. Nota preliminar sobre un nuevo gavial del Plioceno de Venezuela y una discusíon de los gaviales Sudamericanos. - Ameghiniaria 7: 151-159.
50. SOUZA FILHO, J.P. 1998. Novas formas fósseis de Crocodylia (Alligatoridae e Gavialidae) da Formação Solimões, Cenozóico do Estado do Acre-Brasil, representadas por materiais cranianos e mandibulares. - PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. - 124 p., Rio Grande do Sul (unpublished).
51. SWOFFORD, D.L. 1998. PAUP. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods). Version 4. Sunderland, MA (Sinauer Associetes).